Preface | p. xi |
A Connection of Brains | p. 1 |
Separate but Related Processes | p. 3 |
The Unique Characteristics of Human Speech | p. 6 |
Speech: The Tale of Two Brains | p. 11 |
Review Questions | p. 14 |
References and Suggested Readings | p. 14 |
Language Acquisition: A Theoretical Journey | p. 16 |
Choosing Sides | p. 17 |
The Behaviorist Interpretation | p. 18 |
The Nativist Interpretation | p. 24 |
The Generative Semantics Interpretation | p. 32 |
The Cognitive Interpretation | p. 35 |
The Information Processing Interpretation | p. 35 |
The Pragmatics Revolution | p. 37 |
The Social Interactionist Interpretation | p. 38 |
And the Evolution Continues | p. 47 |
Review Questions | p. 48 |
References and Suggested Readings | p. 49 |
Cognitive Development: Building a Foundation for Language | p. 55 |
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development | p. 57 |
Vygotsky's Theory of Cognitive Development: A Sociocultural Perspective | p. 90 |
The Perceptual Groundwork for Communication | p. 96 |
Review Questions | p. 102 |
References and Suggested Readings | p. 103 |
In the Beginning: Communication Development from Birth to Two Years | p. 109 |
From the Beginning, the Infant Communicates | p. 110 |
Beyond Infancy: The Emergence of Language | p. 127 |
State 1: From Words to Combinations of Words | p. 130 |
Comprehension and Production: A Critical and Evolving Relationship | p. 148 |
The Role of the Caregiver in the Acquisition of Early Language | p. 151 |
A Brief Look Back and a Glimpse Forward | p. 153 |
Review Questions | p. 153 |
References and Suggested Readings | p. 155 |
The Saga Continues: Language Development through the Preschool Years | p. 165 |
Elaborating Structure and Refining Meaning | p. 166 |
Producing Longer, More Adultlike Sentences | p. 181 |
Elaboration by Embedding | p. 185 |
Polishing the Act | p. 195 |
Understanding Language: Cognition, Comprehension, and Production | p. 208 |
Review Questions | p. 218 |
References and Suggested Readings | p. 219 |
Taking Language to School and into Adulthood | p. 226 |
Bringing My Stuff to School: Pencils, Crayons, and Language | p. 227 |
Language Development during the School Years: An Overview | p. 229 |
Semantics: Vocabulary and Cognition Still Growing Together | p. 230 |
Syntax and Morphology: Still Expanding and Acquiring | p. 244 |
Pragmatic Development: Conversational Skills Continue to Improve | p. 253 |
Metalinguistic Development during the School Years | p. 269 |
Reading and Writing: New Applications of Language | p. 273 |
Language in Adulthood: Changes and Challenges | p. 287 |
And the Beat Goes On... | p. 293 |
Review Questions | p. 293 |
References and Suggested Readings | p. 295 |
The Building Blocks of Speech | p. 307 |
Describing Speech Sounds | p. 308 |
Co-Articulation: The Mix of Sounds in the Making of Speech | p. 314 |
The Landmarks of Phonological Development | p. 316 |
Theories of Phonological Development | p. 321 |
Review Questions | p. 330 |
References and Suggested Readings | p. 331 |
Language Diversity: Regional, Social/Cultural, and Gender Differences | p. 334 |
What Is a Dialect? | p. 335 |
What Is an Accent? | p. 337 |
Regional Dialects | p. 337 |
Social/Cultural Dialects | p. 342 |
Cultural Diversity in the Public Schools | p. 354 |
Gender Differences in Language | p. 362 |
Review Questions | p. 370 |
References and Suggested Readings | p. 371 |
One Tongue-Two or More Languages | p. 376 |
The Changing Face of America | p. 378 |
What Does It Mean to Be Bilingual? | p. 379 |
Bilingual Development-Different Views, Different Terminology | p. 380 |
Cognition and Language Development in Bilingualism | p. 383 |
Learning a Second Language-The Optimal Age | p. 385 |
A Closer Look at Simultaneous Bilingualism | p. 388 |
A Closer Look at Successive or Sequential Bilingualism | p. 391 |
Stages of Language Development in Bilingual Children | p. 393 |
Bilingualism-Good, Bad, or Inevitable? | p. 398 |
Review Questions | p. 398 |
References and Suggested Readings | p. 399 |
Speech and Language Disorders | p. 404 |
Falling Short of Normal Communication | p. 405 |
Phonological Disorders | p. 408 |
Language Impairments | p. 410 |
Voice Disorders | p. 418 |
Fluency Disorders | p. 419 |
Final Thoughts | p. 424 |
Review Questions | p. 424 |
References and Suggested Readings | p. 425 |
The Anatomical and Physiological Bases of Speech, Language, and Hearing | p. 431 |
Speech as the Product of Borrowed Structures | p. 432 |
The Four Processes of Speech | p. 433 |
Respiration | p. 435 |
Phonation | p. 440 |
Resonation | p. 446 |
Articulation | p. 448 |
The Four Processes in Review | p. 449 |
The Brain: The Computer Center for Speech and Language | p. 450 |
The Ear: An Energy Transformer | p. 455 |
The Complete Speech and Language Machine | p. 460 |
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