Chemistry For Changing Times

by Hill, John W.; Kolb, Doris K.; McCreary, Terry W.

• ISBN13: 9780132280846
• ISBN10: 0132280841
• Edition: 11th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This popular book is a useful and interesting read for the layperson, as it is colorful, conversational in tone, and easily understandable. Knowledge of chemistry leads to better understanding about the hazards and benefits of this world, enabling better personal decision-making. Explores the concept of green chemistry throughout. Extensively revises key subject areas such as Energy, Fitness and Health, and Drugs. Features new color photographs and diagrams throughout to help readers visualize chemical phenomena. Personalizes chemistry for today's reader, encouraging a focus on evaluating information about real-life issues rather than memorizing rigorous theory and mathematics. For anyone interested in learning about chemistry and its effect upon our everyday lives.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xvi
To the Student	p. xxiv
Highlights of the Eleventh Edition	p. xxvi
Student Media Resources	p. xxx
Instructor Media Resources	p. xxxi
Chemistry: A Science for All Seasons	p. 1
Science and Technology: The Roots of Knowledge	p. 2
The Baconian Dream and the Carsonian Nightmare	p. 3
Science: Testable, Reproducible, Explanatory, Predictive, and Tentative	p. 3
The Limitations of Science	p. 5
Science and Technology: Risks and Benefits	p. 6
Chemistry: Its Central Role	p. 8
Solving Society's Problems: Scientific Research	p. 9
Chemistry: A Study of Matter and Its Changes	p. 11
Classification of Matter	p. 14
The Measurement of Matter	p. 16
Density	p. 21
Energy: Heat and Temperature	p. 24
Critical Thinking	p. 26
Summary	p. 29
Review Questions	p. 30
Problems	p. 30
Additional Problems	p. 32
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 33
References and Readings	p. 33
Green Chemistry	p. 34
Atoms: Are They for Real?	p. 36
Atoms: The Greek Idea	p. 37
Lavoisier: The Law of Conservation of Mass	p. 38
Proust: The Law of Definite Proportions	p. 39
John Dalton and the Atomic Theory of Matter	p. 41
Out of Chaos: The Periodic Table	p. 44
Atoms: Real and Relevant	p. 46
Leucippus Revisited: Molecules	p. 46
Summary	p. 48
Review Questions	p. 48
Problems	p. 49
Additional Problems	p. 51
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 52
References and Readings	p. 53
Green Chemistry	p. 54
Atomic Structure: Images of the Invisible	p. 56
Electricity and the Atom	p. 57
Serendipity in Science: X-Rays and Radioactivity	p. 60
Three Types of Radioactivity	p. 61
Rutherford's Experiment: The Nuclear Model of the Atom	p. 62
The Atomic Nucleus	p. 63
Electron Arrangement: The Bohr Model	p. 66
Electron Arrangement: The Quantum Model	p. 70
Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table	p. 73
Which Model to Choose?	p. 75
Summary	p. 76
Review Questions	p. 77
Problems	p. 78
Additional Problems	p. 79
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 80
References and Readings	p. 80
Green Chemistry	p. 81
Nuclear Chemistry: The Heart of Matter	p. 84
Natural Radioactivity	p. 86
Nuclear Equations	p. 87
Half-Life	p. 92
Radioisotopic Dating	p. 93
Artificial Transmutation	p. 95
Uses of Radioisotopes	p. 96
Nuclear Medicine	p. 97
Penetrating Power of Radiation	p. 100
Energy from the Nucleus	p. 101
The Building of the Bomb	p. 103
Radioactive Fallout	p. 106
Nuclear Power Plants	p. 107
Thermonuclear Reactions	p. 107
The Nuclear Age	p. 108
Summary	p. 110
Review Questions	p. 111
Problems	p. 112
Additional Problems	p. 113
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 114
References and Readings	p. 115
Chemical Bonds: The Ties That Bind	p. 116
The Art of Deduction: Stable Electron Configurations	p. 118
Lewis (Electron-Dot) Symbols	p. 119
Sodium Reacts with Chlorine: Facts	p. 119
Sodium Reacts with Chlorine: The Theory	p. 120
Using Lewis Symbols: More Ionic Compounds	p. 121
Formulas and Names of Binary Ionic Compounds	p. 124
Covalent Bonds: Shared Electron Pairs	p. 126
Unequal Sharing: Polar Covalent Bonds	p. 127
Polyatomic Molecules: Water, Ammonia, and Methane	p. 130
Polyatomic Ions	p. 131
Rules for Writing Lewis Formulas	p. 132
Odd-Electron Molecules: Free Radicals	p. 135
Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Theory	p. 136
Shapes and Properties: Polar and Nonpolar Molecules	p. 139
Intermolecular Forces and the States of Matter	p. 140
A Chemical Vocabulary	p. 144
Summary	p. 145
Review Questions	p. 147
Problems	p. 147
Additional Problems	p. 150
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 151
References and Readings	p. 151
Green Chemistry	p. 152
Chemical Accounting: Mass and Volume Relationships	p. 154
Chemical Sentences: Equations	p. 155
Volume Relationships in Chemical Equations	p. 158
Avogadro's Number: 6.02 x 10[superscript 23]	p. 160
The Mole: "A Dozen Eggs and a Mole of Sugar, Please"	p. 160
Mole and Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations	p. 165
The Gas Laws	p. 169
Solutions	p. 175
Summary	p. 180
Review Questions	p. 181
Problems	p. 182
Additional Problems	p. 185
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 187
References and Readings	p. 187
Green Chemistry	p. 188
Acids and Bases: Please Pass the Protons	p. 190
Acids and Bases: Experimental Definitions	p. 191
Acids, Bases, and Salts	p. 193
Acidic and Basic Anhydrides	p. 196
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases	p. 197
Neutralization	p. 198
The pH Scale	p. 199
Acid Rain	p. 202
Antacids: A Basic Remedy	p. 202
Acids and Bases in Industry and in Us	p. 203
Summary	p. 204
Review Questions	p. 206
Problems	p. 206
Additional Problems	p. 208
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 209
References and Readings	p. 209
Green Chemistry	p. 210
Oxidation and Reduction: Burn and Unburn	p. 212
Oxidation and Reduction: Three Views	p. 214
Oxidizing and Reducing Agents	p. 217
Electrochemistry: Cells and Batteries	p. 218
Corrosion	p. 222
Explosive Reactions	p. 223
Oxygen: An Abundant and Essential Oxidizing Agent	p. 223
Other Common Oxidizing Agents	p. 225
Some Reducing Agents of Interest	p. 226
A Closer Look at Hydrogen	p. 228
Oxidation, Reduction, and Living Things	p. 230
Summary	p. 231
Review Questions	p. 232
Problems	p. 233
Additional Problems	p. 234
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 235
References and Readings	p. 235
Green Chemistry	p. 236
Organic Chemistry: The Infinite Variety of Carbon Compounds	p. 238
The Unique Carbon Atom	p. 239
Alkanes	p. 240
Cyclic Hydrocarbons: Rings and Things	p. 244
Unsaturated and Hydrocarbons: Alkenes and Alkynes	p. 245
Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Benzene and Relatives	p. 247
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: Many Uses, Some Hazards	p. 248
The Functional Group	p. 249
The Alcohol Family	p. 251
Phenols	p. 254
Ethers	p. 254
Aldehydes and Ketones	p. 256
Carboxylic Acids	p. 258
Esters: The Sweet Smell of RCOOR'	p. 259
Amines and Amides	p. 261
Heterocyclic Compounds: Alkaloids and Others	p. 263
Summary	p. 264
Review Questions	p. 266
Problems	p. 266
Additional Problems	p. 268
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 269
References and Readings	p. 269
Green Chemistry	p. 270
Polymers: Giants Among Molecules	p. 272
Polymerization: Making Big Ones Out of Little Ones	p. 273
Natural Polymers	p. 273
Celluloid: Billiard Balls and Collars	p. 274
Polyethylene: From the Battle of Britain to Bread Bags	p. 274
Addition Polymerization: One + One + One + ... Gives ONE!	p. 277
Rubber and Other Elastomers	p. 281
Condensation Polymers: Splitting Out Water	p. 283
Properties of Polymers	p. 288
Disposal of Plastics	p. 289
Plastics and Fire Hazards	p. 290
Plasticizers and Pollution	p. 290
Plastics and the Future	p. 291
Summary	p. 293
Review Questions	p. 294
Problems	p. 294
Additional Problems	p. 295
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 296
References and Readings	p. 297
Green Chemistry	p. 298
Chemistry of Earth: Metals and Minerals	p. 300
Spaceship Earth: The Materials Manifest	p. 301
The Lithosphere: Organic and Inorganic	p. 302
Meeting Our Needs: From Sticks to Bricks	p. 303
Silicates and the Shapes of Things	p. 304
Modified Silicates: Ceramics, Glass, and Cement	p. 306
Metals and Ores	p. 308
Running Out of Everything: Earth's Dwindling Resources	p. 311
Land Pollution: Solid Wastes	p. 312
The Three R's of Garbage: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle	p. 313
How Crowded Is Our Spaceship?	p. 315
Summary	p. 316
Review Questions	p. 316
Problems	p. 317
Additional Problems	p. 318
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 319
References and Readings	p. 319
Green Chemistry	p. 320
Air: The Breath of Life	p. 322
Earth's Atmosphere: Divisions and Composition	p. 323
Chemistry of the Atmosphere	p. 324
Temperature Inversion	p. 326
Natural Pollution	p. 326
The Air Our Ancestors Breathed	p. 327
Pollution Goes Global	p. 327
Coal + Fire to Industrial Smog	p. 328
Automobile Emissions	p. 331
Photochemical Smog: Making Haze While the Sun Shines	p. 333
Acid Rain: Air Pollution to Water Pollution	p. 335
The Inside Story: Indoor Air Pollution	p. 336
Ozone: The Double-Edged Sword	p. 338
Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect	p. 342
The Ultimate Pollutant: Heat	p. 345
Who Pollutes? How Much?	p. 345
Paying the Price	p. 347
Summary	p. 348
Review Questions	p. 349
Problems	p. 349
Additional Problems	p. 350
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 351
References and Readings	p. 351
Green Chemistry	p. 352
Water: Rivers of Life; Seas of Sorrows	p. 354
Water: Some Unique Properties	p. 355
Water, Water, Everywhere	p. 358
The Water Cycle and Natural Contaminants	p. 358
Chemical and Biological Contamination	p. 360
An Example of Industrial Pollution: Building a Car	p. 362
Groundwater Contamination to Tainted Tap Water	p. 364
Making Water Fit to Drink	p. 365
Water Treatment Plants	p. 368
From Wastewater to Drinking Water	p. 370
The Newest Soft Drink: Bottled Water	p. 371
Alternative Sewage Treatment Systems	p. 372
We're the Solution to Water Pollution	p. 372
Summary	p. 373
Review Questions	p. 374
Problems	p. 374
Additional Problems	p. 375
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 376
References and Readings	p. 377
Green Chemistry	p. 378
Energy: A Fuels Paradise	p. 380
Heavenly Sunlight Flooding Earth with Energy	p. 381
Energy and Chemical Reactions	p. 384
Energy and the First Law: Energy Is Conserved	p. 387
Energy and the Second Law: Things Are Going to Get Worse	p. 387
People Power: Early Uses of Energy	p. 389
Reserves and Consumption Rates of Fossil Fuels	p. 390
Coal: The Carbon Rock of Ages	p. 391
Natural Gas: Mostly Methane	p. 394
Petroleum: Liquid Hydrocarbons	p. 394
Convenient Energy: Electricity	p. 399
Nuclear Fission	p. 401
Nuclear Fusion: The Sun in a Magnetic Bottle	p. 405
Harnessing the Sun: Solar Energy	p. 406
Biomass: Photosynthesis for Fuel	p. 408
Hydrogen: Light and Powerful	p. 409
Other Renewable Energy Sources	p. 411
Energy: How Much Is Too Much?	p. 413
Summary	p. 414
Review Questions	p. 415
Problems	p. 416
Additional Problems	p. 418
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 419
References and Readings	p. 419
Green Chemistry	p. 420
Biochemistry: A Molecular View of Life	p. 422
The Cell	p. 423
Energy in Biological Systems	p. 424
Carbohydrates: A Storehouse of Energy	p. 425
Fats and Other Lipids	p. 428
Proteins: Polymers of Amino Acids	p. 431
The Peptide Bond: Peptides and Proteins	p. 432
Structure of Proteins	p. 434
Enzymes: Exquisite Precision Machines	p. 438
Nucleic Acids: Parts and Structure	p. 440
DNA: Self-Replication	p. 444
RNA: Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code	p. 445
The Human Genome	p. 447
Summary	p. 450
Review Questions	p. 451
Problems	p. 452
Additional Problems	p. 454
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 455
References and Readings	p. 455
Green Chemistry	p. 456
Food: Molecular Gastronomy	p. 458
Carbohydrates in the Diet	p. 460
Fats and Cholesterol	p. 461
Proteins: Muscle and Much More	p. 466
Minerals: Important Inorganic Chemicals and Life	p. 468
The Vitamins: Vital, But Not All Are Amines	p. 469
Other Essentials: Fiber and Water	p. 471
Starvation and Fasting	p. 472
Additives to Enhance Our Food	p. 473
Poisons in Our Food	p. 481
A World Without Food Additives	p. 483
Green Plants: Sun-Powered Food-Making Machines	p. 483
Farming with Chemicals: Fertilizers	p. 485
The War Against Pests	p. 490
Biological Insect Controls	p. 494
Herbicides and Defoliants	p. 497
Sustainable Agriculture	p. 498
Some Malthusian Mathematics	p. 500
Can We Feed a Hungry World?	p. 502
Summary	p. 503
Review Questions	p. 504
Problems	p. 505
Additional Problems	p. 507
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 508
References and Readings	p. 508
Green Chemistry	p. 510
Household Chemicals: Helps and Hazards	p. 512
A History of Cleaning	p. 513
Fat + Lye to Soap	p. 514
Synthetic Detergents	p. 518
Laundry Detergent Formulations	p. 519
Dishwashing Detergents	p. 523
Fabric Softeners: Quaternary Ammonium Salts	p. 524
Laundry Bleaches: Whiter Whites	p. 524
All-Purpose Cleaning Products	p. 525
Special-Purpose Cleaners	p. 525
Organic Solvents in the Home	p. 526
Paints	p. 527
Waxes	p. 528
Cosmetics: Personal Care Chemicals	p. 528
Toothpaste: Soap with Grit and Flavor	p. 532
Perfumes, Colognes, and Aftershaves	p. 533
Some Hairy Chemistry	p. 535
The Well-Informed Consumer	p. 539
Summary	p. 540
Review Questions	p. 541
Problems	p. 542
Additional Problems	p. 543
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 544
References and Readings	p. 545
Green Chemistry	p. 546
Fitness and Health: Some Chemical Connections	p. 548
Calories: Quantity and Quality	p. 549
Vitamins and Minerals	p. 551
Body Fluids and Electrolytes	p. 554
Weight-Loss Diets	p. 555
Exercise for Weight Loss	p. 557
Measuring Fitness	p. 559
Some Chemistry of Muscles	p. 561
Drugs and the Athlete	p. 564
Exercise and the Brain	p. 565
No Smoking	p. 566
Summary	p. 569
Review Questions	p. 570
Problems	p. 570
Additional Problems	p. 571
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 572
References and Readings	p. 573
Green Chemistry	p. 574
Drugs: Chemical Cures, Comforts, and Cautions	p. 576
Scientific Drug Design	p. 578
Pain Relievers: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)	p. 578
Chemistry, Allergies, and the Common Cold	p. 581
Antibacterial Drugs	p. 583
Viruses and Antiviral Drugs	p. 587
Chemicals Against Cancer	p. 589
Hormones: The Regulators	p. 592
Chemistry and Social Revolution: The Pill	p. 596
Drugs for the Heart	p. 599
Drugs and the Mind	p. 601
Some Chemistry of the Nervous System	p. 601
Brain Amines: Depression and Mania	p. 602
Anesthetics	p. 605
Depressant Drugs	p. 608
Narcotics	p. 610
Antianxiety Agents	p. 613
Stimulant Drugs	p. 616
Psychedelic Drugs	p. 618
Drug Problems	p. 620
The Placebo Effect	p. 621
New Uses for Old Drugs	p. 621
Summary	p. 622
Review Questions	p. 623
Problems	p. 624
Additional Problems	p. 625
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 625
References and Readings	p. 627
Green Chemistry	p. 628
Poisons: Chemical Toxicology	p. 630
Natural Poisons	p. 631
Corrosive Poisons: A Closer Look	p. 633
Poisons Affecting Oxygen Transport and Oxidative Processes	p. 634
Make Your Own Poison: Fluoroacetic Acid	p. 635
Heavy Metal Poisons	p. 635
More Chemistry of the Nervous System	p. 638
The Lethal Dose	p. 640
The Liver as a Detox Facility	p. 642
Chemical Carcinogens: Slow Poisons	p. 643
Three Ways to Test for Carcinogens	p. 645
Birth Defects: Teratogens	p. 646
Hazardous Wastes	p. 647
What Price Poisons?	p. 649
Summary	p. 650
Review Questions	p. 651
Problems	p. 651
Additional Problems	p. 652
Collaborative Group Projects	p. 653
References and Readings	p. 653
Green Chemistry	p. 654
Review of Measurement and Mathematics	p. A-1
Glossary	p. A-16
Answers	p. A-25
Photo Credits	PC-1
Index	p. I-1
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