Cancer Incidence and Mortality in England and Wales Trends and Risk Factors

by Swerdlow, Anthony; Silva, Isabel Dos Santos; Doll, Richard

• ISBN13: 9780192627483
• ISBN10: 0192627481
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-05-03
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Cancer causes a quarter of all deaths in England and Wales. There is great professional and public interest in cancer trends, but no satisfactory source to which to turn to find information about these trends and explanation of them. It is even more difficult to know where to turn for information on trends in factors causing cancer. This book presents new analyses that bring together for the first time, data on cancer trends in the country since 1868. Detailed consideration is given to the reasons for changes in rates of cancer, in relation to a wide range of risk factors and preventive factors. Data are presented with figures and tables describing long-term trends in more than 50 factors that may affect the risk of cancer, including AIDS, asbestos exposure, cancer screening, childbearing, diet smoking and ultraviolet radiation. Particular attention is given to trends in recent decades, but historical trends are also considered. The book provides a comprehensive unparalleled source of data that are otherwise hard or impossible to find elsewhere and gives new analyses of cancer trends, in easily accessible form, with clear explanation.

Author Biography

Professor Anthony Swerdlow has worked in epidemiology for over 20 years; his research has concentrated mainly on the epidemiology of cancer, but he has also published research on other chronic diseases including type 1 diabetes and CJD. He is presently Professor of Epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Dr Isabel Dos Santos Silva is clinical senior lecturer at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Following her medical schooling in Lisbon, she trained and worked as an epidemiologist in London. Her main areas of research are epidemiology of cancer and other chronic diseases. Sir Richard Doll is one of the world's foremost cancer epidemiologists.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Acknowledgments	xi
List of abbreviations	xiii
Introduction	1	(1)
History	2	(2)
Moratality statistics	2	(1)
Cancer registration statistics	2	(1)
Publications on trends	3	(1)
Materials and methods	4	(4)
Moratality 1960--97	4	(2)
Mortality 1911--60	6	(1)
Mortality 1868--1910	6	(1)
Incidence 1971--92	6	(1)
Cancer in people with AIDS	7	(1)
Cancer in people who have received organ transplants	7	(1)
Denominators	7	(1)
Issues to consider in interpretation of trends	8	(11)
Mortality data	8	(4)
Cancer registration data	12	(3)
Comparison of mortality and incidence trends	15	(1)
Consideration of trends at young and older ages	15	(1)
Age and sex composition of the population	15	(1)
Accuracy of denominators	15	(1)
Artefacts detectable in data on incidence and mortality by single calendar year	16	(1)
Chance	16	(1)
Aetiology	16	(3)
Trends in factors that may cause or prevent cancer	19	(52)
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)	20	(1)
Air pollution	20	(2)
Alcohol consumption	22	(2)
Anthropometric characteristics	24	(2)
Asbestos	26	(1)
Birth order	27	(1)
Birthweight	27	(2)
Dizygotic twins	29	(1)
Ethnic minority populations	29	(1)
Food and nutrient consumption	29	(5)
Helicobacter pylori	34	(1)
Income	34	(3)
Ionizing radiation	37	(8)
Medical drugs	45	(2)
Mobile telephones	47	(1)
Organ transplantation	48	(1)
Outdoor occupations	49	(1)
Overcrowding	49	(1)
Physical exercise	49	(1)
Population mobility	50	(1)
Power-frequency magnetic fields	50	(1)
Reproductive-related variables	50	(6)
Screening	56	(1)
Sexual behaviour	57	(2)
Sexually transmitted diseases	59	(1)
Smoking	60	(5)
Surgical operations	65	(3)
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR)	68	(2)
Unemployment	70	(1)
Cancer trends	71	(130)
All malignant neoplasms	71	(4)
Cancer of the lip	75	(1)
Cancers of the tongue, mouth, and pharynx	75	(5)
Cancer of the oesophagus	80	(4)
Cancer of the stomach	84	(5)
Cancers of the colon and rectum	89	(5)
Cancer of the pancreas	94	(2)
Cancer of the larynx	96	(3)
cancer of the lung	99	(7)
Cancer of the pleura	106	(2)
Cancer of the bone	108	(3)
Cancer of the soft tissues	111	(3)
Malignant melanoma of the skin	114	(6)
Cancer of the breast in women	120	(8)
Cancer of the breast in men	128	(1)
Cancer of the cervix uteri	129	(5)
Cancer of the corpus uteri	134	(3)
Cancer of the ovary	137	(2)
Cancer of the prostate	139	(3)
Cancer of the testis	142	(4)
Cancer of the penis	146	(1)
Cancer of the scrotum	147	(1)
Cancer of the bladder	148	(4)
Cancer of the kidney	152	(3)
Cancer of the eye	155	(2)
Tumours of the nervous system	157	(5)
Cancer of the thyroid	162	(5)
Hodgkin's disease	167	(5)
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)	172	(6)
Multiple myeloma	178	(3)
Leukaemia	181	(12)
Cancer of unspecified primary site	193	(2)
Cancer in people with AIDS	195	(1)
Cancer mortality in people who have received organ transplants	195	(1)
Trends in mortality from and incidence of the most common cancers: summary	196	(5)
Appendix A. Cancer survival at ages 0--84 years	201	(9)
Appendix B. Cancer survival in children	210	(2)
Appendix C. Tables of cancer trends	212	(62)
References	274	(13)
Index	287