Preface | p. xvii |
Cell-Cell Channels and Their Implications for Cell Theory | p. 1 |
The Permanent Crisis Surrounding Cell Theory | p. 2 |
More Problems with Cell Theory: What Is a Cell? | p. 3 |
Julius Sachs: Energide as the Basic Unit of Eukaryotic Life Endowed with Vital Energy | p. 4 |
Energide versus Cell Periphery | p. 5 |
Adaptability versus Complexity in Cellular Evolution | p. 6 |
Duality of Eukaryotic Cells | p. 7 |
Cell-Cell Channels: Supracellularity Is Found at All Levels of Cellular Organization | p. 7 |
Cell-Cell Channels in Filamentous Fungi, Plants and Animals | p. 9 |
Cell-Cell Channels and the Energide: Implications for Cell Theory | p. 10 |
Prokaryotic Cells | |
Mating Cell-Cell Channels in Conjugating Bacteria | p. 21 |
Conjugative DNA Transfer in Gram-Negative Bacteria | p. 22 |
Pheromone-Responsive Conjugative Plasmids in E. faecalis | p. 27 |
Nonpheromone-Responsive Plasmids in G+ Bacteria | p. 28 |
Ciliate Cells | |
The Tetrahymena Conjugation Junction | p. 39 |
Developmental Biology | p. 41 |
Biochemical Studies | p. 55 |
Genetic Studies | p. 57 |
Algal Cells | |
Cytoplasmic Bridges in Volvox and Its Relatives | p. 65 |
A Brief Overview of Volvox carteri Development | p. 66 |
The Formation of a Cytoplasmic-Bridge System in Volvox carteri Embryos | p. 68 |
Structural Features of the V. carteri Cytoplasmic-Bridge System | p. 70 |
The Function of the Cytoplasmic-Bridge System in Cleaving Embryos | p. 71 |
The Function of the Cytoplasmic-Bridge System in Inverting Embryos | p. 71 |
An Inversion Motor in the Cytoplasmic Bridges | p. 72 |
The Evolutionary Origins of Cytoplasmic Bridges that Persist in the Adult | p. 74 |
Structure and Formation of Persistent Cytoplasmic Bridges in Volvox, Section Euvolvox | p. 76 |
What Is the Relationship between Embryonic and Adult Cytoplasmic Bridges? | p. 81 |
The Functions of Persistent Cytoplasmic Bridges | p. 81 |
Fungal Cells | |
Vegetative Hyphal Fusion in Filamentous Fungi | p. 87 |
Fusion between Spores and Spore Germlings | p. 88 |
Fusion between Hyphae in the Mature Colony | p. 91 |
CAT Fusion as a Model for Studying Vegetative Hyphal Fusion | p. 91 |
Functions of Vegetative Hyphal Fusion | p. 94 |
Features of Hyphal Fusion in Common with Yeast Cell Mating and Appressorium Formation | p. 94 |
Vegetative Hyphal Fusion and Heterokaryon Incompatibility | p. 95 |
Plant Cells | |
Plasmodesmata: Cell-Cell Channels in Plants | p. 101 |
Structure of Plasmodesmata | p. 102 |
Mechanisms of Protein and RNA Transport through PDs | p. 104 |
Plasmodesmata as a Route for Trafficking of Developmental Signals | p. 106 |
Developmental and Environmental Regulation of PD SEL | p. 106 |
Sieve-Pore Plugging Mechanisms | p. 113 |
Cell Biology of the Sieve Element/Companion Cell Complex | p. 113 |
Mass Flow and Phloem-Specific Proteins | p. 114 |
Sieve-Plate Plugging by Phloem-Specific Proteins | p. 114 |
Mechanisms of Sieve-Plate Sealing | p. 115 |
Dispersion and Contraction of Forisomes | p. 115 |
Physiological Triggers of the Sieve-Plate Plugging | p. 115 |
Actin and Myosin VIII in Plant Cell-Cell Channels | p. 119 |
How Are Proteins and Other Molecules Targeted to PD? | p. 120 |
How Are Molecules Transported through PD? | p. 120 |
Actin and Myosin VIII in PD of Algae and Herbaceous Plants | p. 121 |
Root Cap Statocytes Are Symplasmically Isolated and Depleted in Myosin VIII | p. 122 |
PD and Nuclear Pores: Common Structural and Functional Aspects | p. 124 |
PD and Cell Plates: Endocytic Connections? | p. 125 |
Cytoskeleton, Endocytosis and PD | p. 127 |
Actin and Myosin VIII in PD of Woody Tissues in Trees | p. 128 |
Conclusions and Outlook: From the Actomyosin-Based PD in Plants to the Actomyosin-Based Cell-Cell Channels in Animals | p. 130 |
Cell-Cell Communication in Wood | p. 135 |
Xylem Parenchyma | p. 137 |
Origin and Function of Rays | p. 141 |
Distribution of Plasmodesmata in Nonparenchymatous Wood Cells | p. 142 |
Plasmodesmata in Differentiating Xylem | p. 144 |
Formation of Plasmodesmata in Cambium and Developing Wood Cells | p. 145 |
TMV Movement Protein Targets Cell-Cell Channels in Plants and Prokaryotes: Possible Roles of Tubulin- and FtsZ-Based Cytoskeletons | p. 148 |
Plasmodesmata and Intercellular Communication in Plants | p. 148 |
The Movement Protein of TMV Interacts with the Plant Cytoskeleton and Plasmodesmata to Facilitate Intercellular Spread of the Virus | p. 149 |
The Movement Protein of TMV Targets and Modifies Cell-Cell Junctions in Anabaena | p. 152 |
Viral Movement Proteins Induce Tubule Formation in Plant and Insect Cells | p. 160 |
Viruses, Transport Tubules and Plasmodesmata | p. 161 |
Requirements for the Assembly of the Transport Tubules | p. 165 |
The MPs That Form Tubules | p. 165 |
Interactions between Tubules and Capsids for Cell-to-Cell Movement | p. 166 |
Host Factors Involved in Targeting and Assembly of the Tubules | p. 167 |
Interaction between MP and Plasma Membrane: Anchoring | p. 169 |
A Model for Tubule-Mediated Cell-to-Cell Movement | p. 169 |
Cell-Cell Movements of Transcription Factors in Plants | p. 176 |
Noncell Autonomous Action of Transcription Factors by Direct Protein Transfer in Plants | p. 176 |
Common Mechanistic Trends in Plant Transcription Factors Movement? | p. 179 |
Biological Significance of Transcription Factor Movement in Plants? | p. 180 |
Animal Cells | |
Gap Junctions: Cell-Cell Channels in Animals | p. 185 |
Connexins | p. 185 |
Connexin-Related Pathologies | p. 191 |
Pannexins | p. 195 |
Tunneling Nanotubes: Membranous Channels between Animal Cells | p. 200 |
Structure | p. 201 |
Formation | p. 203 |
Function(s) | p. 204 |
Implications and Outlook | p. 206 |
Cytoplasmic Bridges as Cell-Cell Channels of Germ Cells | p. 208 |
Cytoplasmic Bridges during Gametogenesis | p. 208 |
The Cytoplasmic Bridges in Action | p. 209 |
Mechanisms Needed for Cytoplasmic Material Transportation between the Germ Cells | p. 212 |
Fusome as a Cell-Cell Communication Channel of Drosophila Ovarian Cyst | p. 217 |
Formation of the Fusome | p. 218 |
Fusome Functions in the Formation and Differentiation of the Germline Cyst | p. 227 |
Cytonemes as Cell-Cell Channels in Human Blood Cells | p. 236 |
Cytonemes of Embryonic Cells | p. 237 |
Cytonemes of Human Blood Cells | p. 237 |
Formation and Properties of Cytonemes Connecting Blood Cells | p. 240 |
Origin and Degradation of Cytonemes | p. 242 |
Paracellular Pores in Endothelial Barriers | p. 245 |
Endothelial Permeability | p. 245 |
Tight Junctions and Paracellular Permeability | p. 245 |
The Role of Claudins in Paracellular Permeability | p. 247 |
Open Issues | p. 248 |
Channels across Endothelial Cells | p. 251 |
Vascular Permeability-Pathways of Transendothelial Exchange | p. 252 |
Pores across Endothelium | p. 257 |
Molecular Transfers through Transient Lymphoid Cell-Cell Channels | p. 267 |
Introduction: Transient Cell-Cell Contacts Take Place at the Immunological Synapse between Lymphoid Cells | p. 267 |
Two Different Ways for Cell-Cell Transfer between Lymphoid Cells | p. 269 |
A Mechanistic Model of Trogocytosis | p. 272 |
Methods and Techniques for the Monitoring of in Vitro Trogocytosis | p. 273 |
Intercellular Transfer in Activated Lymphoid Cells | p. 275 |
Spontaneous Homotypic Intercellular Transfer in Lymphoid Cancer Cells | p. 276 |
Physiological Consequences of Intercellular Transfer by T Lymphocytes | p. 276 |
Physiological Consequences of Intercellular Transfer by NK Cells: Protective Role of Acquired HLA Class I Alleles, Cytokine Receptor and Deleterious Role of Acquired Viral Receptors | p. 277 |
Technological Consequences of Trogocytosis | p. 277 |
Trogotypes for Immuno-Monitoring the Lymphoid Cell Reactivity to Cancer | p. 278 |
Transynaptic Acquisition of Functional Markers in Oncology | p. 279 |
Cell-Cell Transport of Homeoproteins: With or Without Channels? | p. 283 |
Intercellular Transfer of Homeoproteins in Animals | p. 283 |
Phylogenesis of Homeoprotein Intetcellular Transfer | p. 284 |
Function of Intercellular Transfer | p. 285 |
Virological Synapse for Cell-Cell Spread of Viruses | p. 288 |
Neural, Immunological and Virological Synapse | p. 288 |
Virological Synapse during Retroviral Infection | p. 289 |
Virological Synapses during HIV Infection | p. 289 |
Virological Synapse for HTLV-1 Replication | p. 291 |
Emerging Role for a Plant Virological Synapse | p. 292 |
Cell-Cell Fusion: Transient Channels Leading to Plasma Membrane Merger | p. 298 |
Fertilization (Mouse) | p. 300 |
Fertilization (Nematode) | p. 300 |
Myoblasts (Mouse) | p. 300 |
Myoblasts (Fruit Fly) | p. 302 |
Placental Syncytiotrophoblast Cells (Human and Mouse) | p. 303 |
Lens Fiber Cells (Mouse and Other Vertebrates) | p. 305 |
Macrophages/Osteoclasts (Mouse) | p. 305 |
Implanted Stem Cells (Mouse and Human) | p. 306 |
Epithelia (Nematode) | p. 306 |
Primary Mesenchyme (Sea Urchin) | p. 308 |
Embryonic Blastomeres (Leech) | p. 309 |
Haploid Mating (Yeast) | p. 309 |
Fungal Hyphae | p. 309 |
Summary of Molecules Driving Cell Fusion: Obstacles to Their Discovery | p. 309 |
Structural Origins of Cell Fusion Channels? | p. 310 |
Evolution and Cell Fusion | p. 311 |
Index | p. 317 |
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