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9780721697178

Comprehensive Neonatal Nursing : A Physiologic Perspective

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780721697178

  • ISBN10:

    0721697178

  • Edition: 3rd
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2002-10-09
  • Publisher: Saunders
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List Price: $129.00

Summary

This solid resource provides a comprehensive examination of neonatal nursing management from a physiologic and pathophysiologic approach. It features a complete physiologic and embryonic foundation for each neonatal system, as well as coverage of associated risk factors, genetics, critical periods of development, nutrition, and parenting. A collaborative approach encompassing medical, surgical, and psychosocial care is emphasized. The most up-to-date research findings demonstrate the rationales for practice strategies and clinical decision making. Appropriate diagnostic tests and their interpretation are discussed in each system chapter. The family in the continuum of care is emphasized - including the changing family unit and the sibling's adaptation to a new family member. In depth discussions of each organ system include assessment and management strategies, complications, and new technologies.

Table of Contents

UNIT I Neonatal Nursing Care in the New Millenium: In the NICU and Beyond
Neonatal Nursing Care in the New Health Care Delivery Environment
The Role of the Neonatal Nurse
1(1)
Career Developmental Stages of Neonatal Nurses
1(2)
Advanced Practice: Neonatal Nurses
2(1)
The Contributions of Advanced Practice Neonatal Nurses (APN)
3(1)
History of Advanced Practice Nursing
3(1)
Contributions
4(1)
Responsibilities
4(1)
Collaborative Practice in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
4(7)
The Context of Practice
5(2)
Developing a Vision
7(1)
Communicating a Vision
8(1)
Factors that Impact Implementing a Vision
8(2)
Issues Related to Practice: Credentialing and Education of Neonatal Nurses
10(1)
Nursing Management and Neonatal Nursing Practice
11(2)
Costs of Nursing Services in the NICU
11(1)
Use of Assistive Personnel
12(1)
Characteristics of Caregiving Environments that Promote Job Satisfaction
12(1)
Ethical Stressors in the NICU
13(1)
Cultural Sensitivity and Neonatal Nursing Practice
13(1)
Summary
13(3)
Regionalization in Today's Health Care Delivery System
Development of the Regionalized System
16(1)
Impact of Regionalization on Neonatal Mortality
17(1)
Three Levels of Perinatal Care
17(2)
Level I
18(1)
Level II
18(1)
Level III
18(1)
Coordination of the Regional System
19(1)
Factors Influencing Patient Transfer
19(1)
Historical Perspective
20(1)
National Standards and Guidelines
20(1)
Transport Team Models
21(1)
Composition
21(1)
Qualifications
21(1)
Orientation
21(1)
Continuing Education
21(1)
Communication
22(1)
Mobilization of the Team
22(1)
Modes of Transport
22(1)
Equipment
23(1)
Standard
23(1)
Transport Nitric Oxide
24(1)
Supplies
24(1)
Transport Ambulances
24(1)
Role of Transport Personnel
25(1)
Medical Director
25(1)
Program Director
25(1)
Medical Control Physician
25(1)
Transport Registered Nurse
25(1)
Transport Respiratory Therapist
25(1)
Transport Technician
25(1)
Safety Issues
26(1)
The Transport Process
26(2)
Assessment
26(1)
Planning
26(1)
Implementation
26(1)
Patient Response to the Transport Process
27(1)
Transition into the NICU
27(1)
Documentation
27(1)
Impact of the Transport Process
28(1)
Referral Hospital Staff
28(1)
Family
28(1)
Post-Transport Information Exchange
29(1)
Alternative Types of Transportation
29(2)
International Transports
29(1)
Back-Reverse Transports
30(1)
Intra-hospital and Inter-hospital Procedure Runs and Inter-hospital Transfers
31(1)
Postmortem Transports
31(1)
The Business of Transport
31(3)
Administrative Support for a Transport Team
31(1)
Reimbursement
32(1)
Staffing/Pay Issues
32(1)
Leadership
32(1)
Performance Improvement/Program Evaluation
32(1)
Role of Outreach Education
33(1)
Outreach Education
33(1)
S.T.A.B.L.E.® Program
34(1)
Legal Issues
34(1)
Future Trends
35(1)
Challenges to Regionalization in Today's Health Care Economy
36(1)
The Future of Regionalization
37(1)
Summary
37(2)
Evidence-Based Neonatal Nursing Practice
What Is Evidence-Based Practice?
39(1)
A Model of Evidence-Based Nursing
39(2)
What Are the Major Features of Evidence-Based Practice?
41(1)
Sources of Evidence for Practice
41(1)
Application to Neonatal Nursing Care
41(1)
Summary
42(1)
Legal and Ethical Issues of Neonatal Care
Approaches to Ethics
43(1)
Principles of Biomedical Ethics
43(1)
Beneficence
43(1)
Nonmaleficence
43(1)
Autonomy
44(1)
Justice
44(1)
Use of Principles in the NICU
44(1)
Ethical Theories
44(1)
Utilitarianism
44(1)
Kantianism
45(1)
Liberal Individualism
45(1)
A Case Analysis Model
45(1)
Medical Indications
45(1)
Patient Preferences
45(1)
Quality of Life
45(1)
Contextual Features
45(1)
Proceeding to Resolution
45(1)
Rest's Four-Component Model
45(1)
Moral Sensitivity
45(1)
Moral Reasoning
46(1)
Moral Motivation and Commitment
46(1)
Moral Character
46(1)
The Primacy of Caring
46(1)
Ethics Consultation
46(1)
Ethical Uncertainty and the Moral Imperative for Parental Involvement
46(1)
Parents as Equal Partners
47(1)
A Collaborative Model
47(1)
Ethical Issues in the NICU
47(2)
Futility and Extreme Prematurity
47(1)
Home Care of Technology-Dependent Infants
47(1)
Allocation of Resources
48(1)
Infants as Research Participants
48(1)
Summary of Ethical Issues
49(1)
Legal Issues in Neonatal Care
49(1)
Law as a Dispute Resolution Mechanism
49(5)
Elements of Negligence
49(3)
Management of Risk
52(2)
Social and Public Policy Concerns in Perinatal Care
54(6)
Decision-Making Infant Care
54(2)
Research on Infants and Children
56(1)
Organ Donation for Neonates
56(1)
Litigation Surrounding Pregnancy
57(1)
Perinatal Maternal Substance Abuse
58(1)
The Use of Health Information---The Federal Privacy Rules
59(1)
The Stem Cell Debate
60(1)
Political and Legislative Activity
60(1)
Summary
60(3)
Collaborative Research in Neonatal Nursing
Why Do Research?
63(1)
Research Roles for Neonatal Nurses
63(3)
Obstacles to Involvement in Research
66(1)
Using Research to Change Neonatal Nursing Practice
66(1)
Identifying the Research Problem or Question
67(1)
Review of the Literature
68(1)
Research Methods and Design
69(1)
Purposes of Research
69(2)
Research Focused on Identification of Phenomena
69(1)
Research Focused on Description of Phenomena
69(2)
Research Focused on Exploration
71(1)
Research Focused on Explanation
71(1)
Research Focused on Prediction and Control
71(1)
Research Designs
71(1)
Historical Research
72(1)
Epidemiological Research
72(1)
Instrument Development
72(1)
Evaluative Research
72(1)
Philosophical Research
72(1)
Replicating Studies
72(1)
Research Team Composition
72(1)
Single Investigator versus Co-Investigators
72(1)
Developing the Research Project
73(3)
Identifying Study Questions and/or Hypotheses
73(1)
Defining Variables
73(1)
Selecting Research Instruments
73(1)
Defining the Study Sample
73(1)
Power Calculations
74(1)
Setting
74(1)
Developing a Support Network
74(1)
Consultation
74(1)
Developing the Proposal
74(1)
Funding
74(2)
Ethical Considerations
76(1)
Institutional Review Boards
76(1)
Summary
77(2)
Competency-Based Education in Neonatal Nursing
History of the Competency Movement
79(1)
Competence and Competency
80(1)
Competency-Based Education
81(3)
Implications for Neonatal Nursing
84(2)
Orientation to the NICU
84(1)
Ongoing Staff Development
85(1)
Graduate Programs to Prepare Neonatal Nurse Practitioners
86(1)
Competency Validation
86(1)
Summary
86(3)
UNIT II Family Dynamics
Family-Centered Care
Family-Centered Care
89(1)
Definition of Family
89(1)
Role Theory
90(1)
Role Change
91(1)
Parental Role
91(5)
Parenting during Crisis
92(1)
Parents' Reactions
92(4)
Factors that Affect Parenting Skills
96(1)
Cultural Perspectives
96(1)
Definitions
96(1)
Parent and Staff Expectations
97(6)
Promoting Parenting in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
97(6)
Siblings
103(2)
Sibling Adaptation: A Review
104(1)
Sibling Visitation to the NICU
105(1)
Summary
105(3)
When a Baby Dies: Caring for Bereaved Families
Theoretic Models
108(4)
Classic Theories of Grief
108(1)
Current Models of Grief
109(1)
``Pathologic'' and Complicated Grief
110(1)
Types of Loss
111(1)
Middle Range Theory of Caring
111(1)
Grief Responses of Families when an Infant Dies
112(1)
Women's Responses
112(1)
Men's Responses
112(1)
Couples' Responses
112(1)
Adolescents as Bereaved Parents
112(1)
Children's Responses
113(1)
Grandparents' Responses
113(1)
Nursing Care of Bereaved Families
113(10)
Caring Behaviors
114(8)
Follow-up Care
122(1)
Special Considerations
123(1)
Multiples
123(1)
Subsequent Pregnancy after a Loss
124(1)
Care for the Caregiver
124(1)
Summary
125(2)
Hospice and Palliative Care
Ethical Obligation to Provide Optimum End-of-Life Care
127(1)
Compassionate Care at the End of Life
127(1)
Obligation to Provide Beneficent Care
127(1)
Obligation of Nonmaleficience
128(1)
Recognition of Parents' Moral Authority
128(1)
Burden of Treatment
128(1)
Neonatal Pain Management at the End of Life
128(1)
Hospice Care
129(1)
Pediatric Hospice Care
129(1)
Barriers to Pediatric Hospice Service
129(1)
Pediatric Palliative Care
129(1)
Respect for the Dignity of Patients and Families
129(1)
Access to Competent and Compassionate Palliative Care
129(1)
Support for the Caregivers
129(1)
Improved Professional and Social Support for Pediatric Palliative Care
129(1)
Continued Improvement of Pediatric Palliative Care through Research and Education
129(1)
Incorporating Pediatric Palliative Care into the NICU
130(1)
Bereavement
130(1)
Summary
131(1)
UNIT III The Prenatal Environment: Maternal-Fetal Interactions
Human Genetics and Implications for Neonatal Care
Historical Perspective
132(1)
Human Genome Project
133(5)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
133(1)
Genetic Testing
134(1)
Cellular Division
135(3)
Protein Synthesis
138(1)
Patterns of Inheritance
139(5)
Mendlian Laws of Gene Expression
139(2)
Patterns of Traits Inherited by Single-Gene Transmission
141(1)
Traits with an Autosomal Dominant Pattern of Inheritance
141(1)
Traits with an Autosomal Recessive Pattern of Inheritance
141(2)
Sex-Linked Patterns of Inheritance
143(1)
Multifactorial Inheritance
143(1)
Chromosomal Aberrations
144(1)
Numeric Aberrations
144(1)
Structural Aberrations
144(1)
Prenatal Testing and Screening
144(2)
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
144(1)
Fetal Ultrasonography
145(1)
Tests on Fetally Derived Cells
145(1)
Nurse's Role in Genetics
146(5)
Fetal Development: Environmental Influences and Critical Periods
Early Fetal Development
151(4)
Fertilization
151(1)
Cleavage
151(1)
Implantation
152(1)
Formation of the Bilaminar Disk
152(2)
Formation of the Trilaminar Disk: Week 3
154(1)
Placental Development and Function
155(3)
Placental-Fetal Circulation
156(1)
Placental Function
156(2)
Embryonic Period: Weeks 4 through 8
158(1)
Folding of the Embryo
158(1)
Organogenesis: Germ Cell Derivatives
158(1)
Fetal Period: Week 9 through Birth
158(5)
Development of Specific Organs and Structures
163(7)
Nervous System
163(1)
Cardiovascular System
163(3)
Respiratory System
166(1)
Muscular System
166(1)
Skeletal System
167(1)
Gastrointestinal System
168(2)
Urogenital System
170(1)
Congenital Defects
170(3)
Critical Periods of Human Development
170(1)
Teratogens
170(3)
High-Risk Pregnancy
Maternal-Fetal Unit
173(1)
Placenta
173(1)
Amniotic Fluid
173(1)
Maternal Nutrition
174(1)
Maternal Health and Effects on the Fetus
174(7)
Postterm Pregnancy
174(1)
Preterm Delivery
175(1)
Third-Trimester Bleeding
176(1)
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
177(1)
Diabetes in Pregnancy
178(2)
Cardiac Diseases and Pregnancy
180(1)
Maternal Transport
181(1)
Identification of Need
181(1)
Population
181(1)
Equipment
181(1)
Evaluation or Maternal-Fetal Stabilization
181(1)
Care during Transport
181(1)
Legal Issues
182(1)
Summary
182(1)
Fetal Therapy
Historical Overview
183(2)
Fetus as Patient: Maternal-Fetal Risks and Benefits
184(1)
Ethical Considerations
185(1)
Fetal Surgical Techniques
185(2)
Open Fetal Surgery
185(1)
Minimally Invasive Fetal Surgery
186(1)
Anesthesia
186(1)
Fetal Malformations Amenable to Surgical Correction
187(5)
Obstructive Uropathy
187(2)
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
189(1)
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
190(1)
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
191(1)
Twin to Twin Transfusion Syndrome
191(1)
Neural Tube Defects
191(1)
Congenital High Airway Obstructive Syndrome
192(1)
Amniotic Band Syndrome
192(1)
Multidisciplinary Collaborative Approach to Fetal Therapy
192(3)
Considerations for Collaborative Care Planning
192(3)
Fetal Therapy: New Horizons
195(1)
Future of Fetal Surgery
195(1)
Summary
195(2)
UNIT IV The Intrapartal Environment: Maternal-Child Interactions
Effects of Labor on the Fetus and Neonate
Fetal Development and Fetal Monitoring
197(5)
Fetal Heart Rate
198(1)
Electronic Fetal Heart Monitoring
198(4)
Fetal Pulse Oximetry
202(1)
Placental Factors Contributing to Fetal Compromise during Labor
202(3)
Diminished Maternal Perfusion of the Placenta
202(3)
Diminished Fetal Uptake from the Placenta
205(1)
Administration of Anesthetic Agents during Labor
205(2)
Indications for Testing Fetal Well-Being
207(1)
Biochemical Tests
207(1)
Biophysical Profile
207(1)
Ultrasonography
208(1)
Preparation for Birth
208(1)
Critical Care Obstetrics
208(1)
Summary
208(2)
Resuscitation and Stabilization of the Newborn
Cardiopulmonary Extrauterine Adaptation
210(1)
Asphyxia
211(1)
Thermoregulation
212(2)
Heat Loss
212(1)
Heat Production
212(1)
Thermoneutrality
212(1)
Mechanisms of Neonatal Heat Regulation
213(1)
Gluconeogenesis
213(1)
Glycolysis
213(1)
Heat Transfer
214(1)
Environmental Effects
214(1)
Thermal Management
214(1)
Interventions
214(1)
Thermal Stress
215(2)
Cold Stress
216(1)
Methods of Rewarming
216(1)
Heat Stress
216(1)
Causes of Cardiorespiratory Depression in the Newborn
217(1)
Trauma
217(1)
Asphyxia (Intrauterine)
217(1)
Medication
218(1)
Malformation
218(1)
Sepsis
218(1)
Shock (Hypovolemia)
218(1)
Preparation for Delivery
218(1)
Anticipation
218(1)
Personnel
218(1)
Equipment and Supplies
219(1)
General Considerations
219(2)
Airway Control
220(1)
Tactile Stimulation
221(1)
Oxygenation and Ventilation
221(2)
Free-Flow Administration of Oxygen
221(1)
Ventilation
221(1)
Ventilation Bags
221(1)
Methods of Ventilation
221(2)
Chest Compression
223(1)
Medications
224(2)
Epinephrine
224(1)
Volume Expanders
224(1)
Dopamine
224(1)
Sodium Bicarbonate
225(1)
Naloxone
225(1)
Other Drugs
226(1)
Special Circumstances
226(1)
Termination of Resuscitation
227(1)
Postresuscitation Stabilization
227(1)
Documentation
227(1)
Summary
227(2)
UNIT V Developmentally Supportive Care
Management of the NICU Environment
Neurologic Development
229(1)
Autonomic Dimension
229(1)
Motor Dimension
229(1)
State Dimension
229(1)
Attention/Interaction Dimension
229(1)
Self-Regulatory Dimension
229(1)
Environmental Factors/Macro Environment
230(1)
Light
230(1)
Sound
230(1)
Activity
231(1)
Caregiving Factors/Micro Environments
231(1)
Handling
232(1)
Physical Environment
232(2)
Mandatory Regulations
232(1)
Planning a Design Project
232(1)
Patient Care Areas
233(1)
Summary
234(2)
Newborn and Infant Neurobehavioral Development
Fetal and Neonatal Central Nervous System Development
236(2)
Neonatal Neurobehavioral Development
238(4)
Assessment of Neonatal Neurobehavioral Development
240(2)
Neonatal Intensive Care Environment
242(4)
Intrauterine Environment
243(1)
NICU Environment: Overview
243(1)
Characteristics of the NICU Environment
243(3)
Developmental Intervention Approach
246(5)
Cue-Based Care
246(1)
Guidelines for Providing Developmental Support
247(1)
Effectiveness of Individualized Developmental Care
248(3)
Intervention Strategies
251(11)
Environmental Modifications
251(4)
Altering Patterns of Care
255(1)
Interventions with Overstimulated or Stressed Infants
256(1)
Positioning
256(1)
Handling
257(1)
State Modulation
257(1)
Provision of Sensory Input
258(1)
Feeding
258(1)
Nonnutritive Sucking
259(1)
Kangaroo Care
260(1)
Family-Centered Care
260(2)
Interventions with Parents
262(1)
Applications of Intervention Strategies to Specific Situations
262(4)
Extremely Preterm Infants
262(1)
Growing Preterm Infants
263(1)
Full-Term Ill Infants
264(1)
Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
265(1)
Infants who Require Prolonged or Repeated Hospitalization
266(1)
Collaborative Care
266(1)
The NIDCAP® Program
266(1)
The Wee Care® Program
266(1)
Sleep-Wake States
267(1)
State Scoring Systems
267(4)
Early State Scoring Systems
267(1)
Brazelton's State Scoring System
267(2)
Thoman's State Scoring System
269(1)
Als' State Scoring System
269(1)
Anderson's State Scoring System
269(1)
Description of Individual States
270(1)
Effect of Physiologic Parameters on State
271(3)
Perinatal Illness
271(1)
Neurologic System
272(1)
Circulatory System
273(1)
Respiration
273(1)
Effect of Nursing Intervention on State
274(4)
Effect of Environmental Stimulation
274(1)
Painful Procedures
275(1)
Social Interaction
276(1)
Infant Stimulation
277(1)
Usefulness of Neonatal Sleep-Wake States for Assessment
278(1)
Summary
278(7)
Monitoring Neonatal Biophysical Parameters in a Developmentally Supportive Environment
Birth Environment
285(1)
Biologic Signals
285(1)
Biophysical Monitoring System
286(12)
Factors that Influence Monitoring Reliability
288(1)
Specific Applications
289(9)
New Techniques for Monitoring the Neonate
298(1)
Summary
298(1)
Computer Technology Use in Newborn and Infant Nursing
Nursing Informatics
299(1)
Practice Uses of Technology
300(1)
Educational Uses of Technology
300(1)
Research Uses of Technology
301(1)
Personal Digital Assistants
302(1)
Online Resources
302(4)
Evidence-Based Outcomes and Clinical Pathways
306(1)
Summary
306(2)
UNIT VI Physiologic Adaptation of the Neonate
Newborn and Infant Assessment
First Neonatal Assessment and the Apgar Score
308(1)
Other Considerations for the Initial Neonatal Assessment
308(1)
Evaluation of Transition
308(1)
Newborn Examination
309(1)
Discharge Examination
310(1)
The Outpatient Examination
310(1)
Environment
311(1)
Components of a Comprehensive History
311(1)
Interviewing the Parents
311(1)
Physical Assessment
312(1)
Inspection
312(1)
Auscultation
312(1)
Palpation
313(1)
Percussion
313(1)
Assessment of Size and Growth
313(1)
Assessment of Gestational Age
313(3)
Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status (CANSCORE)
316(1)
Measurement Techniques
316(1)
Weight and Length
316(1)
Physical Examination of the Neonate
316(10)
Vital Signs
316(1)
Cardiovascular Values
316(2)
General Appearance
318(1)
Skin
318(1)
Head
319(1)
Face and Neck
320(1)
Ears
320(2)
Eyes
322(2)
Nose
324(1)
Mouth
324(1)
Thorax
324(1)
Abdomen
324(1)
Anogenital Area
325(1)
Back
325(1)
Extremities and Hips
326(1)
Reflexes
326(1)
Variations and Abnormal Findings on Physical Examination
326(1)
Health Maintenance in the First Year of Life
326(18)
Immunizations
344(1)
Health Maintenance for High-Risk Infants in the First Year of Life
344(1)
History
344(1)
Growth and Nutrition
344(1)
Physical Examination
344(1)
Laboratory Tests/Monitoring
345(1)
Immunization
345(1)
Psychosocial Needs
345(1)
Summary
345(3)
Assessment and Management of Neonatal Respiratory System Disorders
Embryologic Development of the Lung
348(1)
Newborn Pulmonary Physiology and the Onset of Breathing
348(3)
Blood Gas Analysis and Acid-Base Balance
350(1)
Assessment of the Neonate with Respiratory Distress
351(3)
History
351(2)
Physical Examination of the Respiratory System
353(1)
Common Disorders of the Respiratory System
354(4)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
354(1)
Air Leaks
355(1)
Pneumonia
355(1)
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
356(1)
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS)
357(1)
Pulmonary Hemorrhage
357(1)
Pleural Effusions
357(1)
Apnea
358(1)
Congenital Anomalies Affecting Respiratory Function
358(1)
Diaphragmatic Hernia
358(1)
Congenital Heart Disease
358(1)
Choanal Atresia
358(1)
Cystic Hygroma
359(1)
Pierre Robin Syndrome or Sequence
359(1)
Collaborative Management of Infants with Respiratory Disorders
359(1)
Supportive Care
359(1)
Assessment and Monitoring
360(1)
Environmental Considerations
361(1)
Family Care
361(1)
Summary
362(1)
New Technologies Applied to the Management of the Respiratory System
Neonatal Hypoxemia
363(1)
Conventional Management of Neonatal Hypoxemia
364(1)
Treatment of Neonatal Lung Disease with Exogenous Surfactant
365(2)
Surfactant Biochemistry and Physiology
365(1)
Surfactant Replacement
365(1)
Nursing Care: Surfactant Therapy
366(1)
Conventional Ventilatory Support and Respiratory Considerations
367(1)
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
367(1)
Conventional Mechanical Ventilation
367(1)
High-Frequency Ventilation (HFV)
368(2)
Complications Associated with HFV
369(1)
Nursing Care: HFV
369(1)
Inhaled Nitric Oxide
370(2)
Nursing Care: Nitric Oxide
372(1)
Treatment of Neonatal Hypoxemia with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
372(1)
Liquid Ventilation
372(2)
Tidal Liquid Ventilation
374(1)
Partial Liquid Ventilation (PLV)
374(1)
Summary
374(2)
Assessment and Management of the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Adaptation
376(2)
Fetal Circulation
376(1)
Neonatal Circulation
376(2)
Normal Cardiac Function
378(1)
Heart Valves
378(1)
Cardiac Cycle
378(1)
Cardiac Output
378(1)
Autonomic Cardiac Control
378(1)
Cardiac Assessment
379(2)
Physical Assessment
379(2)
Cardiac Murmurs
381(2)
Systolic Murmurs
381(1)
Diastolic Murmurs
382(1)
Continuous Murmurs
382(1)
Other Murmurs
382(1)
Congenital Heart Defects
383(23)
Etiology
383(1)
Incidence
383(3)
Defects with Communication between the Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations with Left-to-Right Shunt
386(1)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus in the Preterm Newborn
386(1)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus in the Term Newborn
386(4)
Defects with Obstructions of the Vascular or Valvular Systems, with or without Right-to-Left Shunt
390(8)
Transposition Defects
398(1)
Defects with Abnormalities in the Origin of the Pulmonary Arteries or Veins
398(3)
Experiemental Treatments in the Postoperative Period
401(1)
Congenital Arrhythmias
401(1)
Congestive Heart Failure
402(4)
Support of the Family of the Infant with a Congenital Heart Defect
406(3)
Fluids, Electrolytes, Vitamins, and Trace Minerals
Water and Electrolytes
409(9)
Water
409(1)
Changes in Water Distribution
409(1)
Water Balance and Body Metabolism
410(1)
Water Requirements
410(8)
Water-Soluble Vitamins
418(1)
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
418(1)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
418(1)
Vitamin B6
418(1)
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)
418(1)
Folic Acid
419(1)
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
419(1)
Niacin
419(1)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
419(2)
Vitamin A
419(1)
Vitamin D
420(1)
Vitamin E
420(1)
Vitamin K
421(1)
Trace Minerals
421(1)
Zinc
421(1)
Copper
422(1)
Nursing Management
422(2)
Assessment and Evaluation of Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy
422(2)
Summary
424(1)
Nutrition: Physiologic Basis of Metabolism and Management of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
Gastrointestinal (GI) Function
425(2)
Nutrients
427(2)
Protein
427(1)
Fat
428(1)
Carbohydrates
428(1)
Vitamins, Macrominerals, and Trace Minerals
429(1)
Parenteral Nutrition
430(4)
Basic Needs
430(1)
Methods of Delivery and Technical Problems
431(3)
Enteral Nutrition
434(5)
Methods of Enteral Feeding
434(1)
Trophic Feedings
434(1)
Continuous versus Intermittent Gavage or Bolus Feedings
434(1)
Current Clinical Practices
435(1)
Gavage Feedings of Expressed Mother's Milk
436(1)
Orogastric and Nasogastric Routes for Intermittent Gavage or Bolus Feedings
436(1)
Nursing Interventions
437(1)
Selected Nursing Interventions during Intermittent Gavage or Bolus Feedings
437(1)
Transition from Gavage to Oral Feedings
438(1)
Scheduled versus Cue-Based Feedings
439(1)
Breastfeeding
439(2)
Significance of Breastfeeding for Preterm Infants and Mothers
439(1)
Model for Providing Breastfeeding Support in the NICU
440(1)
Assisting with Milk Collection and Storage
440(1)
Nonpharmacologic Support of Milk Volume
440(1)
Management of In-Hospital Breastfeeding Sessions
440(1)
Pharmacologic Support of Milk Volume
441(1)
Breastfeeding Consulation after Discharge
441(1)
Oral Feedings
441(3)
Research Evaluating Feeding Interventions
443(1)
Nursing Interventions
443(1)
Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER) and Feeding Intolerance
444(1)
Summary
444(4)
Assessment and Management of the Gastrointestinal System
Embryologic Development of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract
448(2)
Pharyngeal Gut
449(1)
Foregut
449(1)
Midgut
449(1)
Hindgut
449(1)
Relationship to Nervous System
450(1)
Physiology of the GI Tract
450(1)
Structure
450(1)
Motility
450(1)
Other Cells
451(1)
Maturation of GI Function
451(1)
Bacterial Colonization
452(1)
Assessment of the GI Tract
452(5)
History
452(1)
Physical Assessment
453(1)
Inspection
453(1)
Auscultation
453(1)
Palpation
453(1)
Related Findings
454(1)
Risk Factors
454(1)
Genetic Consulation
455(1)
Diagnostic Procedures
455(1)
Ultrasonography
456(1)
Gastric Aspirate
456(1)
Apt Testing
456(1)
Stool Culture
456(1)
Stool Hematest
456(1)
Stool-Reducing Substances
456(1)
pH Probe Test
456(1)
Scintigraphy
456(1)
Endoscopy
456(1)
Fetal Fat
456(1)
Nursing Management
457(2)
General Principles
457(2)
Consideration of Ethical Issues
459(1)
Management of Problems with Ingestion
459(5)
Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip
459(1)
Risk Factors
459(1)
Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
460(2)
Gastroesopageal Reflux (GER)
462(2)
Pyloric Stenosis
464(1)
Management of Problems with Digestion
464(6)
Biliary Atresia
464(1)
Duodenal Atresia
465(1)
Jejunoileal Atresia
466(1)
Omphalocele
467(2)
Gastroschisis
469(1)
Management of Problems with Elimination
470(13)
Hirschsrpung Disease
470(1)
Small Left Colon Syndrome
471(1)
Meconium Ileus
472(1)
Meconium Plug Syndrome
473(1)
Anorectal Agenesis
473(2)
Malrotation with Volvulus
475(2)
Intussusception
477(1)
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
478(4)
Short Gut Syndrome
482(1)
Spontaneous Bowel or Gastric Perforations
482(1)
Lactobezoars
483(1)
Summary
483(4)
Assessment and Management of the Metabolic System
Routine Neonatal Screening Tests
487(1)
Prenatal and Neonatal Diagnosis of Inherited Metabolic Disorders
488(1)
Carbohydrate Metabolism
489(2)
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
491(1)
Disorders of Galactose Metabolism
492(2)
Hereditary Galactokinase Deficiency
493(1)
Hereditary Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency
493(1)
Hereditary Uridine Diphosphate Galactose 4-Epimerase Deficiency
494(1)
Disorders of Fructose Metabolism
494(1)
Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
494(1)
Carbohydrate Malabsorption in the Intestinal Brush Border
495(1)
Amino Acid Metabolism
495(19)
Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism
496(11)
Disorders of Histidine Metabolism
507(4)
Disorders of Branched-Chain Amino and Keto Acids: Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)
511(3)
Organic Acidemias: Disorders of Propionate and Methylmalonate Metabolism
514(1)
Propionic Acidemias
514(1)
Methylmalonic Acidemias
514(1)
Disorders of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
515(1)
Disorders of the Pyruvate Carboxylase Complex
515(1)
Metabolic Errors that Affect Blood and Blood-forming Tissue: Pyruvate Kinase and Glucose-6-Phosphatase Deficiencies
515(4)
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
515(2)
Glucose-6-Phsosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
517(2)
Lipid Metabolism
519(5)
Fatty Acids
519(1)
Triglycerides
519(1)
Phospholipids
519(1)
Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
519(3)
Familial Cholesterolemia
522(2)
Disorders of Lysosomal Enzymes
524(2)
Gangliosidoses
524(1)
Sphingomyelin Lipidoses: Niemann-Pick Disease (Types A and B)
525(1)
Cellular Cholesterol Lipidoses: Niemann-Pick Disease (Type C)
526(1)
Purine Metabolic Disorders
526(2)
Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency: Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
526(1)
Hereditary Xanthinuria
527(1)
Pyrimidine Metabolic Disorders
528(1)
Summary
528(3)
Assessment and Management of the Endocrine System
Physiology of the Endocrine System
531(2)
Chemistry of Hormones
532(1)
Hormonal Control by Negative Feedback
532(1)
Mechanisms of Hormonal Action
532(1)
Intracellular Receptors
532(1)
Growth Factors
533(1)
Alterations in the Endocrine System
533(10)
Growth Hormone
533(1)
Growth Hormone Deficiency
533(1)
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
534(2)
Thyroid Gland
536(1)
Congenital Hypothyroidism
537(1)
Congenital Hyperthyroidism
538(1)
Diabetes
538(3)
Ambiguous Genitalia
541(1)
Clinical Manifestations and Risk Factors in 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
542(1)
3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
543(3)
11-Hydroxylase Deficiency
543(1)
17-Hydroxylase and 17,20-Lyase Deficiency
543(1)
Additional Causes of Ambiguous Genitalia
544(2)
Cystic Fibrosis
546(2)
Pathophysiology
546(1)
Risk Factors
546(1)
Clinical Manifestations
546(1)
Differential Diagnosis
547(1)
Collaborative Management
547(1)
Prognosis
548(1)
Summary
548(2)
Assessment and Management of the Immune System
General Development of the Immune System
550(1)
Embryologic Development of the Immune System
550(5)
Inflammatory Response
551(1)
Humoral Immunity
551(1)
Cellular Immunity
552(3)
Maternal-Fetal-Neonatal Relationships
555(1)
Inherited Newborn Immunodeficiencies
555(1)
Assessment of the Immune System
555(1)
Subjective Data
555(1)
Objective Data
555(1)
Diagnostic Work-Up
556(1)
Infection in the Neonate
556(3)
Clinical Manifestations
556(1)
Risk Factors
557(1)
Differential Diagnosis
557(1)
Prognosis
558(1)
Collaborative Management
558(1)
Types of Neonatal Infection
559(18)
Congenital Infections
560(9)
Bacterial Infections
569(8)
Infection Control Policies
577(1)
Summary
577(3)
Assessment and Management of the Hematologic System
Embryologic Development of the Hematopoietic System
580(1)
Primitive Vascular Formation
580(1)
Development of Hematopoietic Function
581(2)
Megaloblastic Period
581(1)
Hepatic Period
582(1)
Myeloid Period
582(1)
Erythrocyte Maturation
583(1)
Megaloblastic Period
583(1)
Hepatic and Myeloid Periods
583(1)
Erythropoietin
584(1)
Normal Hematologic Values in the Newborn
584(1)
Factors Affecting Laboratory Values
584(1)
Fetal and Neonatal Blood Components
585(1)
Assessment of Hematologic Function
586(1)
Hematologic Dysfunction in the Neonate
586(10)
Blood Group Incompatibilities
586(1)
ABO Incompatibility
587(1)
Rh Incompatibility
588(1)
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
588(6)
Prenatal Pharmacologic Agents to Control Hemolisis
594(1)
Collaborative Postnatal Management of the Erythroblastotic Infant
594(2)
Common Nonimmune Causes of Hyperbilirubinemia
596(7)
Increased Red Blood Cell Breakdown
596(1)
Interference with Bilirubin Conjugation
596(1)
Abnormal Bilirubin Excretion
597(1)
Treatment of Hyperbilirubinemia
597(6)
Anemia
603(6)
Pathophysiology
603(1)
Clinical Manifestations
604(1)
Common Causes of Pathologic Anemia in the Newborn
604(2)
Differential Diagnosis
606(1)
Treatment
606(2)
Physiologic Anemia of the Newborn and Anemia of the Premature Infant
608(1)
Polycythemia
609(2)
Pathophysiology
609(1)
Active Polycythemia
610(1)
Passive Polycythemia
610(1)
Clinical Manifestations
610(1)
Treatment
611(1)
Coagulopathies in the Newborn Period
611(6)
Development of Hemostasis and Coagulation
611(2)
Hemostasis
613(1)
Coagulation
614(3)
Overall Development of Hemostasis
617(1)
Common Coagulation Disorders in the Newborn
617(4)
Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn
617(1)
Hemophilia
618(1)
Thrombocytopenia
618(2)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
620(1)
Differential Diagnosis of Newborn Coagulopathies
620(1)
Collaborative Management of a Coagulopathy
621(1)
Blood and Blood Component Therapy
621(1)
Blood and Blood Component Therapy
621(1)
Summary
622(2)
Assessment and Management of the Neurologic System
Embryologic Development of the Central Nervous System
624(5)
Neurulation
624(1)
Disorders of Neurulation
625(2)
Prosencephalic Development
627(1)
Disorders of Prosencephalic Development
627(1)
Neuronal Proliferation
627(1)
Disorders of Neuronal Proliferation
628(1)
Neuronal Migration
628(1)
Disorders of Neuronal Migration
628(1)
Organization
628(1)
Disorders of Organization
628(1)
Myelinization
629(1)
Disorders of Myelinization
629(1)
Assessment of Neurologic Function
629(5)
History
629(1)
Physical Examination
629(1)
Neurologic Examination
630(1)
Diagnostic Techniques
631(2)
Collaborative Management
633(1)
Types of Neurologic Dysfunction
634(24)
Seizures
634(7)
Periventricular/Intraventricular Hemorrhage
641(3)
Other Types of Intracranial Hemorrhage
644(3)
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)
647(2)
Periventricular Leukomalacia
649(1)
Birth Injuries
650(4)
Neurologic Structural Dysfunction
654(4)
Summary
658(3)
Assessment and Management of the Musculoskeletal System
Embryology
661(1)
Assessment
662(1)
Types of Musculoskeletal Dysfunction
662(2)
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
662(2)
Skeletal Dysplasia
664(1)
Achondroplasia
664(1)
Hypochondroplasia
664(1)
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
664(1)
Arthrogryposis
665(1)
Incidence and Inheritance Patterns
665(1)
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
666(3)
Incidence Rates and Risk Factors
666(1)
Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations
667(1)
Clubfoot
668(1)
Mechanism of Development
668(1)
Syndactyly
669(1)
Mechanism of Development
669(1)
Polydactyly
669(1)
Collaborative Management
669(1)
Amniotic Band Syndrome
669(1)
Mechanism of Development
669(1)
Birth Trauma
670(1)
Clinical Manifestations
670(1)
Diagnosis
670(1)
Congenital Muscular Torticollis
671(1)
Pathophysiology
671(1)
Diagnosis
671(1)
Craniosynostosis
671(1)
TAR Syndrome: Thrombocytopenia Absent Radius
672(1)
Summary
672(1)
Assessment and Management of the Genitourinary System
Embryologic Development of the Urogenital System
673(1)
The Urinary System
673(1)
Physiology of Kidney Function
674(5)
Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration
676(2)
Secretion and Absorption
678(1)
Physiologic Development of the Genitalia
679(1)
Differentiation of the Genitalia and the Duct System
679(1)
Assessment of the Genitourinary System
680(1)
History
680(1)
Physical Assessment
680(1)
Related Findings
681(1)
Risk Factors
681(1)
Diagnostic Work-Up
681(3)
Urine Collection
681(1)
Urinalysis
682(1)
Renal Clearance Tests
683(1)
Urine Chemistries
683(1)
Serum Chemistries
683(1)
Urine Culture
683(1)
Adrenocorticosteroid Levels
683(1)
Radiologic Examination
684(1)
Genetic Consultation
684(1)
Collaborative and Nursing Management
684(2)
Fluid, Electrolytes and Nutrition
684(1)
Skin Management
685(1)
Respiratory Management
685(1)
General Preoperative Management
685(1)
General Postoperative Management
685(1)
Parental Support
686(1)
Nursing Considerations for the Protection of Health Professionals
686(1)
Urinary Tract Infection
686(1)
Pathophysiology
686(1)
Clinical Manifestations
686(1)
Differential Diagnosis
686(1)
Prognosis
687(1)
Collaborative Management
687(1)
Collaborative and Nursing Management
687(1)
Circumcision
687(1)
Acute Renal Failure
687(3)
Pathophysiology
687(1)
Risk Factors
688(1)
Differential Diagnosis
688(1)
Clinical Manifestations
688(1)
Prognosis
689(1)
Collaborative Management
689(1)
Nursing Management
690(1)
Potter's Association (Potter's Syndrome)
690(1)
Pathophysiology
690(1)
Clinical Manifestations
690(1)
Risk Factors
690(1)
Differential Diagnosis
690(1)
Prognosis
690(1)
Collaborative and Nursing Management
691(1)
Renal Aplasia
691(1)
Pathophysiology
691(1)
Risk Factors
691(1)
Clinical Manifestations
691(1)
Differential Diagnosis
691(1)
Prognosis
691(1)
Collaborative and Nursing Management
691(1)
Cystic Kidney Disease
691(1)
Pathophysiology
691(1)
Risk Factors
691(1)
Clinical Manifestations
691(1)
Differential Diagnosis
691(1)
Prognosis
691(1)
Collaborative Management
692(1)
Nursing Management
692(1)
Prune-Belly Syndrome (Eagle-Barrett Syndrome)
692(1)
Pathophysiology
692(1)
Risk Factors
692(1)
Clinical Manifestations
692(1)
Differential Diagnosis
692(1)
Prognosis
692(1)
Collaborative Management
692(1)
Nursing Management
693(1)
Exstrophy of the Bladder
693(1)
Pathophysiology
693(1)
Clinical Manifestations
693(1)
Differential Diagnosis
694(1)
Prognosis
694(1)
Collaborative Management
694(1)
Nursing Management
694(1)
Hydronephrosis
694(1)
Pathophysiology
694(1)
Risk Factors
694(1)
Clinical Manifestations
694(1)
Differential Diagnosis
694(1)
Prognosis
695(1)
Collaborative Management
695(1)
Nursing Management
695(1)
Ureteral Obstruction
695(1)
Pathophysiology
695(1)
Risk Factors
696(1)
Clinical Manifestations
696(1)
Differential Diagnosis
696(1)
Prognosis
696(1)
Collaborative Management
696(1)
Nursing Management
696(1)
Hydrocele
696(1)
Pathophysiology
696(1)
Risk Factors
696(1)
Clinical Manifestations
696(1)
Differential Diagnosis
696(1)
Prognosis
696(1)
Collaborative Management
696(1)
Nursing Management
696(1)
Inguinal Hernia
697(1)
Pathophysiology
697(1)
Risk Factors
697(1)
Clinical Manifestations
697(1)
Differential Diagnosis
697(1)
Prognosis
697(1)
Collaborative Management
697(1)
Nursing Management
697(1)
Torsion of the Testicle
697(1)
Pathophysiology
697(1)
Risk Factors
697(1)
Clinical Manifestations
697(1)
Differential Diagnosis
697(1)
Prognosis
698(1)
Collaborative Management
698(1)
Nursing Management
698(1)
Nephroblastoma
698(1)
Pathophysiology
698(1)
Risk Factors
698(1)
Clinical Manifestations
698(1)
Differential Diagnosis
698(1)
Prognosis
698(1)
Nursing Management
698(1)
Ambiguous Genitalia
698(1)
Summary
698(2)
Assessment and Management of the Integumentary System
Skin Structure and Function
700(5)
Embryologic Development of Skin
702(1)
Developmental Variations
703(1)
Thickness of the Stratum Corneum and Permeability
703(1)
Dermal Instability
703(1)
Diminished Cohesion
703(1)
Skin pH
704(1)
Melanin Production
705(1)
Assessment and Physiologic Variations
705(2)
Pigmentary Lesions
706(1)
Lesions Related to the Birth Process
707(1)
Dermatologic Diseases
707(7)
Terminology
707(1)
Developmental Vascular Abnormalities
708(2)
Blistering Diseases
710(1)
Infections of the Skin
711(2)
Scaling Disorders
713(1)
Skin Care Practices
714(4)
Bathing
715(1)
Emollients
715(1)
Disinfectants
716(1)
Adhesives
716(1)
Transepidermal Water Loss
717(1)
Management of Skin Care Problems
718(4)
Skin Assessment
718(1)
Skin Excoriations
718(1)
Nutritional Deficiencies
719(1)
Intravenous Extravasations
719(1)
Diaper Dermatitis
720(2)
Evidence-Based Skin Care Guideline
722(1)
Summary
722(2)
Assessment and Management of the Auditory System
Auditory Development and Mechanism of Function
724(2)
Embryology
724(2)
Structure of the Ear
726(1)
Physiology of Audiologic Function
727(1)
External Ear
727(1)
Middle Ear
727(1)
Inner Ear
727(1)
Perinatal Auditory Development
727(1)
Hearing Impairment
728(1)
Types of Hearing Impairment
728(1)
Collaborative Management
728(1)
Identification of the Hearing-Impaired Infant
729(4)
Physical Examination
729(4)
Defects of the Head and Neck
733(1)
Ear
733(1)
Nose
733(1)
Mouth
733(1)
Eyes
733(1)
Hair
734(1)
Neck
734(1)
Elevated Bilirubin
734(1)
Family History
734(1)
Hereditary Hearing Loss
734(3)
Autosomal Dominant
734(1)
Autosomal Recessive
735(1)
Low Birth Weight
736(1)
Ototoxic Drugs
736(1)
Sound Trauma
736(1)
Screening Methods for Identification of Hearing Loss
737(2)
Behavioral Measurements of Hearing Function
737(1)
Automated Screening Devices
737(1)
Crib-O-Gram
737(1)
Auditory Response Cradle
737(1)
Peripheral Measurements of Hearing Function
737(2)
Management of the Hearing-Impaired Neonate
739(1)
Cochlear Implants
739(1)
Parental Support
740(1)
Summary
740(2)
Assessment and Management of the Ophthalmic System
Embryology
742(1)
Assessment of the Eyes
742(2)
History
742(1)
Examination
742(1)
Eye Drops
743(1)
Diagnostic Tests
744(1)
Electroretinography
744(1)
Visual Evoked Potentials
744(1)
Digital Image Analysis
744(1)
Neonatal Conjunctivitis
744(2)
Aseptic Neonatal Conjunctivitis
745(1)
Chlamydial Conjunctivitis (Inclusion Conjunctivitis)
745(1)
Gonorrheal Conjunctivitis
745(1)
Staphylococcal Conjunctivitis
745(1)
Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis
745(1)
Infectious Conjunctivitis due to Other Microorganisms
745(1)
Lacrimal Dysfunction
746(1)
Mucocele
746(1)
Retinopathy of Prematurity
746(3)
Pathophysiology
746(1)
Risk Factors
747(1)
Treatment
747(1)
Preventive Treatment
747(1)
Interdictive Treatment
748(1)
Corrective Treatment
749(1)
Nursing Care
749(1)
Congenital Defects
749(2)
Aniridia
749(1)
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
750(1)
Capillary Hemangiomas of the Eyelid
750(1)
Ptosis
750(1)
Congenital Glaucoma
750(1)
Congenital Cataracts
750(1)
Retinoblastoma
750(1)
Congenital Infections
751(1)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
751(1)
Rubella
751(1)
Herpes Simplex Virus
751(1)
Varicella
751(1)
Toxoplasmosis
751(1)
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus
751(1)
Other Disorders
751(1)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
751(1)
Infants of Diabetic Mothers
751(1)
Periventricular Leukomalacia
752(1)
Intraventricular Hemorrhage
752(1)
Summary
752(2)
Assessment and Management of the Surgical Newborn and Infant
Preoperative Period
754(3)
Oxygenation and Ventilation
754(1)
Acid-Base Balance
755(1)
Thermoregulation
755(1)
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
756(1)
Pharmacologic Support
757(1)
Family
757(1)
Operative Period
757(2)
Timing of the Operation Intraoperative Care
758(1)
Postoperative Period
759(2)
Oxygenation and Ventilation
759(1)
Acid-Base Balance
759(1)
Thermoregulation
760(1)
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
760(1)
Nutritional Needs
760(1)
Pharmacologic Support
760(1)
Wound Care
760(1)
Family
761(1)
Summary
761(1)
Assessment and Management of the Newborn and Infant Undergoing Transplantation
Hepatic Transplantation in Infants and Children
762(5)
Etiology
762(1)
Pretransplant Management
763(1)
Selection of Candidates for Transplantation
763(1)
Operative Procedure
764(1)
Surgical Techniques
764(1)
Whole Organ Transplantation
764(3)
Renal Transplantation in Infants and Children
767(3)
Etiology
767(1)
Pre-Transplant Management
767(1)
Dialysis
767(1)
Nutritional Support
768(1)
Transplant Management
768(2)
Other Transplants
770(1)
Cardiac Transplants
770(1)
Intestinal Transplants
770(1)
Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Transplantation
770(1)
Organ Procurement
771(1)
Summary
771(2)
Assessment and Management of the Substance-Exposed Newborn and Infant
Definitions
773(1)
Nursing Considerations
773(1)
Tobacco
774(3)
History
774(1)
Risk Factors
774(1)
Causes of Intrauterine Hazards
775(1)
Fetal Hazards
775(1)
Risk Factors in Infancy and Childhood
776(1)
Recommendations
777(1)
Cocaine
777(5)
History
777(1)
General Attributes of Women who Use Cocaine
777(1)
Mechanism of Action
778(1)
Route of Administration
778(1)
Metabolism
778(1)
Effects on Pregnancy
778(1)
Effects on the Fetus
778(1)
Cocaine as a Teratogen
779(1)
Effects on the Neonate
779(1)
Long-Term Outcomes
780(1)
Recommendations
781(1)
Breastfeeding
781(1)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
781(1)
Morbidity/Mortality of Cocaine-Exposed Infants
781(1)
Clinical Management
782(1)
Heroin
782(6)
History
782(1)
Mechanism of Action
782(1)
Common Attributes of Women who Use Heroin
782(1)
Risk Factors of Heroin Use
783(1)
Effects on the Fetus
783(1)
Effects on the Neonate
783(1)
Heroin as a Teratogen
783(1)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
783(1)
Respiratory Problems
784(1)
Sepsis
784(1)
Neurobehavioral Effects
784(1)
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)
784(4)
Alcohol
788(6)
History
788(1)
Common Attributes of Women who Use Alcohol
788(1)
Mechanism of Action
788(1)
Effects on Pregnancy
788(1)
Fetal Effects
789(1)
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
789(4)
Recommendations
793(1)
Methamphetamine
794(1)
Ecstasy/3,4 Methylenedixymethamphetamine (MDMA)
794(1)
Polydrug Use
794(1)
Care of Infants with Central Nervous System Manifestations
795(1)
Care Related to Gastrointestinal Manifestations
795(1)
Care Related to Risk for Infection
795(1)
Identification of the Substance-Exposed Infant
795(3)
Laboratory Tests
795(3)
Legal Implications
798(1)
Nursing Assessment of the Substance-Using Mother
798(2)
Nursing Intervention for the Substance-Using Mother
800(1)
Interventions with Families
800(1)
Interventions to Enhance Mother-Baby Bonding
800(1)
Value Conflicts for Health Professionals
800(1)
Summary
800(3)
Care of the Extremely-Low-Birth-Weight Infant
Introduction
803(1)
VLBW and ELBW
803(1)
Risk Factors
803(1)
LBW versus Prematurity
804(1)
Care of VLBW and ELBW Infants
805(2)
Long-Term Outcomes
807(2)
Summary
809(2)
UNIT VII Neonatal and Infant Diagnostic Tests and Laboratory Values
Diagnostic Processes
Diagnostic Imaging in Infants
811(1)
Conditions Requiring Diagnostic Imaging
811(1)
Anatomic Proportions
811(1)
Types of Diagnostic Imaging
811(20)
X-Ray Imaging (Roentgenology)
811(1)
Roentgenologic Biophysical Principles
812(5)
Radiographic Contrast Agents
817(1)
Ionizing Radiation Interactions with Tissue
818(1)
Factors Affecting Radiograph Quality
819(1)
Radiologic Projections
820(1)
Exposure Factors in Infancy
820(1)
Collaborative Care
821(1)
Radionuclide Imaging
822(4)
Ultrasonographic Imaging
826(3)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
829(2)
Laboratory Values
831(1)
Cardiology Procedures
832(1)
Electrocardiography
832(1)
Echocardiography
832(1)
Cardiac Catheterization
832(1)
Genetic Testing
833(4)
Chromosome Analysis
833(4)
Sweat Chloride Test
837(1)
Gastrointestinal Procedures
837(2)
Barium Enema
837(1)
Upper Gastrointestinal Series with Small Bowel Follow-Through
837(1)
Rectal Suction Biopsy
838(1)
Liver Biopsy
838(1)
Genitourinary Procedures
839(1)
Cystoscopy
839(1)
Excretory Urography and Intravenous Pyelography
839(1)
Voiding Cystourethrogram
839(1)
Electroencephalography
839(1)
Respiratory Procedures
839(3)
Pulse Oximetry
839(1)
End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring
840(1)
Bronchoscopy
841(1)
Summary
842(2)
UNIT VIII Pharmacology and Nonpharmacological Therapies
Identification, Management, and Prevention of Newborn/Infant Pain
Defining Pain and Distress in Infants and Children
844(1)
Developmental Neurophysiology of Pain
844(1)
Peripheral Transduction and Transmission
844(1)
Central Mechanisms and Modulation
844(1)
Neurodevelopment of Pain Perception
845(1)
Pathophysiology of Acute Pain
845(1)
Clinical Assessment of Pain
845(3)
Behavioral Observation of Pain
845(1)
Physiological Measures of Pain
846(1)
Selection of a Pain Assessment Tool
846(1)
Factors that Influence Pain
846(2)
Implementing Clinical Assessment of Pain in Infants
848(1)
Management of Neonatal Pain
848(6)
Nonpharmacologic Management
848(1)
Pharmacologic Management
849(3)
Management of Specific Pain Types
852(2)
Neonatal Nurse's Role and Responsibilities
854(1)
Summary
854(3)
Principles of Newborn and Infant Drug Therapy
General Principles of Drug Therapy
857(1)
Pediatric Labeling
857(1)
Pediatric Dosing Methods
857(1)
Adverse Drug Events
857(1)
Developmental Pharmacokinetics
858(4)
Absorption
858(2)
Distribution
860(1)
Metabolism
861(1)
Elimination
861(1)
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
862(1)
Fetal and Infant Exposure to Maternal Medications
862(1)
Fetal Exposure
862(1)
Lactation Exposure
862(1)
Medication Administration
863(3)
Oral Administration
863(1)
Intravenous Administration
864(1)
Aerosol Administration
865(1)
Medication Administration In ECMO
866(1)
Summary
866(2)
Complementary Therapies
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
868(1)
Lifestyle Therapies (Developmental Care)
868(3)
Aromatherapy
868(1)
Music Therapy
869(1)
Light Therapy
869(1)
Kangaroo Care
869(1)
Co-Bedding
870(1)
Infant Massage
870(1)
Reflexology
871(1)
Osteopathy/Cranio-Sacral Therapy
871(1)
BioEnergetic Therapies
871(1)
Acupuncture
871(1)
Healing Touch
872(1)
Reiki
872(1)
Biochemical Interventions
872(1)
Homeopathy
872(1)
Herbal Medicine
873(1)
Research
873(1)
Summary
874(2)
UNIT IX Long-Term Newborn and Infant Care
Systematic Assessment and Home Follow-Up: A Basis for Monitoring the Newborn and Infant's Integration into the Family
Need for Home Follow-Up of Preterm Infants
876(1)
Preterm Infant Characteristics and their Effect on Caregiver Interaction
877(1)
Parental Response to their Preterm Infant's Behavior
878(1)
The Need for Home Follow-Up Programs
879(1)
Needs of Parents with a Preterm Infant: What Do They Want and Need? What Are They Getting?
880(1)
Importance of Nurse Follow-Up
881(2)
Systematic Assessments
883(3)
Nursing Child Assessment Satellite Training Scales
883(3)
Home-Based Protocols of Care for Preterm Infants and Their Families
886(3)
Nursing Systems toward Effective Parenting--Preterm
886(3)
Advanced Practice Nurses into Long-Term Care: Nurses Need to Know This
889(1)
Summary
890(3)
Transition to Home
The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Experience
893(1)
Parental Transition
894(3)
Maternal Role
894(1)
Role Theory
894(1)
Transition as a Crisis
895(1)
Parental Concerns
895(2)
Intervention Strategies
897(3)
Family Care
898(1)
Communication
898(1)
Long-Term Implications for the Family Unit
899(1)
Technology Dependent Infants
899(1)
Summary
900(2)
Home and Community Based Care
Development of Home Care
902(2)
Types of Home Care
904(1)
Short-Term Care
904(1)
Long-Term Care
904(1)
Hospice Care
904(1)
Respite Care
905(1)
Day Care
905(1)
Foster Care
905(1)
Criteria for Home Care
905(3)
Infant Criteria
906(1)
Family Criteria
906(1)
Home Equipment Criteria
906(2)
Follow-Up System Criteria
908(1)
Future Trends
908(1)
Summary
908(2)
Appendix 910

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