Brain Tumors

by Greenberg, Harry S.; Chandler, William F.; Sandler, Howard M.

• ISBN13: 9780195129588
• ISBN10: 019512958X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-04-08
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Written for neurologists and other physicians who participate in the diagnosis and treatment of brain tumors, this book synthesizes the authors' clinical experiences. The first seven chapters provide a foundation for tumor pathology, biology, radiology, and the treatment modalities of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The remaining eight chapters have a common format, reviewing the history, epidemiology, biology, pathology, clinical symptoms, differential diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and complications of specific tumors.

Table of Contents

1. BRAIN TUMOR CLASSIFICATION, GRADING, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY	1	(26)
CLASSIFICATION AND GRADING	1	(20)
Historical Origins	1	(2)
Neuroepithelial Tumors	3	(12)
Tumors of Cranial and Peripheral Nerves	15	(1)
Mesenchymal Tumors	16	(2)
Lymphomas	18	(1)
Germ Cell Tumors	19	(1)
Sellar Region Tumors	19	(1)
Cysts and Other Benign Tumorlike Lesions	20	(1)
Brain Extension of Neighboring Regional Tumors	21	(1)
Metastatic Tumors	21	(1)
EPIDEMIOLOGY	21	(6)
Incidence	21	(1)
Environmental Exposure	22	(1)
Genetics	23	(4)
2. BRAIN TUMOR BIOLOGY	27	(31)
GLIAL DIFFERENTIATION	28	(2)
TIA Precursor Differentiation	28	(1)
O2A Precursor Differentiation	28	(1)
Gene Activation	29	(1)
Glial Oncogenesis	29	(1)
ANGIOGENESIS	30	(1)
Growth Factors and Angiogenesis	30	(1)
Inhibition of Angiogenesis	30	(1)
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER	31	(3)
Structure	31	(1)
Function	32	(1)
Drug Delivery to Tumor	33	(1)
Disruption	33	(1)
CHROMOSOMAL CHANGES	34	(2)
Astrocytoma	34	(2)
Oligodendroglioma	36	(1)
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor	36	(1)
Meningioma	36	(1)
GROWTH FACTORS, RECEPTORS, AND CYTOKINES	36	(5)
Growth Factors and Receptors	36	(3)
Kinase Receptors	39	(1)
Cytokines	40	(1)
INVASION	41	(3)
Extracellular Matrix	41	(1)
Adhesion Molecules and Receptors	41	(1)
Proteases and Their Natural Inhibitors	42	(2)
CELL KINETICS AND PROLIFERATIVE INDICES	44	(3)
Cell Kinetics	44	(1)
Proliferative Indices	45	(2)
DRUG SENSITIVITY AND RESISTANCE	47	(11)
Sensitivity	47	(1)
Resistance	48	(10)
3. TUMOR IMAGING AND RESPONSE	58	(20)
TUMOR IMAGING	58	(13)
Static Imaging Techniques	59	(4)
Dynamic Imaging Techniques	63	(7)
Co-registration of Images and Treatment Planning	70	(1)
TUMOR TREATMENT AND IMAGING	71	(7)
Determination of Tumor Margins	71	(1)
Timing of Scans	72	(1)
Definition of Response	73	(1)
Pitfalls in Response Determination	74	(4)
4. SURGERY FOR BRAIN TUMORS	78	(4)
GENERAL PRINCIPLES	78	(1)
OPEN SURGERY	79	(1)
STEREOTACTIC SURGERY	80	(1)
ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY	80	(2)
5. RADIATION THERAPY FOR BRAIN TUMORS: CURRENT PRACTICE	82	(11)
MECHANISMS OF RADIOTHERAPY	82	(1)
PRINCIPLES OF RADIOTHERAPY	83	(4)
Radiation Fractionation	83	(2)
Radiation Therapy Techniques	85	(2)
TOLERANCE OF THE BRAIN TO RADIATION THERAPY	87	(1)
RADIATION NECROSIS	88	(1)
EFFECTS OF RADIOTHERAPY ON INTELLIGENCE	89	(4)
6. RADIATION THERAPY FOR BRAIN TUMORS: RECENT ADVANCES AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODS	93	(7)
CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY	93	(1)
RADIOSURGERY	94	(3)
INTERSTITIAL BRACHYTHERAPY	97	(1)
BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY	97	(3)
7. BRAIN TUMOR CHEMOTHERAPY AND IMMUNOTHERAPY	100	(28)
CHEMOTHERAPY	100	(16)
Principles	100	(4)
Clinical Trials	104	(3)
Brain Cancer Chemotherapy Drugs and Toxicity	107	(4)
Innovative Approaches for Chemotherapy	111	(5)
IMMUNOTHERAPY	116	(12)
Principles	116	(1)
Types	117	(11)
8. MALIGNANT ASTROCYTOMA	128	(39)
HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE	128	(1)
EPIDEMIOLOGY	129	(1)
BIOLOGY	130	(2)
Chromosomal Changes	130	(1)
Growth Factors	131	(1)
Cell Surface Receptors and Malignant Astrocytoma Growth and Invasion	131	(1)
Growth Kinetics	132	(1)
PATHOLOGY	132	(2)
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS	134	(1)
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS	135	(1)
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP	136	(2)
TREATMENT	138	(15)
Symptomatic	138	(1)
Surgery	138	(2)
Radiation Therapy	140	(6)
Chemotherapy	146	(4)
Immunotherapy	150	(1)
Gene Therapy	150	(3)
PROGNOSIS AND COMPLICATIONS	153	(14)
Prognosis	153	(1)
Complications	153	(2)
Quality of Life	155	(12)
9. PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMA, LOW-GRADE ASTROCYTOMA, AND OTHER "BENIGN" NEUROEPITHELIAL NEOPLASMS	167	(22)
PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMA	168	(5)
History and Nomenclature	168	(1)
Epidemiology	168	(1)
Biology	168	(1)
Pathology	168	(1)
Clinical Symptoms	169	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	169	(2)
Diagnostic Workup	171	(1)
Treatment	171	(2)
Prognosis and Complications	173	(1)
LOW-GRADE ASTROCYTOMA	173	(8)
History and Nomenclature	173	(1)
Epidemiology	173	(1)
Biology	174	(1)
Pathology	174	(1)
Clinical Symptoms	174	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	175	(1)
Diagnostic Workup	175	(1)
Treatment	176	(5)
Prognosis and Complications	181	(1)
OTHER "BENIGN" NEUROEPITHELIAL NEOPLASMS	181	(8)
Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma	181	(1)
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma	182	(1)
Gangliocytoma and Ganglioglioma	182	(1)
Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma	183	(1)
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor	183	(1)
Central Neurocytoma	184	(5)
10. OLIGODENDROGLIOMA AND OLIGO-ASTROCYTOMA	189	(12)
HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE	189	(1)
EPIDEMIOLOGY	189	(1)
BIOLOGY	190	(1)
PATHOLOGY	190	(1)
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS	191	(1)
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS	192	(1)
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP	192	(1)
TREATMENT	193	(3)
Surgery	193	(1)
Radiation Therapy	193	(2)
Chemotherapy	195	(1)
PROGNOSIS AND COMPLICATIONS	196	(5)
Prognosis	196	(1)
Complications	197	(4)
11. POSTERIOR FOSSA TUMORS	201	(36)
MEDULLOBLASTOMA (PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR)	201	(10)
History and Nomenclature	201	(1)
Epidemiology	202	(1)
Biology	202	(1)
Pathology	203	(1)
Clinical Symptoms	203	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	204	(1)
Diagnostic Workup	205	(1)
Treatment	206	(4)
Prognosis and Complications	210	(1)
EPENDYMOMA	211	(6)
History and Nomenclature	211	(1)
Epidemiology	212	(1)
Biology	212	(1)
Pathology	212	(1)
Clinical Symptoms	213	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	213	(1)
Diagnostic Workup	214	(1)
Treatment	215	(1)
Prognosis and Complications	216	(1)
BRAINSTEM GLIOMAS	217	(10)
History and Nomenclature	217	(1)
Epidemiology	217	(1)
Biology	217	(1)
Pathology	217	(1)
Clinical Symptoms	218	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	219	(1)
Diagnostic Workup	219	(3)
Treatment	222	(2)
Prognosis and Complications	224	(3)
CEREBELLAR PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMAS (SEE CHAPTER 9)	227	(1)
CHOROID PLEXUS PAPILLOMAS	227	(1)
DERMOID AND EPIDERMOID CYSTS	228	(2)
SUBEPENDYMOMA	230	(7)
12. PRIMARY CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LYMPHOMA	237	(14)
HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE	237	(1)
EPIDEMIOLOGY	237	(1)
BIOLOGY	238	(1)
PATHOLOGY	238	(1)
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS	239	(2)
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS	241	(2)
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP	243	(1)
TREATMENT	244	(3)
Surgery	244	(1)
Radiation Therapy	244	(1)
Chemotherapy	245	(2)
PROGNOSIS AND COMPLICATIONS	247	(4)
Prognosis	247	(1)
Complications	247	(4)
13. PITUITARY AND PINEAL REGION TUMORS	251	(18)
PITUITARY TUMORS	251	(11)
History and Nomenclature	251	(1)
Epidemiology	252	(1)
Biology	252	(1)
Pathology	252	(1)
Clinical Syndromes	252	(2)
Diagnostic Workup	254	(3)
Differential Diagnosis	257	(1)
Treatment	258	(4)
Prognosis and Complications	262	(1)
PINEAL REGION TUMORS	262	(7)
History and Nomenclature	262	(1)
Epidemiology	263	(1)
Biology	263	(1)
Pathology	263	(1)
Clinical Syndromes	263	(1)
Diagnostic Workup	264	(1)
Treatment	264	(3)
Prognosis and Complications	267	(2)
14. EXTRA-AXIAL BRAIN TUMORS	269	(30)
ACOUSTIC NEURINOMA	269	(6)
History and Nomenclature	269	(1)
Epidemiology	269	(1)
Biology	270	(1)
Pathology	270	(1)
Clinical Symptoms	270	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	271	(1)
Diagnostic Workup	271	(2)
Treatment and Prognosis	273	(2)
Complications	275	(1)
MENINGIOMAS	275	(8)
History and Nomenclature	275	(1)
Epidemiology	276	(1)
Biology	277	(1)
Pathology	277	(1)
Clinical Symptoms	278	(1)
Differential Diagnosis	279	(1)
Diagnostic Workup	279	(1)
Treatment	280	(3)
Prognosis and Complications	283	(1)
SKULL-BASE TUMORS	283	(16)
Chordoma and Chondrosarcoma	287	(1)
Glomus Tumors	288	(2)
Paranasal Sinus Carcinoma	290	(3)
Pituitary Adenoma	293	(1)
Acoustic Neurinoma	294	(1)
Meningioma	294	(5)
15. BRAIN METASTASES	299	(20)
HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE	299	(1)
EPIDEMIOLOGY	299	(1)
BIOLOGY	300	(1)
PATHOLOGY	301	(1)
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS	301	(2)
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS	303	(1)
DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP	304	(1)
TREATMENT	305	(8)
Symptomatic	305	(1)
Surgery	306	(2)
Radiation Therapy	308	(4)
Chemotherapy	312	(1)
PROGNOSIS	313	(6)
INDEX	319