Philosophy : 100 Essential Thinkers

Philosophy in the West has a long and venerable tradition, stretching back to almost six centuries before the birth of Christ.

Philip Stokes graduated with a BA (Hons) in Philosophy from the University of Reading, where he is now on the faculty. He also has a master's degree from Bristol University.

The Presocratics

Thales of Miletus

8

(2)

Pythagoras of Samos

10

(2)

Xenophanes of Colophon

12

(2)

Heraclitus

14

(2)

The Eleatics

Parmenides of Elea

16

(2)

Zeno of Elea

18

(2)

The Academics

Socrates

20

(2)

Plato

22

(2)

Aristotle

24

(2)

The Atomists

Democritus

26

(2)

Epicurus

28

(2)

The Cynics

Diogenes of Sinope

30

(2)

The Stoics

Marcus Tullius Cicero

32

(2)

Philo of Alexandria

34

(2)

Lucius Annaeus Seneca

36

(2)

Marcus Aurelius

38

(2)

The Sceptics

Sextus Empiricus

40

(2)

The Neoplatonists

Plotinus

42

(2)

The Christians

St Augustine of Hippo

44

(2)

Boethius

46

(2)

The Scholastics

St Anselm

48

(2)

St Thomas Aquinas

50

(2)

John Duns Scotus

52

(2)

William of Occam

54

(2)

The Age of Science

Nicolaus Copernicus

56

(2)

Niccoló Machiavelli

58

(2)

Desiderus Erasmus

60

(2)

Thomas More

62

(2)

Francis Bacon

64

(2)

Galileo Galilei

66

(2)

Thomas Hobbes

68

(2)

Sir Isaac Newton

70

(2)

The Rationalists

René Descartes

72

(2)

Antoine Arnauld

74

(2)

Nicolas Malebranche

76

(2)

Benedict de Spinoza

78

(2)

Gottfried von Leibniz

80

(2)

The Empiricists

John Locke

82

(2)

David Hume

84

(2)

Thomas Reid

86

(2)

Voltaire

88

(2)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

90

(2)

Denis Diderot

92

(2)

The Idealists

George Berkeley

94

(2)

Immanuel Kant

96

(2)

Johann Schiller

98

(2)

Frederick Schelling

100

(2)

George Hegel

102

(2)

Arthur Schopenhauer

104

(2)

The Liberals

Adam Smith

106

(2)

Mary Wollstonecraft

108

(2)

Thomas Paine

110

(2)

Jeremy Bentham

112

(2)

John Stuart Mill

114

(2)

Auguste Comte

116

(2)

The Evolutionists

Charles Darwin

118

(2)

Henri Louis Bergson

120

(2)

A.N. Whitehead

122

(2)

The Pragmatists

Ernst Mach

124

(2)

Charles Peirce

126

(2)

William James

128

(2)

John Dewey

130

(2)

The Materialists

Karl Marx

132

(2)

Friedrich Engels

134

(2)

Vladimir Lenin

136

(2)

Sigmund Freud

138

(2)

Carl Jung

140

(2)

John Maynard Keynes

142

(2)

The Existentialists

Søren Kierkegaard

144

(2)

Friedrich Nietzsche

146

(2)

Edmund Husserl

148

(2)

Martin Heidegger

150

(2)

Jean-Paul Sartre

152

(2)

Albert Camus

154

(2)

Simone de Beauvoir

156

(2)

The Linguistic Turn

Gottlob Frege

158

(2)

Bertrand Russell

160

(2)

Ludwig Wittgenstein

162

(2)

Ferdinand de Saussure

164

(2)

George Edward Moore

166

(2)

Moritz Schlick

168

(2)

Lev Vygotsky

170

(2)

Rudolph Carnap

172

(2)

A.J. Ayer

174

(2)

Alfred Tarski

176

(2)

J.L. Austin

178

(2)

Gilbert Ryle

180

(2)

Noam Chomsky

182

(2)

The Postmodernists

Claude Levi-Strauss

184

(2)

Michel Foucault

186

(2)

Jacques Derrida

188

(2)

The New Scientists

Emile Durkheim

190

(2)

Albert Einstein

192

(2)

Karl Popper

194

(2)

Kurt Gödel

196

(2)

Alan Turing

198

(2)

B.F. Skinner

200

(2)

Thomas Kuhn

202

(2)

Paul Feyerabend

204

(2)

W.V.O. Quine

206

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