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9783540438922

System Dynamics and Long-Term Behaviour of Railway Vehicles, Track and Subgrade

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9783540438922

  • ISBN10:

    3540438920

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2002-12-01
  • Publisher: Springer Verlag
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Summary

During the last decades completely new technologies for high speed railway vehicles have been developed. The primary goals have been to increase traction, axle load, and travelling speed, and to guarantee the safety of the passengers. However, new developments have revealed new limitations: settlement and destruction of the ballast and the subgrade lead to deterioration of the track; irregular wear of the wheels causes an increase in overall load and deterioration in passenger comfort; and damage of the running surfaces of the rail and the wheel is becoming more frequent. These problems have been investigated in the Priority Programme SPP 1015 supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), with the goal of better understanding of the dynamic interaction of vehicle and track, and the long-term behavior of the components of the system. The book contains the scientific results of the programme as presented at the concluding colloquium held at University of Stuttgart, Germany, 2002.

Table of Contents

The DFG Priority Programme `System Dynamics and Long-Term Behaviour of Vehicle, Track and Subgrade'
1(14)
Klaus Knothe
Karl Popp
Introduction
1(1)
Where did we start from?
2(5)
Preliminary Comments
2(1)
Limits of the Wheel/Rail System (1975-1985)
2(3)
New Problems (1985-1994)
5(1)
Explanation and Counter-Measures
6(1)
What has been achieved?
7(5)
The Project Idea of the DFG Priority Programme
7(2)
About Structure and Management of the DFG Priority Programme
9(1)
What has been achieved?
10(2)
What still needs to be done?
12(3)
References
13(2)
INVITED LECTURES 15(48)
Vehicle/Track Interaction Optimisation within Spoornet
17(18)
Robert Frohling
Introduction
17(1)
Wagon Bogie Development
17(3)
Developments on the Heavy Haul Export Lines
20(4)
Iron Ore Export Line
21(2)
Coal Export Line
23(1)
Wheel Profile Development
24(2)
Measurement and Monitoring
26(4)
Wheel Profiles
27(1)
Sinusoidal Gauge Corner Wear
27(1)
Pummeling
27(1)
Flat Wheel Detection
28(2)
Lateral Wheel/Rail Forces
30(1)
Differential Track Settlement
30(1)
Future Projects
31(1)
Conclusion
32(3)
References
32(3)
Active Suspension Technology and its Effect upon Vehicle-Track Interaction
35(16)
Roger Goodall
Introduction
35(1)
Active Railway Suspension Principles
35(3)
The Basics of Wheelset Control
38(5)
Ideal Curving
38(3)
Control Strategies
41(2)
Solid-Axle vs. IRW Wheelsets
43(1)
Performance of Active-Steered Rail Vehicles
43(2)
Research Challenges
45(1)
Impact of Active Suspensions
46(3)
Benefits of Active Wheelset Control
46(2)
Vehicle-Track Cost Tradeoff
48(1)
Conclusions
49(2)
References
49(2)
Rolling-Contact-Fatigue and Wear of Rails: Economic and Technical Aspects
51(12)
Peter Pointner
Introduction
51(1)
Our Environment
52(1)
Rolling-Contact-Fatigue (RCF)
52(4)
Wear
56(1)
The Wear - Crack-Length - Diagramm
57(2)
Fields of Research and the Link to the System Costs
59(2)
The Chain from Research to the Customer
61(2)
References
61(2)
VEHICLE DYNAMICS 63(90)
System Dynamics of Railcars with Radial- and Lateralelastic Wheels
65(20)
Holger Claus
Werner Schiehlen
Motivation
65(1)
Flexible Multibody Systems
66(4)
Kinematics and Kinetics
67(1)
Dynamic Stresses
67(1)
Stability of Motion
68(1)
Optimization and Parallel Computing
69(1)
Excitation of Wheelsets
70(2)
Strength of Conventional Wheelsets
72(3)
Speeds with Resonance Phenomena
74(1)
Dynamic Stresses of Wheelset
74(1)
Feasibility of Radial- and Lateralelastic Wheels
75(7)
Vertical Dynamics
77(2)
Stability of Motion
79(3)
Summary
82(3)
References
83(2)
Distributed Numerical Calculations of Wear in the Wheel-Rail Contact
85(16)
Kurt Frischmuth
Dirk Langemann
Introduction
85(2)
Components
87(4)
Nonlinear Dynamics
87(1)
Rolling Contact and Dry Friction
87(1)
Geometry
88(2)
Wear Laws
90(1)
Models
91(1)
Numerics
92(4)
Discretization
93(1)
Distributed Calculations
94(1)
Testing the Speed Function
95(1)
Results
96(2)
Randomized Control
98(1)
Conclusions
98(1)
Acknowledgements
99(2)
References
99(2)
Modeling and Simulation of the Mid-Frequency Behaviour of an Elastic Bogie
101(20)
Ingo Kaiser
Karl Popp
Introduction
101(1)
Modeling
102(7)
Modeling of the Vehicle
102(3)
Finite Element Model of the Wheelset
105(1)
Modeling of the Contact
106(2)
Modeling of the Track
108(1)
Simulation Results
109(9)
Frequency Response of the Vehicle
109(3)
Stationary Behaviour of the Vehicle-Track System
112(2)
Limit Cycle Behaviour of the Vehicle-Track System
114(2)
Transient Behaviour of the Vehicle-Track System
116(2)
Conclusion
118(3)
References
120(1)
Wavy Wear Pattern on the Tread of Railway Wheels
121(12)
Michael Kusel
Eberhard Brommundt
Introduction
121(3)
The Common View of the Evolution of Wavy Wear Pattern
122(1)
Shape of Wheel Surface
123(1)
Fast-Time Dynamics
124(2)
Vehicle-Track Model
124(1)
Contact Conditions
125(1)
Fast-Time Equations
126(1)
Slow-Time Behaviour
126(2)
Evolution of the Coefficients of the Wavy Wear Pattern
128(2)
Numerical Results
130(1)
Conclusions and Outlook
131(2)
References
132(1)
Rotor Dynamics and Irregular Wear of Elastic Wheelsets
133(20)
Thomas Meinders
Peter Meinke
Motivation
133(1)
Flexible Multibody Systems
133(3)
Kinematics and Dynamics
134(2)
Procedure of a Dynamic Analysis for a Flexible System
136(1)
Modeling of Rotating Wheelsets
136(5)
FE-Model of the Wheelset
137(1)
Modal Analysis and Selection of the Elastic Coordinates
138(2)
Consideration of Static and Dynamic Unbalances
140(1)
Wheel-Rail Contact Module
141(2)
Modular Organization of the Contact Module
142(1)
Varying Wheel Radii During Time Integration
143(1)
Long-Term Wear Model
143(4)
Wear Hypothesis and Model for the Mass Loss
144(2)
Feedback of Worn Profiles in the Sense of Long-Term Wear
146(1)
System and Wear Behaviour of Elastic Wheelsets
147(4)
Eigenbehaviour of the Wheelset
147(1)
Wear Development due to Initial Out-Of-Roundness
148(1)
Wear Development due to Unbalances
149(2)
Summary
151(2)
References
151(2)
CONTACT, FRICTION, WEAR 153(76)
On the Numerical Analysis of the Wheel-Rail System in Rolling Contact
155(20)
Sabine Damme
Udo Nackenhorst
Anja Wetzel
Bernd W. Zastrau
Introduction
155(2)
The Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Approach for Rolling Contact
157(2)
Equations of Motion
159(1)
Description of Contact
160(5)
The Normal Contact Problem
160(2)
The Tangential Contact Problem for Rolling Contact
162(2)
Kinematical Description of the Contact
164(1)
The Finite Element Formulation (FEM)
165(1)
Numerical Analysis of Transient Rolling Contact
166(3)
Fundamentals for Transient Rolling
166(1)
Classification of Irregularities and Mechanisms of Excitation
167(1)
Transient Formulation of the Contact Conditions
168(1)
Numerical Results
169(4)
Conclusion and Outlook
173(2)
References
173(2)
Experimental Analysis of the Cyclic Deformation and Damage Behavior of Characteristic Wheel and Rail Steels
175(16)
Bernhard Denne
Karl-Heinz Lang
Detlef Lohe
Scope of the Project
175(2)
TEM Investigations of the Microstructure of a Cyclic Loaded Rail Steel
177(5)
Materials and Testing Specimens
177(1)
Results
177(2)
Discussion
179(3)
Conclusions
182(1)
Deformation and Lifetime Behavior of a Cyclic Loaded Wheel Steel
182(9)
Material and Testing Specimens
182(1)
Experimental Details
183(2)
Results and Discussion
185(3)
Conclusions
188(1)
References
189(2)
Friction and Wear of Tractive Rolling Contacts
191(20)
Ludger Deters
Steffen Engel
Matthias Proksch
Tasks and Objektives
191(1)
Two Roller Model
192(1)
Calculation of Friction
192(8)
Traction-to-Creep-Behaviour
192(1)
Description of the Tribotechnical System
193(1)
Contact Parameters under Tribological Loading
194(3)
Deformation Component of Friction Force
197(1)
Adhesion Components of Friction Force
198(2)
Friction Coefficient
200(1)
Test Machine and Test Rollers
200(1)
Test Machine Design
200(1)
Test Rollers
200(1)
Results
201(7)
Comparsion Between Theoretical and Experimental Traction Coefficients
201(1)
Experimental Friction and Wear Data
202(5)
Comparison Between Wear Occurring in Original Rails and Test Rollers
207(1)
Summary
208(3)
References
209(2)
Model-Based Validation within the Rail-Wheel-Subgrade Modeling
211(18)
Dirk Soffker
Svenja Kirchenkamp
Peter C. Muller
Motivation
211(2)
The Rail-Wheel Contact
213(1)
The Proportional-Integral-Observer
214(7)
History of Disturbance Estimation
214(3)
Estimation Behavior
217(1)
Known System without External Inputs
218(1)
Known Systems with Constant External Inputs
219(1)
Known Systems with Arbitrary External Inputs
220(1)
Modeling and Simulation
221(4)
Simulation Results
223(2)
Concluding Remarks and Future Aspects
225(4)
References
227(2)
TRACK DYNAMICS 229(86)
Monitoring the Dynamics of Railway Tracks by Means of the Karhunen--Loeve--Transformation
231(16)
Ute Feldmann
Edwin Kreuzer
Ferdinand Pinto
Volker Schlegel
Introduction
231(1)
Dynamic System
232(3)
Measurements
235(2)
Karhunen--Loeve--Transformation
237(2)
Small Scale Experiment
239(3)
Evaluation of Full Scale Measurements
242(3)
Evaluation of the Results and Outlook
245(1)
Conclusion
245(1)
Acknowledgment
246(1)
References
246(1)
Combined Modelling of Discretely Supported Track Models and Subgrade Models -- Vertical and Lateral Dynamics
247(18)
Ulf Gerstberger
Klaus Knothe
Yongfang Wu
Introduction
247(1)
Frequency Domain Model for Vertical and Lateral Dynamics
248(9)
Fast Time Domain Model for Vertical Dynamics
257(2)
General Time Domain Model for Vertical Dynamics
259(4)
Conclusions
263(2)
References
264(1)
Measurement and Modelling of Resilient Rubber Rail-Pads
265(10)
Klaus Knothe
Minyi Yu
Heike Ilias
Introduction
265(2)
General Concept
267(1)
Quasi-Static Experiments
268(1)
Low Frequency Measurements
269(2)
High Frequency Experiments
271(1)
Interpretation of Measurement Results
272(1)
Frequency Domain Model of Rail-Pads
273(1)
Concluding Remarks
273(2)
References
274(1)
Model-Based Investigation of the Dynamic Behaviour of Railway Ballast
275(20)
Holger Kruse
Karl Popp
Introduction
275(1)
Railway Ballast in Conventional Track Models
276(1)
The Software Package Train Track Interaction (TTI)
277(2)
Molecular Dynamics Method
279(1)
Application to Railway Ballast
280(5)
Model Geometry
281(1)
Contact Forces
281(2)
Input and Output Data
283(1)
Simulation Steps
284(1)
Simulation Results
285(7)
Plausibility and Robustness Tests
285(4)
Short-Time Dynamics
289(2)
Long-Term Behaviour
291(1)
Concluding Remarks
292(3)
References
294(1)
The Dynamics of Railway Track and Subgrade with Respect to Deteriorated Sleeper Support
295(20)
Michael Plenge
Rolf Lammering
Introduction
295(1)
Experimental Set-Up
296(2)
Scope of Experimental Investigations
298(1)
Identification of the Concrete Sleeper B70W60
299(5)
Sleeper with Free - Free Boundary Conditions
299(1)
Ideal Contact Between Sleeper and Subsoil
300(2)
Partially Unsupported Sleepers due to Voids
302(2)
Structural Dynamics of a Track Segment
304(5)
Comparison Between Laboratory and In-Situ Experiments
309(1)
Comparison Between Experimental and Numerical Investigations
310(2)
Conclusions and Outlook
312(1)
Acknowledgement
313(2)
References
313(2)
SUBGRADE DYNAMICS 315
Numerical Model and Laboratory Tests on Settlement of Ballast Track
317
Sven Augustin
Gerd Gudehus
Gerhard Huber
Andreas Schunemann
Questions
317
Irregular Settlements of Model Railway Tracks
317
Model Circular Track
317
Ballast Loading Test
321
Summary of Model Tests
321
Long Term Behaviour of Railroad Ballast in Laboratory Tests and Numerical Simulation
323
Cyclic Element Tests
323
Numerical Simulation of Cyclic Element Tests
326
A Numerical Track-Train Model
329
The Model of the Track
329
Troughs as Reasons of Additional Permanent Deformation
331
Simulation Results
332
References
335
Track Settlement Due to Cyclic Loading with Low Minimum Pressure and Vibrations
337
Matthias Baessler
Werner Ruecker
Introduction
337
Loading Conditions in the Track
338
Minimum Load During Cyclic Loading
338
Vibrations and Impacts
338
Experimental Research and Findings
340
First Tests with a Large Track System
340
Simplified Tests - Minimum Load During Cyclic Loading
343
Simplified Tests -- Dynamic Excitation
346
Summary and Outlook
354
References
355
Simulation of the Dynamic Behavior of Bedding-Foundation-Soil in the Time Domain
357
Mohammad Firuziaan
Otto von Estorff
Introduction
357
Computational Model
360
Finite Element Method
360
Boundary Element Method
361
Coupling Strategy
363
Computational Aspects
364
Numerical Examples
365
Two-Dimensional Systems
365
Three-Dimensional Systems
371
Conclusion
373
References
374
Dynamic Behavior of Railway Track Systems Analyzed in Frequency Domain
377
Klaus Friedrich
Gunther Schmid
Introduction
377
Analysis Procedure
378
Boundary Element Method (BEM)
378
Finite Element Method (FEM)
379
Coupling of BEM and FEM
380
Numerical Results
382
Model Size
382
Influence of Different Track Geometry
383
Moving Load
386
Summary and Conclusion
391
References
392
Experimental and Numerical Investigations on the Track Stability
395
Rolf Katzenbach
Stefan A. Heineke
Introduction and Motivation
395
Problem
396
Solving Method
396
Model Scale Tests
399
Transfer of the Results on a Prototype
404
Numeric Simulation
405
Possible Application of the Research Results to the Praxis
409
Summary
409
Outlook
410
References
410
Experimental Investigation and Numerical Modelling of Soils and Ballast under Cyclic and Dynamic Loading
411
Hans-Georg Kempfert
Alexander Gotschol
Yifeng Hu
Tim Stocker
Introduction
411
Saturated Cohesive Soils
412
General
412
Quasi-Static Model
412
Verification of Numerical Model
415
Cyclic Triaxial Tests on a Saturated Cohesive Soil
416
Granular Soils and Ballast
418
Experimental Investigation and Derivation of a Cyclic-Viscoplastic Constitutive Approach
418
Numerical Implementation
423
Modelling Examples
427
Outlook and Future Objectives
430
References
430
3D-Simulation of Dynamic Interaction Between Track and Layered Subground
431
Stavros A. Savidis
Reinhold Hirschauer
Christopher Bode
Winfried Schepers
Introduction
431
Substructure Method
432
Structures on the Surface
433
Analysis in Frequency Domain
433
Analysis in Time Domain
439
Embedded Structures -- Analysis in Frequency Domain
444
Outlook
448
Acknowledgement
448
References
448
Rigid Body Dynamics of Railway Ballast
451
Thomas Schwager
Thorsten Poschel
Introduction
451
Molecular Dynamics Fails for the Simulation of Railway Ballast
452
Rigid Body Dynamics
454
Schedule of Rigid Body Simulations
456
Mathematical Description
457
Dantzig's Algorithm
462
Collisions
464
Resolution of Static Indeterminacy
466
Step Size Control
468
Conclusions
469
References
470
A Comparative Study of Results from Numerical Track-Subsoil Calculations
471
W. Ruecker
L. Auersch
M. Baessler
K. Knothe
Y. Wu
U. Gerstberger
K. Popp
H. Kruse
S. Savidis
R. Hirschauer
C. Bode
W. Schepers
G. Schmid
K. Friedrich
Introduction
471
Approach and Participants
472
Calculated Systems
472
System Data
472
Ballasted Track
473
Slab Track
475
Calculating Procedure
475
Results
477
Ballasted Track
478
Slab Track
485
Summary
486
References
487

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