Chemistry (with CengageNOW Printed Access Card)

by Whitten, Kenneth W.; Davis, Raymond E.; Peck, Larry; Stanley, George G.

• ISBN13: 9780495011965
• ISBN10: 0495011967
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-02-16
• Publisher: BROOKS COLE

Summary

The Eighth Edition of CHEMISTRY incorporates a strong molecular reasoning focus, amplified problem-solving exercises, and innovative technological resources. This kind of reasoning helps students think at the molecular level and make connections between molecular structure and macroscopic properties. Molecular reasoning and visualization are emphasized via Molecular-Reasoning icons, chapter objectives, end-of-chapter problems, and new artwork, and are integrated into the accompanying technology, including OWL (online homework management system) and General ChemistryNow? (student assessment program). As in previous editions, thermochemistry is covered mainly in one chapter (Chapter 15) and begins the second half of the course. However, to address the need for more material on thermochemistry earlier in the course, the text now includes information on bond energies in Chapter 7 on Chemical Bonding. The discussion of entropy in Chapter 15 has been expanded to include not only molecular disorder but also the concept of energy dispersal.

Table of Contents

About the Authors	xvii
To the Instructor	xix
To the Student	xxxi
The Foundations of Chemistry	1	(46)
Matter and Energy	4	(1)
Chemistry---A Molecular View of Matter	5	(4)
States of Matter	9	(2)
Chemical and Physical Properties	11	(1)
Chemical and Physical Changes	12	(1)
Mixtures, Substances, Compounds, and Elements	13	(6)
Chemistry in Use The Resources of the Ocean	14	(5)
Measurements in Chemistry	19	(1)
Units of Measurement	20	(2)
Use of Numbers	22	(5)
The Unit Factor Method (Dimensional Analysis)	27	(4)
Percentage	31	(1)
Density and Specific Gravity	31	(3)
Heat and Temperature	34	(2)
Heat Transfer and the Measurement of Heat	36	(11)
Key Terms	40	(1)
Exercises	40	(7)
Chemical Formulas and Composition Stoichiometry	47	(37)
Chemical Formulas	48	(4)
Ions and Ionic Compounds	52	(1)
Names and Formulas of Some Ionic Compounds	53	(2)
Atomic Weights	55	(1)
The Mole	55	(5)
Chemistry in Use Avogadro's Number	59	(1)
Formula Weights, Molecular Weights, and Moles	60	(3)
Percent Composition and Formulas of Compounds	63	(3)
Chemistry in Use Names of the Elements	64	(2)
Derivation of Formulas from Elemental Composition	66	(4)
Determination of Molecular Formulas	70	(2)
Some Other Interpretations of Chemical Formulas	72	(4)
Purity of Samples	76	(8)
Key Terms	77	(1)
Exercises	78	(6)
Chemical Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry	84	(32)
Chemical Equations	85	(5)
Calculations Based on Chemical Equations	90	(4)
The Limiting Reactant (Reagent) Concept	94	(3)
Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions	97	(1)
Sequential Reactions	98	(1)
Concentrations of Solutions	99	(5)
Dilution of Solutions	104	(1)
Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions	105	(11)
Key Terms	108	(1)
Exercises	108	(8)
Some Types of Chemical Reactions	116	(50)
The Periodic Table: Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids	117	(6)
Chemistry in Use The Discovery of Phosphorus	122	(1)
Aqueous Solutions: An Introduction	123	(6)
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions	129	(2)
Oxidation Numbers	131	(3)
Naming Some Inorganic Compounds	134	(1)
Naming Binary Compounds	134	(3)
Naming Ternary Acids and Their Salts	137	(2)
Classifying Chemical Reactions	139	(1)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: An Introduction	139	(3)
Combination Reactions	142	(2)
Decomposition Reactions	144	(1)
Displacement Reactions	145	(5)
Chemistry in Use Troublesome Displacement Reactions	147	(3)
Metathesis Reactions	150	(5)
Gas-Formation Reactions	155	(1)
Summary of Reaction Types	156	(10)
Key Terms	158	(1)
Exercises	159	(7)
The Structure of Atoms	166	(52)
Subatomic Particles	167	(1)
Fundamental Particles	167	(1)
The Discovery of Electrons	168	(2)
Canal Rays and Protons	170	(1)
Rutherford and the Nuclear Atom	170	(2)
Atomic Number	172	(1)
Neutrons	173	(1)
Mass Number and Isotopes	173	(2)
Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Abundance	175	(3)
Chemistry in Use Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis	177	(1)
The Atomic Weight Scale and Atomic Weights	178	(2)
The Electronic Structures of Atoms	180	(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation	180	(4)
The Photoelectric Effect	184	(1)
Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom	185	(6)
Enrichment The Bohr Theory and the Balmer-Rydberg Equation	188	(3)
The Wave Nature of the Electron	191	(1)
The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Atom	192	(2)
Enrichment The Schrodinger Equation	193	(1)
Quantum Numbers	194	(1)
Atomic Orbitals	195	(4)
Electron Configurations	199	(6)
Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism	205	(1)
The Periodic Table and Electron Configurations	206	(12)
Key Terms	209	(1)
Exercises	210	(8)
Chemical Periodicity	218	(32)
More About the Periodic Table	219	(3)
Chemistry in Use The Periodic Table	220	(1)
Chemistry in Use Glenn Seaborg: A Human Side to the Modern Periodic Table	221	(1)
Periodic Properties of the Elements	222	(1)
Atomic Radii	222	(3)
Ionization Energy	225	(2)
Electron Affinity	227	(2)
Ionic Radii	229	(2)
Electronegativity	231	(2)
Chemical Reactions and Periodicity	233	(1)
Hydrogen and the Hydrides	233	(3)
Oxygen and the Oxides	236	(14)
Key Terms	244	(1)
Exercises	245	(5)
Chemical Bonding	250	(36)
Lewis Dot Formulas of Atoms	251	(1)
Ionic Bonding	252	(1)
Formation of Ionic Compounds	252	(7)
Enrichment Introduction to Energy Relationships in Ionic Bonding	257	(2)
Covalent Bonding	259	(1)
Formation of Covalent Bonds	259	(1)
Bond Lengths and Bond Energies	260	(1)
Lewis Formulas for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions	261	(1)
Writing Lewis Formulas: The Octet Rule	262	(6)
Formal Charges	268	(2)
Writing Lewis Formulas: Limitations of the Octet Rule	270	(4)
Resonance	274	(2)
Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds	276	(1)
Dipole Moments	277	(1)
The Continuous Range of Bonding Types	278	(8)
Key Terms	279	(1)
Exercises	280	(6)
Molecular Structure and Covalent Bonding Theories	286	(42)
A Preview of the Chapter	287	(2)
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory	289	(2)
Polar Molecules: The Influence of Molecular Geometry	291	(2)
Valence Bond Theory	293	(1)
Molecular Shapes and Bonding	293	(1)
Linear Electronic Geometry: AB2 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	294	(2)
Trigonal Planar Electronic Geometry: AB3 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	296	(2)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB4 Species (No Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	298	(5)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB3U Species (One Lone Pair of Electrons on A)	303	(4)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: AB2U2 Species (Two Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	307	(2)
Tetrahedral Electronic Geometry: ABU3 Species (Three Lone Pairs of Electrons on A)	309	(1)
Trigonal Bipyramidal Electronic Geometry: AB5, AB4U, AB3U2, and AB2U3	309	(4)
Octahedral Electronic Geometry: AB6, AB5U, AB4U2	313	(4)
Compounds Containing Double Bonds	317	(1)
Compounds Containing Triple Bonds	318	(3)
A Summary of Electronic and Molecular Geometries	321	(7)
Key Terms	321	(1)
Exercises	322	(6)
Molecular Orbitals in Chemical Bonding	328	(18)
Molecular Orbitals	329	(3)
Molecular Orbital Energy Level Diagrams	332	(1)
Bond Order and Bond Stability	333	(1)
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules	334	(3)
Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules	337	(3)
Delocalization and the Shapes of Molecular Orbitals	340	(6)
Key Terms	342	(1)
Exercises	342	(4)
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions I: Acids, Bases, and Salts	346	(27)
Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Acids and Bases	348	(1)
The Arrhenius Theory	348	(1)
The Hydronium Ion (Hydrated Hydrogen Ion)	349	(1)
The Bronsted-Lowry Theory	349	(3)
The Autoionization of Water	352	(1)
Amphoterism	353	(1)
Strengths of Acids	354	(3)
Acid-Base Reactions in Aqueous Solutions	357	(3)
Chemistry in Use Everyday Salts of Ternary Acids	359	(1)
Acidic Salts and Basic Salts	360	(2)
The Lewis Theory	362	(2)
The Preparation of Acids	364	(9)
Key Terms	366	(1)
Exercises	367	(6)
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions II: Calculations	373	(25)
Aqueous Acid-Base Reactions	374	(1)
Calculations Involving Molarity	374	(4)
Titrations	378	(2)
Calculations for Acid-Base Titrations	380	(5)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	384	(1)
Balancing Redox Equations	385	(1)
Adding H+, OH-, or H2O to Balance Oxygen or Hydrogen	386	(3)
Calculations for Redox Titrations	389	(9)
Key Terms	391	(1)
Exercises	392	(6)
Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory	398	(48)
Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases	399	(1)
Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases	400	(1)
Pressure	401	(3)
Chemistry in Use The Greenhouse Effect	402	(2)
Boyle's Law: The Volume-Pressure Relationship	404	(3)
Charles's Law: The Volume-Temperature Relationship; The Absolute Temperature Scale	407	(2)
Standard Temperature and Pressure	409	(1)
The Combined Gas Law Equation	409	(2)
Avogadro's Law and the Standard Molar Volume	411	(1)
Summary of Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation	412	(4)
Determination of Molecular Weights and Molecular Formulas of Gaseous Substances	416	(2)
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures	418	(6)
Mass-Volume Relationships in Reactions Involving Gases	424	(2)
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory	426	(5)
Enrichment Kinetic-Molecular Theory, the Ideal Gas Equation, and Molecular Speeds	429	(2)
Diffusion and Effusion of Gases	431	(2)
Deviations from Ideal Gas Behavior	433	(13)
Key Terms	436	(1)
Exercises	437	(9)
Liquids and Solids	446	(54)
Kinetic-Molecular Description of Liquids and Solids	447	(1)
Intermolecular Attractions and Phase Changes	448	(7)
The Liquid State	455	(1)
Viscosity	455	(1)
Surface Tension	456	(1)
Capillary Action	457	(1)
Evaporation	458	(1)
Vapor Pressure	459	(2)
Boiling Points and Distillation	461	(1)
Heat Transfer Involving Liquids	461	(4)
Enrichment The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation	464	(1)
The Solid State	465	(1)
Melting Point	465	(1)
Heat Transfer Involving Solids	466	(2)
Sublimation and the Vapor Pressure of Solids	468	(1)
Phase Diagrams (P versus T)	468	(3)
Amorphous Solids and Crystalline Solids	471	(3)
Enrichment X-Ray Diffraction	472	(2)
Structures of Crystals	474	(3)
Bonding in Solids	477	(8)
Band Theory of Metals	485	(15)
Chemistry in Use Semiconductors	488	(2)
Key Terms	490	(2)
Exercises	492	(8)
Solutions	500	(46)
The Dissolution Process	501	(1)
Spontaneity of the Dissolution Process	501	(2)
Dissolution of Solids in Liquids	503	(3)
Dissolution of Liquids in Liquids (Miscibility)	506	(1)
Dissolution of Gases in Liquids	507	(1)
Rates of Dissolution and Saturation	508	(2)
Effect of Temperature on Solubility	510	(2)
Effect of Pressure on Solubility	512	(1)
Molality and Mole Fraction	512	(2)
Colligative Properties of Solutions	514	(1)
Lowering of Vapor Pressure and Raoult's Law	514	(4)
Fractional Distillation	518	(2)
Boiling Point Elevation	520	(1)
Freezing Point Depression	521	(2)
Determination of Molecular Weight by Freezing Point Depression or Boiling Point Elevation	523	(1)
Colligative Properties and Dissociation of Electrolytes	524	(3)
Osmotic Pressure	527	(6)
Colloids	531	(1)
Chemistry in Use Water Purification and Hemodialysis	532	(1)
The Tyndall Effect	533	(1)
The Adsorption Phenomenon	534	(1)
Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids	535	(11)
Chemistry in Use Why Does Red Wine Go with Red Meat?	538	(1)
Key Terms	538	(2)
Exercises	540	(6)
Chemical Thermodynamics	546	(58)
Heat Changes and Thermochemistry	548	(1)
The First Law of Thermodynamics	548	(2)
Some Thermodynamic Terms	550	(1)
Enthalpy Changes	551	(1)
Calorimetry	551	(2)
Thermochemical Equations	553	(3)
Standard States and Standard Enthalpy Changes	556	(1)
Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation, ΔH0f	557	(2)
Hess's Law	559	(4)
Bond Energies	563	(3)
Changes in Internal Energy, ΔE	566	(6)
Relationship Between ΔH and ΔE	572	(1)
Spontaneity of Physical and Chemical Changes	573	(1)
The Two Aspects of Spontaneity	573	(1)
Dispersal of Energy and Matter	574	(4)
Entropy, S, and Entropy Change, ΔS	578	(6)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics	584	(2)
Free Energy Change, ΔG, and Spontaneity	586	(3)
The Temperature Dependence of Spontaneity	589	(15)
Key Terms	593	(1)
Exercises	594	(10)
Chemical Kinetics	604	(55)
The Rate of a Reaction	606	(6)
Factors That Affect Reaction Rates	611	(1)
Nature of the Reactants	612	(1)
Concentrations of Reactants: The Rate-Law Expression	612	(7)
Concentration Versus Time: The Integrated Rate Equation	619	(11)
Enrichment Calculus Derivation of Integrated Rate Equations	626	(1)
Enrichment Using Integrated Rate Equations to Determine Reaction Order	627	(3)
Collision Theory of Reaction Rates	630	(1)
Transition State Theory	631	(3)
Reaction Mechanisms and the Rate-Law Expression	634	(3)
Temperature: The Arrhenius Equation	637	(4)
Catalysts	641	(18)
Chemistry in Use Ozone	646	(4)
Key Terms	650	(1)
Exercises	651	(8)
Chemical Equilibrium	659	(43)
Basic Concepts	660	(2)
The Equilibrium Constant	662	(4)
Variation of Kc with the Form of the Balanced Equation	666	(1)
The Reaction Quotient	667	(1)
Uses of the Equilibrium Constant, Kc	668	(3)
Disturbing a System at Equilibrium: Predictions	671	(7)
The Haber Process: A Commercial Application of Equilibrium	678	(2)
Disturbing a System at Equilibrium: Calculations	680	(4)
Partial Pressures and the Equilibrium Constant	684	(1)
Relationship Between KP and Kc	684	(3)
Heterogeneous Equilibria	687	(1)
Relationship Between ΔG0rxn and the Equilibrium Constant	688	(3)
Evaluation of Equilibrium Constants at Different Temperatures	691	(11)
Key Terms	693	(1)
Exercises	693	(9)
Ionic Equilibria I: Acids and Bases	702	(39)
A Review of Strong Electrolytes	703	(1)
The Autoionization of Water	704	(2)
The pH and pOH Scales	706	(3)
Ionization Constants for Weak Monoprotic Acids and Bases	709	(13)
Polyprotic Acids	722	(3)
Solvolysis	725	(1)
Salts of Strong Bases and Strong Acids	726	(1)
Salts of Strong Bases and Weak Acids	726	(3)
Salts of Weak Bases and Strong Acids	729	(1)
Salts of Weak Bases and Weak Acids	730	(3)
Chemistry in Use Taming Acids with Harmless Salts	731	(2)
Salts That Contain Small, Highly Charged Cations	733	(8)
Key Terms	735	(1)
Exercises	736	(5)
Ionic Equilibria II: Buffers and Titration Curves	741	(27)
The Common Ion Effect and Buffer Solutions	742	(6)
Buffering Action	748	(3)
Preparation of Buffer Solutions	751	(4)
Chemistry in Use Fun with Carbonates	754	(1)
Acid-Base Indicators	755	(2)
Titration Curves	757	(1)
Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves	757	(3)
Weak Acid/Strong Base Titration Curves	760	(2)
Weak Acid/Weak Base Titration Curves	762	(1)
Summary of Acid-Base Calculations	763	(5)
Key Terms	764	(1)
Exercises	764	(4)
Ionic Equilibria III: The Solubility Product Principle	768	(23)
Solubility Product Constants	769	(2)
Determination of Solubility Product Constants	771	(2)
Uses of Solubility Product Constants	773	(6)
Fractional Precipitation	779	(2)
Simultaneous Equilibria Involving Slightly Soluble Compounds	781	(3)
Dissolving Precipitates	784	(7)
Key Terms	786	(1)
Exercises	787	(4)
Electrochemistry	791	(49)
Electrical Conduction	793	(1)
Electrodes	793	(1)
Electrolytic Cells	793	(1)
The Electrolysis of Molten Sodium Chloride (The Downs Cell)	793	(2)
The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Chloride	795	(1)
The Electrolysis of Aqueous Sodium Sulfate	796	(1)
Counting Electrons: Coulometry and Faraday's Law of Electrolysis	797	(2)
Commercial Applications of Electrolytic Cells	799	(1)
Voltaic or Galvanic Cells	800	(1)
The Construction of Simple Voltaic Cells	800	(1)
The Zinc-Copper Cell	801	(2)
Chemistry in Use A Spectacular View of One Mole of Electrons	802	(1)
The Copper-Silver Cell	803	(2)
Standard Electrode Potentials	805	(1)
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode	805	(1)
The Zinc-SHE Cell	806	(1)
The Copper-SHE Cell	807	(1)
Standard Electrode Potentials	808	(1)
Uses of Standard Electrode Potentials	809	(2)
Standard Electrode Potentials for Other Half-Reactions	811	(3)
Corrosion	814	(1)
Corrosion Protection	815	(1)
Effect of Concentrations (or Partial Pressures) on Electrode Potentials	816	(1)
The Nernst Equation	816	(4)
Using Electrochemical Cells to Determine Concentrations	820	(4)
Enrichment Concentration Cells	823	(1)
The Relationship of Eocell to ΔG0 and K	824	(2)
Primary Voltaic Cells	826	(1)
Dry Cells	826	(2)
Secondary Voltaic Cells	828	(1)
The Lead Storage Battery	828	(1)
The Nickel-Cadmium (Nicad) Cell	829	(1)
The Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell	830	(10)
Key Terms	831	(1)
Exercises	832	(8)
Metals I: Metallurgy	840	(18)
Metals	841	(1)
Occurrence of the Metals	841	(1)
Metallurgy	841	(1)
Pretreatment of Ores	842	(2)
Reduction to the Free Metals	844	(1)
Refining of Metals	845	(2)
Metallurgies of Specific Metals	847	(1)
Magnesium	847	(1)
Aluminum	848	(2)
Iron	850	(2)
Copper	852	(2)
Gold	854	(4)
Key Terms	854	(1)
Exercises	855	(3)
Metals II: Properties and Reactions	858	(20)
The Alkali Metals (Group 1A)	859	(1)
Group 1A Metals: Properties and Occurrence	859	(1)
Reactions of the Group 1A Metals	860	(4)
Chemistry in Use Trace Elements and Life	862	(2)
Uses of Group 1A Metals and Their Compounds	864	(1)
The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2A)	865	(1)
Group 2A Metals: Properties and Occurrence	865	(1)
Reactions of the Group 2A Metals	865	(1)
Uses of Group 2A Metals and Their Compounds	866	(2)
The Post-Transition Metals	868	(1)
Group 3A: Periodic Trends	868	(3)
Chemistry in Use The Most Valuable Metal in the World	870	(1)
The d-Transition Metals	871	(1)
General Properties	871	(1)
Oxidation States	872	(1)
Chromium Oxides, Oxyanions, and Hydroxides	873	(5)
Key Terms	875	(1)
Exercises	875	(3)
Some Nonmetals and Metalloids	878	(28)
The Noble Gases (Group 8A)	879	(1)
Occurrence, Uses, and Properties	879	(1)
Xenon Compounds	880	(1)
The Halogens (Group 7A)	881	(1)
Properties	881	(1)
Occurrence, Production, and Uses	882	(1)
Reactions of the Free Halogens	883	(1)
The Hydrogen Halides and Hydrohalic Acids	884	(2)
The Oxoacids (Ternary Acids) of the Halogens	886	(1)
Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium	887	(1)
Occurrence, Properties, and Uses	887	(2)
Reactions of Group 6A Elements	889	(1)
Hydrides of Group 6A Elements	889	(1)
Group 6A Oxides	889	(2)
Oxoacids of Sulfur	891	(2)
Nitrogen and Phosphorus	892	(1)
Occurrence of Nitrogen	893	(1)
Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen	894	(1)
Nitrogen Oxides	895	(2)
Chemistry in Use Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog	897	(1)
Some Oxoacids of Nitrogen and Their Salts	897	(2)
Phosphorus	899	(1)
Silicon	900	(1)
Silicon and the Silicates	900	(6)
Key Terms	901	(1)
Exercises	902	(4)
Coordination Compounds	906	(27)
Coordination Compounds	907	(3)
Ammine Complexes	910	(1)
Important Terms	911	(2)
Nomenclature	913	(1)
Structures	913	(2)
Isomerism in Coordination Compounds	915	(1)
Structural (Constitutional) Isomers	915	(3)
Stereoisomers	918	(5)
Bonding in Coordination Compounds	923	(1)
Crystal Field Theory	923	(2)
Color and the Spectrochemical Series	925	(8)
Key Terms	928	(1)
Exercises	929	(4)
Nuclear Chemistry	933	(35)
The Nucleus	935	(1)
Neutron-Proton Ratio and Nuclear Stability	935	(1)
Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy	936	(3)
Radioactive Decay	939	(2)
Equations for Nuclear Reactions	941	(1)
Neutron-Rich Nuclei (Above the Band of Stability)	941	(1)
Neutron-Poor Nuclei (Below the Band of Stability)	941	(1)
Nuclei with Atomic Number Greater Than 83	942	(1)
Detection of Radiation	943	(2)
Rates of Decay and Half-Life	945	(2)
Decay Series	947	(1)
Uses of Radionuclides	947	(6)
Artificial Transmutations of Elements	953	(2)
Nuclear Fission	955	(2)
Nuclear Fission Reactors	957	(4)
Chemistry in Use Managing Nuclear Wastes	960	(1)
Nuclear Fusion	961	(7)
Key Terms	963	(1)
Exercises	964	(4)
Organic Chemistry I: Formulas, Names, and Properties	968	(65)
Saturated Hydrocarbons	971	(1)
Alkanes and Cycloalkanes	971	(5)
Naming Saturated Hydrocarbons	976	(4)
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons	980	(1)
Alkenes	980	(5)
Chemistry in Use Petroleum	981	(4)
Alkynes	985	(2)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	987	(1)
Benzene	987	(2)
Chemistry in Use Nanotechnology	988	(1)
Other Aromatic Hydrocarbons	989	(2)
Hydrocarbons: A Summary	991	(1)
Functional Groups	991	(1)
Organic Halides	992	(2)
Alcohols and Phenols	994	(3)
Ethers	997	(1)
Aldehydes and Ketones	998	(2)
Amines	1000	(2)
Carboxylic Acids	1002	(4)
Chemistry in Use The Chemistry of Artists' Pigments	1004	(2)
Some Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids	1006	(5)
Chemistry in Use Butter, Margarine, and trans Fats	1010	(1)
Summary of Functional Groups	1011	(1)
Fundamental Classes of Organic Reactions	1012	(1)
Substitution Reactions	1012	(3)
Addition Reactions	1015	(2)
Elimination Reactions	1017	(1)
Polymerization Reactions	1018	(15)
Key Terms	1023	(1)
Exercises	1024	(9)
Organic Chemistry II: Shapes, Selected Reactions, and Biopolymers	1033
Shapes of Organic Molecules	1034	(1)
Constitutional Isomers	1034	(1)
Stereoisomers	1035	(4)
Chemistry in Use Developing More Environmentally Friendly Solvents	1038	(1)
Conformations	1039	(2)
Selected Reactions	1041	(1)
Reactions of Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases	1041	(2)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	1043	(5)
Chemistry in Use Chemical Communication	1044	(4)
Formation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives	1048	(1)
Hydrolysis of Esters	1049	(2)
Blopolymers	1050	(1)
Carbohydrates	1051	(4)
Polypeptides and Proteins	1055	(5)
Chemistry in Use The Cells' Drinking Straws	1059	(1)
Nucleic Acids	1060
Key Terms	1062	(1)
Exercises	1063
Appendix A Some Mathematical Operations	1	(4)
Appendix B Electronic Configurations of the Atoms of the Elements	5	(3)
Appendix C Common Units, Equivalences, and Conversion Factors	8	(3)
Appendix D Physical Constants	11	(1)
Appendix E Some Physical Constants for a Few Common Substances	12	(2)
Appendix F Ionization Constants for Weak Acids at 25°C	14	(1)
Appendix G Ionization Constants for Weak Bases at 25°C	15	(1)
Appendix H Solubility Product Constants for Some Inorganic Compounds at 25°C	16	(2)
Appendix I Dissociation Constants for Some Complex Ions	18	(1)
Appendix J Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C	19	(3)
Appendix K Selected Thermodynamic Values at 298.15 K	22	(2)
Appendix L Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Numerical Exercises	24
Index of Equations	1	(1)
Glossary/Index	1