The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC

by Michael Loewe , Edward L. Shaughnessy

• ISBN13: 9780521470308
• ISBN10: 0521470307
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-03-13
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

The Cambridge History of Ancient China provides a survey of the cultural history of pre-imperial China. Fourteen leading specialists on early Chinese history and archaeology cover more than one thousand years. There are two chapters for each time-period - Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn, and Warring States: one on institutional history, based on both traditional and palaeographic literature, and one on material culture, based on archaeological evidence. There are also chapters on the Neolithic background, language, intellectual history, relations with Central Asia, and the debts of both the Qin and Han empires to these earlier time-periods. Although written by specialists, this Cambridge history aims to explain and describe pre-imperial China to an audience that will include scholars and students, as well as general readers without specialized knowledge of Chinese history. It can be consulted as a work of reference, or read continuously, alone or as part of The Cambridge History of China series.

Table of Contents

List of Maps, Tables, and Figures	xiii	(11)
Conventions	xxiv	(3)
Abbreviations	xxvii	(1)
Acknowledgments	xxviii
Introduction	1	(1)
Michael Loewe, University of Cambridge
Edward L. Shaughnessy, University of Chicago
The Development of Historical Approaches and the Impact of Archaeology in the Study of Ancient China	2	(5)
The Sources	7	(4)
Literary Sources	7	(3)
Material Sources	10	(1)
China's Idealized Past	11	(2)
The Scope of the Present Volume	13	(6)
Calendar and Chronology	19	(11)
Edward L. Shaughnessy, University of Chicago
The Environment of Ancient China	30	(1)
David N. Keightley, University of California, Berkeley
Geography	30	(3)
The Coastline	30	(1)
The Major Rivers	31	(2)
Climate and Environment	33	(4)
1 China on the Eve of the Historical Period	37	(37)
Kwang-chih Chang, Harvard University and Academia Sinica
The Palaeographic Stage of East Asia and Its Settlement by Humans	37	(5)
Beginnings of the Agricultural Way of Life	42	(5)
Regional Cultures of the Early Farmers	47	(7)
Xinglongwa, Xinle, and Hongshan Cultures	48	(1)
Yangshao Culture (5000-3000 B.C.)	49	(3)
Dawenkou Culture (5000-3000 B.C.)	52	(1)
Majiabang and Hemudu Cultures (5000-3500 B.C.)	52	(1)
Daxi Culture (5000-3000 B.C.)	53	(1)
Dapenkeng Culture (5000-2500 B.C.)	54	(1)
Formation of a Chinese Interaction Sphere and the Development of Regional Cultures	54	(5)
The "Ten Thousand States" on the Eve of the Historical Period	59	(6)
Mythology, China's Origins, and the Xia Dynasty	65	(6)
The Cosmogony of the Ancient Periods	66	(2)
The Heroes	68	(2)
The Legendary Kings	70	(1)
The Question of the Xia Dynasty	71	(3)
2 Language and Writing	74	(50)
William G. Boltz, University of Washington
The Chinese Language	75	(31)
Austroasiatic	81	(2)
Indo-European	83	(5)
Periodization	88	(3)
Typology	91	(4)
Linguistic Philosophy	95	(5)
The Sound System of Old Chinese	100	(6)
The Chinese Script	106	(18)
The Zodiographic Stage	109	(5)
The Multivalent Stage	114	(4)
The Determinative Stage	118	(6)
3 Shang Archaeology	124	(108)
Robert Bagley, Princeton University
The Archaeology of the Shang Dynasty	126	(10)
The Archaeology of Bronze Metallurgy	136	(22)
A Definition of the Bronze Age	136	(3)
The Development of the Bronze Industry	139	(16)
The Archaeological Record	155	(3)
The Early Bronze Age	158	(74)
Erlitou and the Erlitou Culture	158	(7)
Zhengzhou: Type Site of the Erligang Culture	165	(3)
Panlongcheng and the Erligang Horizon	168	(3)
The Emergence of Regional Powers: Xin'gan and the Wucheng Culture	171	(4)
Sites of the Transition Period in Anhui, Hebei, and Shaanxi	175	(5)
Anyang ca. 1200 B.C.	180	(28)
The Middle Yangzi Region: Southern Hubei, Northern Hunan	208	(4)
The Chengdu Plain: Sanxingdui	212	(7)
Sufutun	219	(2)
The Northern Zone	221	(5)
The Wei River Valley	226	(3)
Archaeology and Traditional History	229	(3)
4 The Shang: China's First Historical Dynasty	232	(60)
David N. Keightley, University of California, Berkeley
Sources	233	(14)
Traditional Accounts	233	(2)
Bronze Inscriptions	235	(1)
Oracle-Bone Inscriptions	236	(11)
Chronology	247	(2)
Absolute Dating	247	(2)
Relative Dating	249	(1)
Time and the Calendar	249	(2)
Royal Shang Religion	251	(18)
The Upper Pantheon	252	(3)
The Ancestors	255	(8)
Treatment of the Dead	263	(6)
The Dynastic State	269	(19)
The Political and Cultural Landscape	269	(1)
The Royal Lineage	270	(2)
Non-Royal Lineages	272	(1)
Local Officers, Chiefs, and Rulers	272	(1)
King List and Polity	273	(1)
Royal Succession and Temple Names	273	(1)
The Royal Women	274	(1)
Political Geography	275	(2)
Agriculture	277	(4)
Tribute Offerings and Service	281	(1)
Dependent Labor	282	(2)
Mobilization and Warfare	284	(1)
Slave Society	285	(1)
Personnel Decisions and Incipient Bureaucracy	286	(2)
Political and Military Developments	288	(1)
The Legacy of Shang	289	(3)
5 Western Zhou History	292	(60)
Edward L. Shaughnessy, University of Chicago
Sources	293	(6)
Shang shu	294	(1)
Shi jing	295	(1)
Zhou Yi	295	(1)
Later Histories	296	(1)
Bronze Inscriptions	296	(1)
The Extent of Writing During the Western Zhou	297	(2)
Legendary Evidence for Zhou Before the Conquest of Shang	299	(3)
Inscriptional and Archaeological Evidence for Zhou Before the Conquest of Shang	302	(5)
Traditional Accounts	303	(2)
Shang Oracle-Bone Evidence	305	(1)
Archaeological Evidence	305	(2)
The Zhou Conquest of Shang	307	(6)
Campaigns Under King Wen	307	(2)
The Conquest Campaign	309	(1)
The Death of King Wu and the Succession Crisis	310	(1)
Colonization of the East	311	(2)
The Philosophical Foundation of Zhou Rule	313	(4)
The Role of Heaven in Royal Authority	314	(1)
The Debate Between Zhou Gong and Shao Gong	315	(2)
The Retirement of Zhou Gong	317	(1)
Consolidation of Zhou Rule	317	(6)
Appointments to Rule Lands as Seen in Bronze Inscriptions	318	(2)
Military Expansion	320	(2)
King Zhao's Southern Campaign	322	(1)
The Middle Western Zhou Reforms	323	(5)
War with the Xu Rong	323	(2)
Reform of the Zhou Military	325	(1)
Reform of Court Offices	326	(1)
Land Reforms	326	(2)
The Decline of the Zhou Royal House	328	(3)
The Development of the Late Western Zhou Worldview	331	(11)
Changes in Ritual and the Development of Poetry	332	(6)
Poetic Evocations and the Origin of the Zhou yi	338	(4)
The Decline and Fall of Western Zhou	342	(9)
The Legacy of Western Zhou	351	(1)
6 Western Zhou Archaeology	352	(98)
Jessica Rawson, Merton College, Oxford
The Material Record	353	(22)
Criteria for Dating	358	(6)
Inscriptions	364	(4)
Tombs, Hoards, and Archaeological Finds as Sources of Information	368	(7)
Pre-Conquest Shaanxi Province and the Zhou Conquest	375	(15)
Pre-Conquest Shaanxi	375	(7)
Adjacent Areas	382	(3)
The Conquest	385	(5)
Early Western Zhou	390	(24)
The Zhouyuan	390	(3)
The Capitals Feng and Hao	393	(4)
Small States and Outposts in Other Parts of Shaanxi	397	(6)
The States of Northern Central China	403	(11)
Middle Western Zhou	414	(19)
Sites and Their Bronzes	414	(9)
Southern Connections	423	(2)
Eastern China	425	(2)
The Han and Huai Rivers	427	(1)
Bells	427	(3)
The Use of Jade	430	(3)
Late Western Zhou	433	(13)
The Ritual Revolution	433	(7)
The State of Jin and Other Late Western Zhou Finds Outside Shaanxi	440	(6)
Conclusion	446	(4)
7 The Waning of the Bronze Age: Material Culture and Social Developments, 770-481 B.C.	450	(95)
Lothar von Falkenhausen, University of California, Los Angeles
Settlement Sites and Activity Areas	453	(10)
Bronzes: General Stylistic and Technological Trends	463	(7)
Cemeteries and Tombs in Northern and Central Henan	470	(11)
Finds from Jin Cemeteries	481	(5)
Finds from Qin Cemeteries	486	(11)
The Cemeteries at Qufu	497	(4)
Tombs of the High Elite in the Eastern Part of the Zhou Realm	501	(9)
The Middle Han River Basin	510	(4)
Early Chu Finds	514	(11)
The Southeastern Regional Cultures	525	(14)
Other Southern Regional Cultures	539	(3)
The Northern and Northeastern Regions	542	(1)
Conclusion	542	(3)
8 The Spring and Autumn Period	545	(42)
Cho-yun Hsu, University of Pittsburgh and Academia Sinica
The Fall of the Western Zhou	545	(2)
The Beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period	547	(4)
The Zhou States	547	(1)
The Non-Zhou Peoples	548	(3)
The Formation of the Ba System	551	(11)
The Leadership of Zheng	551	(2)
The Leadership of Qi	553	(3)
Interstate Meetings	556	(2)
The Leadership of Jin	558	(2)
The Emergence of Chu	560	(2)
A Multistate System	562	(4)
A Balance of Power	562	(1)
The Rise of Wu and Yue	563	(2)
The Transformation of the Ba System	565	(1)
Social Developments	566	(4)
Kinship Structure	566	(3)
Inclusion of Non-Zhou Elements	569	(1)
Changes in State Structure	570	(5)
Secondary Feudalization	570	(2)
State Administration	572	(2)
Local Administration	574	(1)
Economic Developments	575	(8)
Land Tenure and Production	576	(2)
Metallurgy	578	(2)
Commerce	580	(1)
The Appearance of Currency	581	(2)
Intellectual Developments	583	(3)
The Shi	583	(1)
A Weakening Tradition	584	(1)
Confucius	585	(1)
Conclusion	586	(1)
9 Warring States: Political History	587	(64)
Mark Edward Lewis, University of Cambridge
Sources	588	(5)
Chronicles	588	(1)
Works on Political Methods	589	(1)
Government Documents	589	(1)
Military Treatises	590	(1)
Persuasions	590	(1)
Texts of the Schools	591	(1)
Ritual Texts	591	(1)
Geographic Works	592	(1)
Poetry	592	(1)
Han Anecdotal Collections	592	(1)
The States	593	(4)
Yan	594	(1)
Qi	595	(1)
Wei	595	(1)
Zhao	596	(1)
Hann	596	(1)
Qin	596	(1)
Chu	597	(1)
The Ruler-Centered State	597	(6)
Institutions of the Warring States	603	(13)
The Formation of a Multistate World	616	(4)
The Military Arts	620	(12)
Composition	621	(1)
Armaments	622	(3)
Size of Armies	625	(3)
Scale	628	(1)
Defensive Walls	629	(1)
The Arts of War	630	(2)
Alliances and Persuaders	632	(9)
The Decline of Wei, 353-322 B.C.	634	(1)
Qin's Territorial Consolidation	635	(1)
The Period of Qi, 301-284 B.C.	635	(3)
The Period of Zhao, 284-260 B.C.	638	(3)
Scholars and the State	641	(4)
Human Geography	645	(6)
10 The Art and Architecture of the Warring States Period	651	(94)
Wu Hung, University of Chicago
Art and Architecture of the Living	653	(54)
Architecture: Cities and Palaces	653	(22)
Art: Vessels, Ornaments, Painting, and Sculpture	675	(32)
Art and Architecture for the Dead	707	(38)
Architecture: Graves and Graveyards	708	(19)
Art: Grave Furnishings	727	(18)
11 The Classical Philosophical Writings	745	(68)
David Shepherd Nivison, Stanford University
Sources	745	(2)
The Political Context	747	(1)
Basic Concepts	748	(4)
Confucius	752	(7)
As a Writer and Transmitter	753	(2)
Li	755	(1)
Consideration (shu)	756	(1)
Rectification of Names	757	(1)
Attitude to History	758	(1)
Mozi	759	(6)
Moral Values	760	(3)
Impartial Caring	763	(2)
Fourth Century: Yang Zhu, Zi Huazi	765	(5)
Yi ("Honor") and Its Value	765	(2)
The Cultivation of Sheng	767	(2)
The Mutual Recognition of Kings: The Jixia Academy	769	(1)
Mencius	770	(9)
The Acquisition of De	771	(2)
The Goodness of Human Nature and the Cultivation of Morality	773	(2)
Nourishment of Qi and Ethical Values	775	(4)
The Sophists	779	(4)
Hui Shi: The Fallacy of Absolute Terms	779	(1)
Six Mohist Chapters: Limits and Their Possibility	780	(1)
Four Types of Argument	781	(1)
Gongsun Long and the White Horse	782	(1)
Zhuangzi	783	(7)
The Basis of Knowledge: Non-Involvement	783	(1)
Detachment, Emotions, and Their Origin	784	(4)
Dao and Its Comprehension	788	(1)
Accommodation with Death	789	(1)
Xunzi	790	(9)
The Mind and Its Capacity	792	(2)
The Origins of Morality and the Need for Li	794	(2)
The Lessons and Values of the Past	796	(1)
"Zheng Ming"	797	(2)
Han Feizi, Laozi, Legalism, and Daoism	799	(9)
The Relations of Ruler and Minister	800	(2)
The Laozi, Zhuangzi, the Dao and De	802	(4)
Fa, Shu, and Shi	806	(2)
The Lu Shi chunqiu and Correlative Thinking	808	(5)
Yin-Yang and the Five Phases, or Powers	809	(1)
Correlative Thinking and Science	810	(3)
12 Warring States Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought	813	(72)
Donald Harper, University of Arizona
Definitions and Sources	815	(5)
Warring States Natural Experts and Occultists and Their Texts	820	(11)
Astrology and the Calendar	831	(21)
The Structure of Heaven	833	(10)
Almanacs and Other Astro-Calendrical Texts	843	(9)
Turtle and Milfoil Divination	852	(8)
Yin-Yang and Five Phases	860	(6)
Religion and Magic	866	(8)
Medicine	874	(9)
Conclusion	883	(2)
13 The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China	885	(82)
Nicola Di Cosmo, Harvard University
Periodization of the Northern Zone Cultures	888	(5)
The Second Millennium B.C.	889	(1)
Western Zhou to Early Spring and Autumn (ca. 1000-650 B.C.)	890	(1)
Mid-Spring and Autumn to Early Warring States (ca. 650-350 B.C.)	890	(2)
Late Warring States to Qin (ca. 350-209 B.C.)	892	(1)
The Northern Frontier in the Second Millennium B.C.	893	(16)
The Northern Zone Complex: Defining Characteristics	893	(3)
Geographic Distribution	896	(6)
Relationship with the Shang Civilization	902	(3)
Relationship with Northern and Central Asia	905	(2)
Northern and Western Peoples in the Historical Records	907	(2)
Western Zhou to Early Spring and Autumn (ca. 1000-650 B.C.)	909	(15)
Transition to Pastoral Nomadism	909	(3)
Evidence of Pastoralism in the Northern Zone	912	(2)
Distribution of Northern Cultures	914	(5)
Historical Survey	919	(5)
Development of Early Nomadic Cultures in Northern China	924	(3)
Major Archaeological Cultures	927	(17)
Metal Artifacts Associated with Early Nomadic Sites	944	(3)
Historical Survey	947	(4)
Late Warring States to Qin (ca. 350-209 B.C.)	951	(16)
Archaeological Cultures of the Northern Zone During the Late Warring States	952	(8)
Relations Between the Northern Nomads and Central States	960	(2)
Chinese Knowledge of the Northern Peoples	962	(2)
The Rise of the Xiongnu	964	(3)
14 The Heritage Left to the Empires	967	(66)
Michael Loewe, University of Cambridge
The Creation of Empire and Its Hazards	969	(2)
The Lessons of the Past	971	(7)
Religious Rites	978	(4)
The Teachings of the Masters	982	(6)
Huang Lao Thought and Xing Ming	986	(2)
The Tradition of Kingship	988	(3)
A Sense of Unity	991	(11)
Mythology	992	(1)
Terminology	992	(3)
Zones and Hierarchies	995	(2)
A Cosmic System	997	(1)
Imperial Claims and Harsh Realities	998	(4)
Institutional Norms and Administrative Practice	1002	(22)
The Concept and Practice of Law	1003	(7)
Documentation	1010	(2)
The Calendar and Registers of the Population and the Land	1012	(4)
The Offices of State	1016	(4)
Military Organization	1020	(2)
Attempts at Economic Control	1022	(2)
Cities, Palaces, and Royal Shrines and Tombs	1024	(7)
Conclusion	1031	(2)
Bibliography	1033	(80)
Index	1113