Chemical Oceanography, Third Edition

by Millero; Frank J.

• ISBN13: 9780849322808
• ISBN10: 0849322804
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-09-09
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Chemical Oceanography, Third Edition, is a survey of essential concepts that contains a wealth of new data and maps, resulting in a more in-depth examination of oceanic biogeochemical processes. The most up-to-date compilation of essential concepts and data available on the subject, this book responds to the need for a thorough, yet straightforward approach to the subject for students, researchers, and other professionals in marine science, geochemistry, and environmental chemistry.The third edition of Chemical Oceanography incorporates significant findings on the properties of oceans from recent, large-scale oceanographic programs and valuable new data derived from additional experiments. It also discusses the interactions of metals with inorganic and natural organic ligands and the effect of speciation of metals on bioavailability and toxicity. The section on carbonate systems now examines the input of fossil fuel CO2 into the ocean and its effect on the pH of the world oceans.Frank J. Millero, a world-renowned marine researcher and professor of undergraduate and graduate courses at the University of Miami for nearly 40 years, presents a time-tested and user-friendly resource specifically designed for both classroom use and self-study.

Table of Contents

Descriptive Oceanography	1	(54)
Introduction	1	(1)
Physical Characteristics of the Oceans	2	(5)
Distribution of Temperature and Salinity for Ocean Waters	7	(13)
Circulation and Water Masses of the Oceans	20	(22)
Atlantic Ocean Waters	20	(7)
Southern Ocean Waters	27	(4)
Pacific Ocean Waters	31	(3)
Indian Ocean	34	(2)
Arctic and Adjacent Seas	36	(3)
Closed Basins	39	(1)
Mediterranean Sea	39	(1)
Red Sea	39	(1)
Estuaries	39	(3)
Use of Chemical Tracers in Oceanography	42	(13)
Carbon 14	42	(2)
Tritium and Helium-3	44	(1)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)	45	(3)
The Age of Water Masses	48	(4)
References and Further Reading	52	(3)
Composition of the Major Components of Seawater	55	(34)
Introduction	55	(2)
Methods of Determination	57	(2)
Chloride	57	(1)
Sulfate	58	(1)
Bromine	58	(1)
Fluorine	58	(1)
Bicarbonate and Carbonate	58	(1)
Boric Acid and Borate	58	(1)
Magnesium	58	(1)
Calcium	59	(1)
Potassium	59	(1)
Sodium	59	(1)
Composition and Stoichiometry of Average Seawater	59	(4)
The Concept of Salinity	63	(4)
Methods of Determining Salinity	67	(3)
Causes of the Major Components Not Being Conservative	70	(14)
Estuaries	70	(9)
Evaporation in Isolated Basins	79	(3)
Admixture with Brines	82	(1)
Precipitation and Dissolution	82	(1)
Submarine Volcanism	82	(2)
Exchange between Atmosphere and Sea	84	(1)
Anoxic Basins	84	(1)
Freezing	84	(1)
Interstitial Waters	84	(1)
Isotopic Variations	84	(5)
Hydrogen and Oxygen	84	(2)
Deuterium	86	(1)
Oxygen-18	86	(1)
Isotopes of Sulfur	86	(1)
References and Further Reading	87	(2)
Minor Elements In Seawater	89	(32)
Classification of Elements	89	(6)
d0 Cations	89	(1)
d10 Cations	90	(4)
Transition Metals between d0 and d10	94	(1)
Residence Times	95	(4)
Distribution of Trace Elements in the Oceans	99	(6)
Biological Interactions	105	(8)
Geochemical Balance of Elements	113	(8)
References and Further Reading	119	(2)
Ionic Interactions	121	(54)
Introduction	121	(1)
Water, the Unique Solvent	122	(6)
Review of the Structure of Water	128	(4)
Uniformist (Average) Models	128	(1)
Mixture Models	128	(1)
Ice-Like Models	128	(2)
Cluster Theories	130	(1)
Clathrate Cage Models	130	(1)
Significant Structure Theory and Eucken's Polymer Model	130	(2)
Ion--Water Interactions	132	(13)
Electrostriction	136	(7)
Proton Structure in Aqueous Solutions	143	(2)
Ion-Ion Interactions	145	(21)
Ion-Pairing Model	152	(7)
Specific Interaction Model	159	(7)
Physical Properties of Seawater	166	(9)
References and Further Reading	171	(4)
Atmospheric Chemistry	175	(36)
Introduction	175	(9)
Composition of the Atmosphere	181	(3)
Nitrogen Gases	184	(6)
Greenhouse Gases	190	(9)
Effects of Global Change	199	(1)
Loss of Ozone	200	(7)
The Global Sulfur Cycle	207	(4)
References and Further Reading	210	(1)
Dissolved Gases Other than CO2	211	(30)
Introduction	211	(1)
Composition of the Atmosphere	211	(2)
Dissolution of Gases in Seawater	213	(3)
Air-Sea Exchange	216	(5)
Nonreactive Gases	221	(5)
Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater	226	(10)
Other Nonconservative Gases	236	(2)
Structural Aspects of the Solubility of Gases	238	(3)
Further Reading	240	(1)
The Carbonate System	241	(56)
Introduction	241	(4)
Acid-Base Equilibria in Seawater	245	(5)
Equilibria of Carbonate Species	250	(4)
Parameters of the CO2 System in Seawater	254	(7)
Distribution of Carbonate Species	261	(16)
pCO2	262	(4)
pH	266	(2)
Total Alkalinity	268	(4)
TCO2	272	(5)
CaCO3 Dissolution in Seawater	277	(11)
Fossil Fuel CO2 Input to the Oceans	288	(9)
Effects of Increasing Levels of pCO2	290	(3)
References and Further Reading	293	(4)
Micronutrients in the Oceans	297	(28)
Introduction	297	(1)
Phosphorus in Seawater	297	(8)
Determination of Phosphate	302	(1)
Distribution of Phosphate	303	(2)
Nitrogen Compounds in Seawater	305	(13)
Determination of Nitrogen Compounds	305	(3)
Distribution of Nitrogen Compounds	308	(6)
Nitrogen--Phosphorus Ratio	314	(4)
Silicon in Seawater	318	(4)
Determination of Silicon	320	(1)
Distribution of Dissolved SiO2	320	(2)
Use of Nutrients as Water Mass Tracers	322	(3)
References and Further Reading	324	(1)
Primary Production in the Oceans	325	(54)
Primary Production	325	(15)
Phytoplankton Production	327	(1)
Standing Crop or Biomass	328	(1)
The O2 Liberation Method of Measuring Primary Productivity	328	(2)
Uptake of CO2 Method of Measuring Primary Productivity	330	(1)
Determining New Production	330	(2)
Factors Affecting the Growth of Phytoplankton	332	(1)
Light	332	(1)
Temperature	332	(1)
Salinity	333	(1)
Micronutrients and Trace Metals	333	(1)
Organic Factors	333	(1)
Growth and Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Sea	334	(3)
Remote Sensing Techniques	337	(3)
The Iron Hypothesis	340	(20)
IRONEX I Study	344	(5)
Galapagos Plume Study	349	(5)
IRONEX II Study	354	(1)
SOFeX Study	355	(5)
Microbial Transformations	360	(2)
Dissolved and Particulate Organic Compounds in Seawater	362	(17)
Sources of Organic Matter	362	(1)
Terrestrial Input by Rivers	362	(1)
Terrestrial Input from the Atmosphere	363	(1)
Additional Sources of Organic Matter	364	(1)
Dissolved and Particulate Organic Matter	365	(2)
Dissolved Organic Matter	367	(2)
Particulate Organic Matter	369	(2)
Kinds of Organic Compounds in Seawater	371	(1)
Carbohydrates	372	(1)
Amino Acids and Proteins	373	(1)
Hydrocarbons	373	(1)
Carboxylic Acids	373	(1)
Humic Substances	374	(1)
Steroids	374	(1)
References and Further Reading	375	(4)
Processes in the Oceans	379	(76)
Photochemical Processes in Seawater	379	(16)
Principles	379	(8)
Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide	387	(6)
The •OH Radical	393	(2)
Hydrothermal Vent Chemistry	395	(15)
Anoxic Waters	410	(45)
The Black Sea	414	(4)
Cariaco Trench	418	(10)
Framvaren Fjord	428	(17)
The Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters	445	(6)
Further Reading	451	(4)
Appendix I	455	(2)
Appendix II	457	(1)
Appendix III	457	(1)
Appendix IV	458	(1)
Appendix V	458	(1)
Appendix VI	459	(2)
Glossary of Chemical Oceanography Terms	461	(28)
Descriptive Oceanography	461	(6)
Composition of the Major Components of Seawater	467	(2)
Minor Elements in Seawater	469	(4)
Ionic Interactions	473	(4)
Atmospheric Chemistry	477	(2)
Dissolved Gases Other than CO2	479	(1)
The Carbonate System	480	(2)
Micronutrients in the Oceans	482	(1)
Primary Production in the Oceans	482	(4)
Processes in the Oceans	486	(3)
Index	489