Brain Architecture

by Swanson, Larry W.

• ISBN13: 9780195378580
• ISBN10: 019537858X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-09-26
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Now in its second edition,Brain Architectureis the continued exploration of how the brain works. At the very core of our existence, the brain generates our thoughts and feelings, directs our voluntary interactions with the environment, and coordinates all of the vital functions within the body itself. This long-overdue new edition explains this oftentimes daunting intricacy and exquisite detail. The first half of the book discusses the basic parts and how they work, presenting an overview of the nervous system at both the microscopic and macroscopic levels. The approach follows three classic lines of thought that proceed from simple to complex: the history of neuroscience research, the evolution of the nervous system, and the embryological development of the vertebrate central and peripheral nervous systems. The second half of the book outlines the basic wiring diagram of the brain and nervous system-how the parts are interconnected and how they control behavior and the internal state of the body. This is done within the framework of a new four-system network model that greatly simplifies understanding the structure-function organization of the nervous system. Written in clear and sparkling prose, beautifully illustrated, and thoroughly updated,Brain Architecture, Second Edition is must-read for anyone interested in the science of how the brain works.

Author Biography

Larry W. Swanson, PhD, is Milo Don and Lucille Appleman Professor of Biological Sciences at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, CA. Dr. Swanson has published over 250 research articles and numerous books on brain organization, and is a member of National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Grolier Club.

Table of Contents

Preface to the First Edition	p. xiii
Thinking about the Brain: Body and Mind	p. 3
How the Brain Works: History, Structure, and Function	p. 10
Three Biological Perspectives	p. 12
The Simplest Nervous Systems: Neurons, Nerve Nets, and Behavior	p. 19
Unicellular Organisms: Behaviors Essential for Survival	p. 21
Animals without Neurons: Independent Effectors	p. 24
The First Nervous System: Hydra's Body and Behavior	p. 27
Sensory Neurons: Functional Polarity of Dendrites and Axon	p. 28
Motor Neurons: A Second Distinct Neuron Type	p. 32
Nerve Nets: Amacrine Extensions and Activity Patterns	p. 35
Interneurons: Sign Switchers and Pattern Generators	p. 37
Overview: Evolution of Architecture, Not Building Blocks	p. 40
Centralization and Symmetry: Ganglia and Nerves	p. 43
Flatworms: Bilaterally Symmetrical Predators	p. 43
Segmented Worms: Inner Ventral Nerve Cord	p. 49
More Evolved Invertebrates	p. 52
Overview: Polarity, Regionalization, Bilateral Symmetry, Segments	p. 54
The Basic Vertebrate Plan: Transverse Divisions	p. 57
Embryological Perspectives	p. 61
Earliest Stages of Mammalian Development	p. 65
Neural Plate: Central Nervous System Divisions	p. 69
Neural Tube: Transverse Brain Divisions	p. 75
Neural Crest and Placodes: Peripheral Nervous System	p. 83
Overview	p. 86
Neurogenesis: Longitudinal Divisions, Parts List, and Adult Flatmap	p. 89
Generating Neuron Types: Longitudinal Central Nervous System Divisions	p. 90
Generating Gray Matter Regions	p. 94
Macroconnections, Mesoconnections, and Microconnections	p. 100
A Nervous System Flatmap for Mammals	p. 103
Overview: Parts of the Nervous System	p. 112
Brain and Behavior: A Four Systems Network Model	p. 115
Reflex and Voluntary Control of Behavior	p. 122
Behavioral State Control	p. 126
Feedback	p. 127
Topography versus Systems	p. 129
Overview: Defining Each System	p. 130
The Motor System: Coordinating External and Internal Behaviors	p. 135
Motor Neuron Varieties	p. 136
Introduction to the Somatic Motor System: Flexion	p. 140
Distribution of Somatic Motor Neuron Pools	p. 142
Central Pattern Generators-Sets of Motor Neuron Pools	p. 148
Pattern Initiators and Controllers: Drive and Motivation	p. 156
The Autonomic Motor System	p. 162
The Neuroendocrine Motor System	p. 167
The Cerebellum: Motor Coordination and Learning	p. 171
Overview: Integration within and between Motor Systems	p. 177
The Behavioral State System: Intrinsic Control of Sleep and Wakefulness	p. 182
Circadian Rhythms: The Day-Night Cycle	p. 186
Reproductive Cycles	p. 189
Sleep-Wake Cycles	p. 192
Modulating Behavioral State	p. 193
The Cognitive System: Thinking and Voluntary Control of Behavior	p. 201
Cerebral Cortex Regionalization	p. 203
Cortical Cellular Organization	p. 212
Cortical Outputs	p. 218
The Cerebral Nuclei	p. 219
Triple Caudal (Descending) Projection from Cerebrum	p. 223
The Sensory System: Inputs from Environment and Body	p. 230
Evolution and Development of Sensory Neurons	p. 232
Overview of Sensory Neurons	p. 235
Overview of Sensory Pathways	p. 240
Forebrain Sensory Systems: Olfactory, Visual, Humoral, and Osmotic	p. 242
Ganglion Cell Sensory Systems: Submodalities	p. 247
Affect: Pain and Pleasure, Emotion, and Mood	p. 249
Modifiability: Learning, Stress, Cycles, and Damage Repair	p. 256
Learning: Changing Synaptic Strength	p. 258
Stress: Biochemical Switching	p. 261
Cycles: Circadian and Reproductive	p. 267
Damage Repair: Regrowth	p. 268
Genome and Connectome	p. 272
Describing Position in the Animal Body	p. 277
Naming and Classifying Nervous System Parts	p. 285
Methods for Analyzing Brain Architecture	p. 291
Epigraphs	p. 299
Glossary	p. 303
Index	p. 317
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