Charged Particle Traps II

by Werth, G.; Gheorghe, V. N.; Major, F. G.

• ISBN13: 9783540922605
• ISBN10: 3540922601
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-10-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This is the second volume of Charged Particle Traps devoted to applications, complementing the first volume's comprehensive treatment of the theory and practice of charged particle traps, their many variants and refinements. In recent years, applications of far reaching importance have emerged ranging from the ultra-precise mass determinations of elementary particles and their antiparticles and short-lived isotopes, to high-resolution Zeeman spectroscopy on multiply-charged ions, to microwave and optical spectroscopy, some involving "forbidden" transitions from metastable states of such high resolution that optical frequency standards are realized by locking lasers to them. Further the potential application of trapped ions to quantum computing is explored, based on the extraordinary quantum state coherence made possible by the particle isolation. Consideration is given to the Paul and Penning traps as potential quantum information processors.

Table of Contents

Electromagnetic Trap Properties
Summary of Trap Properties	p. 3
Trapping Principles in Pant Traps	p. 3
General Principles	p. 5
Potential Depth	p. 7
Motional Spectrum	p. 8
Optimum Trapping Conditions	p. 8
Storage Time	p. 9
Ion Density Distribution	p. 10
Storage Capability	p. 10
Paul Trap Imperfections	p. 11
Trapping Principles in Penning Traps	p. 13
Theory of the Ideal Penning Trap	p. 13
Motional Spectrum in Penning Traps	p. 15
Penning Trap Imperfections	p. 16
Storage Time	p. 18
Storage Capability	p. 20
Spatial Distribution	p. 20
Trap Techniques	p. 21
Trap Loading	p. 21
Trapped Particle Detection	p. 23
Ion Cooling Techniques	p. 28
Buffer Gas Cooling	p. 28
Resistive Cooling	p. 29
Laser Cooling	p. 30
Radiative Cooling	p. 33
Mass Spectrometry
Mass Spectrometry Using Paul Traps	p. 37
The Quadrupole Ion Trap as a Mass Spectrometer	p. 40
The ôMass Instability Methodö of Detection	p. 41
Sources of Mass Error in Ion Ejection Methods	p. 44
Nonlinear Resonances in Imperfect Quadrupole Trap	p. 44
Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Spectrometer	p. 46
Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers	p. 48
Tandem Quadrupole Fourier Transform Spectrometer	p. 50
Silicon-Based Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers	p. 52
Mass Spectroscopy in Penning Trap	p. 55
Systematic Frequency Shifts	p. 55
Electric Field Imperfections	p. 55
Magnetic Field Imperfections	p. 57
Misalignements and Trap Ellipticity	p. 57
Image Charges	p. 58
Magnetic Field Fluctuations	p. 58
Observation of Motional Resonances	p. 60
Nondestructive Observation	p. 60
Destructive Observation	p. 63
Line Shape of Motional Resonances	p. 66
Nondestructive Detection	p. 66
Destructive Detection	p. 68
Experimental Procedures	p. 72
Reference Ions	p. 73
Selected Results	p. 76
Stable and Long Lived Isotopes	p. 77
Short-Lived Isotopes	p. 79
Spectroscopy with Trapped Charged Particles
Microwave Spectroscopy	p. 85
Zeeman Spectroscopy	p. 85
g-Factor of the Free Electron	p. 86
g-Factor of the Bound Electron	p. 95
Atomic g-Factor	p. 101
Nuclear gI-Factor	p. 103
Hyperfine Structures in the Ground States	p. 105
Summary of HFS Theory	p. 105
Early Experiments	p. 107
Laser Microwave Double Resonance Spectroscopy	p. 113
Microwave Atomic Clocks	p. 118
Definition of the Unit of Time	p. 118
Trapped Ion Microwave Standards	p. 121
Optical Spectroscopy	p. 129
Optical Frequency Standards	p. 129
Theoretical Limit to Laser Spectral Purity	p. 129
Laser Stabilization	p. 131
Single Ion Optical Frequency Standards	p. 133
Correction of Systematic Errors	p. 147
Optical Frequency Measurement	p. 152
Progress in Standards	p. 157
Lifetime Studies in Traps	p. 161
Radiative Lifetimes	p. 161
Experimental Methods of Lifetime Measurement	p. 162
Systematic Effects on the Lifetimes	p. 172
Quenching Collisions	p. 176
Quantum Topics
Quantum Effects in Charged Particle Traps	p. 179
Quantum Jumps	p. 180
The Quantum Zeno Effect	p. 180
Entanglement of Trapped Ion States	p. 183
Entanglement of Two-Trapped Ions	p. 184
Entanglement of Three-Trapped Ions	p. 186
Multi-ion Entanglement	p. 187
Trapped Ion-Photon Entanglement	p. 189
Lifetime of Entangled States	p. 190
Quantum Teleportation	p. 191
Sources of Decoherence	p. 195
Decoherence Reservoirs	p. 195
Motional Decoherence	p. 196
Collisions with Background Gas	p. 199
Internal State Decoherence	p. 200
Induced Decoherence	p. 202
Control of Thermal Decoherence	p. 203
Quantum Computing with Trapped Charged Particles	p. 207
Background Fundamentals	p. 208
Quantum Bits: Qubits	p. 208
Some History	p. 210
Possible Alternatives: The DiVincenzo Criteria	p. 212
Ion Traps for Quantum Computing	p. 215
Trap Electrode Design	p. 215
Choice of Ion	p. 216
Qubits with Trapped Ions	p. 219
Quantum Registers: Qregister	p. 220
Initialisation of the Qubits	p. 223
Creation of Nonclassical States	p. 226
Fock States	p. 226
Coherent States	p. 227
Schrödinger Cat States	p. 227
Quantum Logic Gates	p. 228
Qubit Entanglement	p. 231
Quantum Information Processing	p. 232
Speed of Operation	p. 234
Nonclassical State Reconstruction	p. 235
Qubit Decoherence	p. 239
Scalability	p. 240
Penning Trap as Quantum Information Processor	p. 245
Computing with Electrons	p. 245
Linear Multi-trap Processor	p. 245
Planar Multi-trap Processor	p. 247
Expected Performance	p. 254
Future Developments	p. 255
References	p. 257
Index	p. 271
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