A Brief History of the Western World

by Greer, Thomas H.; Lewis, Gavin

• ISBN13: 9780155075016
• ISBN10: 0155075012
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-06-01
• Publisher: Thomson Learning

Summary

Contains chapters 7-15 of the comprehensive text.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
PART THREE The Coming of Modern Times: 1300-1650	317	(128)
The Transformation and Expansion of Europe	320	(51)
Overview	320	(1)
Dissolution of the Medieval Synthesis	321	(8)
The Clamitous Fourteenth Century	322	(3)
Eastern Europe: Western Colonists, Asian Invaders	325	(4)
The New Economy	329	(6)
The Birth of Modern Capitalism	330	(1)
Innovations in Business Organization	330	(1)
The Rise of Banking and Bankers	331	(2)
The Impact on Social Structure and Values	333	(2)
The New Technology	335	(4)
The New Politics	339	(15)
Absolutism in Practice: Italy	341	(3)
The Theory of Absolutism: Machiavelli	344	(3)
Building the National Monarchies: France and England	347	(5)
The Eclipse of the Universal Empire: Germany	352	(2)
The New Geography	354	(17)
The Impulse to Overseas Expansion	354	(3)
The Voyages of European Discovery: The New World	357	(4)
The Colonial Empires	361	(4)
Oversea Consequences of Europe's Expansion	365	(3)
Consequences for Europe	368	(3)
The Renaissance: Upsurge of Humanism	371	(34)
Overview	371	(2)
The Renaissance View of Human Nature	373	(10)
The Revival of Interest in the Classical World	373	(1)
The New Scholarship: Petrarch, Boccaccio	374	(2)
Humanistic Education and the ``Gentleman''	376	(2)
Philosophy: The Appeal of Platonism	378	(1)
The Critical Spirit and the Beginnings of Empiricism	379	(1)
Christian Humanism: Erasmus	380	(3)
The Revolution in Art	383	(15)
The Pioneer of Naturalism: Giotto	383	(2)
New Artistic Techniques: Brunelleschi, van Eyck	385	(4)
The Liberation of Sculpture: Donatello	389	(3)
Art Triumphs over Nature: Botticelli, Leonardo	392	(3)
The Artistic Climax: Michelangelo	395	(3)
Literature and Drama	398	(7)
The Libertarian Humorist: Rabelais	398	(1)
The Skeptical Essayist: Montaigne	399	(2)
The Master Dramatist: Shakespeare	401	(4)
The Reformation: Division and Reform in the Church	405	(40)
Overview	405	(2)
Background of the Reformation	407	(6)
Decay of the Church	407	(2)
The Awakening Reform Spirit: Wiclif, Hus	409	(3)
The Influence of Political and Social Forces	412	(1)
The Revolt of Luther: ``Justification by Faith''	413	(5)
The Provocation: The Sale of Indulgences	413	(1)
Luther's Spiritual Search: His Doctrine of Salvation	414	(1)
The Widening Split with Rome	415	(1)
Building the Lutheran Church	416	(2)
Calvin and the Elect: ``Predestination''	418	(7)
Calvin: The International Reformer	418	(2)
The Doctrine of God's Omnipotence	420	(2)
Calvinist Ethics: The Puritan Discipline	422	(1)
Relations of Church and State	423	(1)
Calvinist Ministry and Ritual	424	(1)
Henry VIII and the Church of England	425	(5)
Henry's Desire for Independence	425	(1)
Break with Rome: The Act of Supremacy	426	(1)
The Struggle over Doctrine: Protestant Advance and Catholic Reaction	427	(1)
The Elizabethan Compromise	428	(2)
The Roman Catholic Response: Reform and Reaffirmation	430	(4)
Relation to Protestant Movements	430	(1)
Loyola and the Society of Jesus	431	(1)
The Reforming Popes and the Council of Trent	432	(2)
Historical Significance of the Reformation	434	(1)
Art during the Reformation	435	(10)
The Impact of Protestantism: Holbein, Brueghel	435	(1)
The Development of the Baroque: Rubens, Rembrandt	436	(3)
Baroque Sculpture and Architecture: Bernini	439	(6)
PART FOUR The Changing West: 1600-1850	445	(148)
Science and a New Cosmology	448	(46)
Overview	448	(3)
National and International Development	451	(12)
Foundations of the European State System: The Peace of Westphalia	451	(4)
The Absolute Monarch: Louis XIV	455	(2)
Eastern Europe: Prussia, Austria, and Russia	457	(4)
Justifications for Absolutism: Bossuet, Hobbes	461	(2)
The Scientific Revolution of the Seventeenth Century	463	(9)
Discoverers of a New Cosmos: Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo	464	(4)
Makers of Scientific Method: Bacon, Descartes	468	(1)
The Grand Synthesizer: Newton	469	(2)
The Organization of Science	471	(1)
The Impact of Science on Philosophy: The Enlightenment	472	(9)
A Revised Cosmology: The ``World-Machine''	473	(1)
The View of God: Deism	474	(1)
The View of Human Society	475	(1)
Faith in Nature and Reason	476	(2)
The Vision of Progress	478	(2)
Political Response to the New Philosophy: Enlightened Despotism	480	(1)
The Rational Spirit in Literature and Art	481	(9)
Classicism: Racine, Pope	482	(1)
Satire: Voltaire	483	(1)
The Architecture of Reason: Wren, Jefferson	484	(3)
Academy Painting: Portraits of Aristocratic Elegance	487	(3)
The Classical Age of Music	490	(4)
Music in Western Civilization	490	(2)
Birth of the ``Modern'' Style: Monteverdi, Handel, Bach	492	(1)
The Classical Spirit: Haydn, Mozart	493	(1)
The Revolutions of Liberalism and Nationalism	494	(57)
Overview	494	(4)
The English Revolution: Parliamentary Supremacy and the Bill of Rights	498	(6)
Challenge to the Divine Right of Kings: The Civil War and Cromwell	498	(3)
The Restoration of the Monarchy and the Glorious Revolution	501	(1)
Locke's Justification of Revolution	502	(2)
The American Revolution and Constitution	504	(6)
The American Colonies and Their Aspirations	504	(1)
War and the Declaration of Independence	505	(2)
The Constitution of the United States	507	(2)
The Growth of American Democracy	509	(1)
The French Revolution: ``Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity''	510	(11)
The Bourbon Monarchy and the Old Order	510	(1)
The Overthrow of the King and the Nobles	511	(4)
Foreign War and Internal Disorder	515	(2)
Napoleon and the Revolutionary Empire	517	(4)
The Conservative Reaction	521	(8)
Metternich and the ``Concert of Europe''	521	(3)
The Rejection of Revolution and Rationalism: Burke	524	(2)
A New Philosophical Synthesis: Kant, Hegel	526	(3)
The Romantic Spirit in Literature, Art, and Music	529	(10)
Appeal to the Heart: Rousseau	529	(1)
Poets of Nature and Humanity: Wordsworth, Goethe	530	(4)
Rebellion and Romance in Painting	534	(3)
The Gothic Revival in Architecture	537	(1)
Romanticism in Music: Beethoven, Wagner	538	(1)
The Spread of Liberal Democracy and Nationalism	539	(12)
The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848	540	(4)
The Liberal Ideal: Mill	544	(2)
The Nationalist Ideal: Mazzini	546	(1)
The Achievement of National Unification: Bismarck	547	(4)
The Impact of the Machine	551	(42)
Overview	551	(3)
The Industrial Revolution	554	(5)
The Agrarian Transformation	555	(1)
The Mechanization of Industry and Transportation	555	(2)
Development of a ``Permanent'' Industrial Revolution	557	(2)
The Business Corporation and Capitalist Expansion	559	(3)
The Structure and Control of the Corporation	559	(1)
The Global Reach of Capitalism	560	(1)
Economic Liberalism: Theory and Practice	561	(1)
The Reaction of Labor and Government	562	(3)
The Appearance of Trade Unions	562	(1)
The Trend toward State Intervention	563	(2)
Urbanization and Standardization of Society	565	(2)
The Development of Socialist Thought and Action	567	(9)
Utopian Socialism	568	(1)
Scientific Socialism: The Synthesis of Marx	569	(4)
The Interpreters of Marx: Revolutionary and Evolutionary	573	(1)
The Christian Response	574	(2)
The Accelerating Progress of Science	576	(4)
The Challenge of Darwin's Theory of Evolution	580	(7)
New Perspectives in Human Biology	580	(1)
Darwinism in Philosophy and Social Thought	581	(3)
Development of the Social Sciences	584	(3)
Literature and Art in the Machine Age	587	(6)
Expressions of Social Change: Dickens, Ibsen, Shaw	587	(1)
The Response of the Artist: Monet, Cezanne, van Gogh	588	(5)
PART FIVE The West in the Contemporary World: 1850-2000	593
Imperialism, World War, and the Rise of Collectivism	597	(49)
Overview	597	(4)
Imperialism and Europe's World Dominion	601	(10)
Motives for Nineteenth-Century Expansionism	602	(2)
Methods of Penetration and Exploitation	604	(5)
The Partitions of Asia and Africa	609	(2)
The First World War and the Decline of Europe	611	(13)
Nationalism, Militarism, and the Alliance System	612	(2)
The Road to War	614	(5)
The Course and Consequences of the War	619	(5)
Communist Collectivism: The Russian Revolution	624	(10)
Russia before the Revolution	625	(1)
The Collapse of the Tsarist Regime and the Triumph of Lenin	626	(3)
Building a Socialist Society	629	(4)
International Communism	633	(1)
Fascist Collectivism: The Revolutions in Italy and Germany	634	(8)
Fascism in Italy: Mussolini	635	(4)
The Nazi Compound of Fascism and Racism: Hitler	639	(3)
Democratic Collectivism: Evolution of the Welfare States	642	(4)
A European Example: Britain	642	(2)
The American Experience: Roosevelt	644	(2)
Global Transformation: Dawn of a New Age	646	(65)
Overview	646	(6)
The Second World War and Its Consequences	652	(13)
The Failure of the League of Nations	652	(2)
Fascist Conquests and Defeat	654	(4)
The Emergence of New Power Balances and the Cold War	658	(3)
Return to International Anarchy	661	(4)
The Sweep of Nationalism and Modernization	665	(21)
The Resurgence of Japanese Power	665	(2)
The Liquidation of Colonialism	667	(7)
Rising Material Expectations and the ``Liberation'' Movements	674	(2)
Vietnam	676	(4)
Iran	680	(2)
The Struggle against Racism	682	(4)
Economic Reassessment and The ``Three Worlds''	686	(7)
The Interlocking Crises of Population, Resources, and Pollution	686	(3)
Economic and Political Divisions	689	(2)
The Nuclear Arms Race and Terrorism	691	(2)
End of the Postwar (Cold War) Era	693	(18)
Political and Economic Changes in the West: Thatcher, Reagan, Clinton	693	(9)
The Revolutions in Eastern Europe: Gorbachev, Yeltsin	702	(5)
New Dangers and New Opportunities of the 1990s	707	(4)
The Revolution in Western Culture	711
Overview	711	(4)
The Onrush of Science and Technology	715	(10)
Penetrating the Secrets of the Physical Universe	716	(4)
Discovering the Makeup of Living Organisms	720	(1)
The Advent of High Technology	721	(2)
The Challenge to Contemporary Culture and Beliefs	723	(2)
Reconstruction in Western Philosophy and Religion	725	(1)
The Implications of Depth Psychology: Freud	725	(1)
Rejection of Traditional Systems and Values: Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, Sartre	726	(2)
Revision of Christian Theology: Barth, Tillich	728	(1)
The Movement toward Unity: Pope John XXIII	729	(1)
Pope John Paul II: Renewal of Catholic Traditionalism	730	(1)
The Shifting Ways of Society	731	(8)
The New Sexuality	731	(1)
The Youth Culture	732	(3)
The Women's Movement	735	(3)
Beliefs in Violence and Nonviolence	738	(1)
Fresh Directions in Literature and the Arts	739	(16)
The Search for a New Language of Expression: Joyce, Eliot	739	(4)
The Private World of Painters and Sculptors: Picasso, Moore	743	(6)
Technology in Architecture: Wright, Gropius	749	(5)
Novel Patterns of Tonality and Rhythm: Schonberg, Stravinsky	754	(1)
The End of the Beginning: A New Age of Humanity	755
The Radical Mutation in Human Culture	755	(1)
The Challenge of Survival and Mastery: A Summary	756
Recommended Further Reading	1	(20)
Recommended Videocassettes	21	(2)
Credits	23	(2)
Index	25