Acknowledgements | p. xi |
Introduction | p. 1 |
From Gutenberg to mass medium | p. 3 |
Introduction: early news | p. 3 |
The birth of print | p. 4 |
The Civil War and Glorious Revolution | p. 6 |
The beginning of 'the public sphere' | p. 9 |
The development of a national press | p. 11 |
The slow rise and sharp fall of the radical press | p. 15 |
The triumph of a free press? The 'fourth estate' myth | p. 19 |
Conclusion | p. 20 |
Further reading | p. 20 |
The shock of the new: the rise of the 'popular press' | p. 22 |
Introduction: the birth of the popular daily press | p. 22 |
The rise of 'new journalism' | p. 24 |
Political parties and the press | p. 25 |
A crisis in the public sphere | p. 27 |
Alfred Harmsworth, Lord Northcliffe | p. 28 |
The press and the First World War | p. 31 |
The era of the press barons: the interwar years | p. 33 |
Politics and the press barons | p. 34 |
The press and fascism | p. 36 |
A mass readership | p. 37 |
Conclusion | p. 38 |
Further reading | p. 40 |
The press and the Second World War: the triumph of radio | p. 41 |
Introduction: the press's road to war | p. 41 |
War is declared | p. 43 |
Wartime media regulation | p. 44 |
The Dunkirk spirit | p. 47 |
A radicalised and mass public sphere | p. 49 |
The press and the 1945 general election | p. 51 |
Conclusion | p. 52 |
Further reading | p. 54 |
The post-war press and the decline of deference...and sales | p. 55 |
Introduction: press freedom in a centralised state | p. 55 |
The party's over: the long fall in circulation and titles | p. 57 |
The Suez crisis and the press | p. 59 |
The television age arrives | p. 60 |
The decline of deference | p. 61 |
Murdoch arrives: the Sun also rises | p. 63 |
Changes in the public sphere | p. 68 |
Conclusion | p. 70 |
Further reading | p. 72 |
New technology: Wapping and beyond | p. 73 |
Introduction | p. 73 |
The lead-up to Wapping | p. 73 |
The battle begins | p. 76 |
The post-Wapping bonanza-an enhanced public sphere? | p. 80 |
The post-Wapping landscape | p. 83 |
Today's newspapers | p. 87 |
The 'quality' press | p. 87 |
The mid-market duo | p. 90 |
The redtops | p. 91 |
Conclusion | p. 92 |
Further reading | p. 93 |
The local press | p. 94 |
Introduction | p. 94 |
A brief history | p. 95 |
The local press today | p. 98 |
Control and regulation | p. 100 |
The 'regional' press | p. 101 |
Challenges for the local press | p. 104 |
Advertising and the local press | p. 105 |
Local politicians, the local press and the public sphere | p. 106 |
Power in the local | p. 108 |
The digital future for local papers? | p. 111 |
Conclusion | p. 112 |
Further reading | p. 112 |
Theories of news production and news values | p. 114 |
Introduction | p. 114 |
A pluralist environment? | p. 115 |
Elitist perspective | p. 116 |
Marxist perspective | p. 116 |
Manufacturing consent? The press as propaganda | p. 116 |
From control to chaos? | p. 119 |
The nature of media influence | p. 120 |
News values | p. 122 |
The pluralistic assumptions of journalists | p. 123 |
Conclusion | p. 127 |
Further reading | p. 128 |
Censorship | p. 130 |
Introduction | p. 130 |
What is censorship? And why does it matter? | p. 131 |
Government 'censorship' | p. 132 |
Censorship by owners | p. 135 |
The role of advertisers | p. 137 |
Censorship by journalists | p. 138 |
Other controls | p. 140 |
The abdication crisis: King Edward VIII and 'that woman' | p. 140 |
Modern war and modern media: censorship rules | p. 142 |
A right to privacy? | p. 145 |
The Net: the end of censorship? | p. 147 |
Conclusion | p. 149 |
Further reading | p. 149 |
Spin, public relations and the press | p. 151 |
Introduction | p. 151 |
Spin and the art of 'spin doctoring' | p. 152 |
A brief history of political spin | p. 154 |
Spinning a web of deceit? Alastair Campbell and the Iraq War | p. 159 |
The increasing necessity of spin | p. 162 |
The non-political spin doctors: the rise of public relations | p. 164 |
A crisis of independent journalism? | p. 165 |
The impact of spin and PR on the public sphere | p. 168 |
Conclusion | p. 169 |
Further reading | p. 171 |
Newspapers and 'dumbing down' | p. 172 |
Introduction | p. 172 |
The dumbing down debate | p. 173 |
Newspapers and dumbing down: a new culture of celebrity? | p. 175 |
The dumbing down of the 'quality' press | p. 178 |
Have quality newspapers really dumbed down? | p. 178 |
In defence of dumbing down: the need for an informed public | p. 180 |
The local press and dumbing down | p. 181 |
Dumbing down and the public sphere | p. 184 |
Conclusion | p. 186 |
Further reading | p. 187 |
The press and democracy: speaking for the public? | p. 188 |
Introduction | p. 188 |
Tribunes of the people? | p. 188 |
Newspapers and the invocation of public opinion | p. 193 |
A well informed public? | p. 196 |
Do newspapers provide a forum - or the illusion of a forum? | p. 197 |
Newspaper influence over the public | p. 200 |
Conclusion: a new space for public opinion? | p. 204 |
Further reading | p. 205 |
Future imperfect? | p. 206 |
Introduction | p. 206 |
Optimism or pessimism: the future for print | p. 207 |
The press under attack: failing the public sphere | p. 208 |
The online future: the importance of trust | p. 211 |
Are we all journalists now? | p. 212 |
The future of political journalism | p. 213 |
Conclusion: put your faith in journalists | p. 214 |
Bibliography | p. 218 |
Index | p. 245 |
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