Chemistry in Context : Applying Chemistry to Society

by Eubanks, Lucy Pryde

• ISBN13: 9780073101590
• ISBN10: 0073101591
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-02-08
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math

Summary

Following in the tradition of the first four editions, the goal of this market leading textbook, Chemistry in Context, fifth edition, is to establish chemical principles on a need-to-know basis within a contextual framework of significant social, political, economic and ethical issues. The non traditional approach of Chemistry in Context reflect today's technological issues and the chemistry principles imbedded within them. Global warming, alternate fuels, nutrition, and genetic engineering are examples of issues that are covered in CIC.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Why the Spiderweb?	2	(6)
The Air We Breathe	8	(52)
Everyday Breathing	10	(2)
What's in a Breath? The Composition of Air	12	(3)
What Else Is in a Breath?	15	(3)
Taking and Assessing Risks	18	(4)
The Atmosphere: Our Blanket of Air	22	(3)
Classifying Matter: Mixtures. Elements, and Compounds	25	(3)
Atoms and Molecules	28	(3)
Formulas and Names: The Vocabulary of Chemistry	31	(2)
Chemical Change: Oxygen's Role in Burning	33	(3)
Fire and Fuel: Air Quality and Burning Hydrocarbons	36	(2)
Air Pollutants: Direct Sources	38	(5)
Ozone: A Secondary Pollutant	43	(3)
The Inside Story of Air Quality	46	(4)
Back to the Breath---at the Molecular Level	50	(10)
Conclusion	53	(1)
Chapter Summary	54	(1)
Questions	54	(6)
Protecting the Ozone Layer	60	(54)
Ozone: What and Where Is It?	62	(2)
Atomic Structure and Periodicity	64	(4)
Molecules and Models	68	(5)
Waves of Light	73	(4)
Radiation and Matter	77	(2)
The Oxygen/Ozone Screen	79	(3)
Biological Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation	82	(6)
Stratospheric Ozone Destruction---A Global Phenomenon	88	(4)
Chlorofluorocarbons: Properties, Uses, and Interactions with Ozone	92	(4)
The Antarctic Ozone Hole: A Closer Look	96	(3)
Responses to a Global Concern	99	(4)
Looking to the Future	103	(11)
Conclusion	108	(1)
Chapter Summary	109	(1)
Questions	109	(5)
The Chemistry of Global Warming	114	(56)
In the Greenhouse: Earth's Energy Balance	116	(3)
Gathering Evidence: The Testimony of Time	119	(5)
Molecules: How They Shape Up	124	(6)
Vibrating Molecules and the Greenhouse Effect	130	(3)
The Carbon Cycle: Contributions from Nature and Humans	133	(5)
Quantitative Concepts: Mass	138	(2)
Quantitative Concepts: Molecules and Moles	140	(4)
Methane and Other Greenhouse Gases	144	(2)
Gathering Evidence: Projecting into the Future	146	(8)
Responding to Science with Policy Changes	154	(3)
The Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change	157	(4)
Global Warming and Ozone Depletion	161	(9)
Conclusion	162	(1)
Chapter Summary	163	(1)
Questions	164	(6)
Energy, Chemistry, and Society	170	(48)
Energy, Work, and Heat	172	(2)
Energy Transformation	174	(4)
From Fuel Sources to Chemical Bonds	178	(3)
Energy Changes at the Molecular Level	181	(4)
Energy as a Barrier to Reaction	185	(2)
Energy Consumption	187	(3)
Coal	190	(2)
Petroleum	192	(5)
Manipulating Molecules to Make Gasoline	197	(2)
Newer Fuels and Other Sources	199	(7)
The Case for Conservation	206	(12)
Conclusion	213	(1)
Chapter Summary	213	(1)
Questions	213	(5)
The Water We Drink	218	(48)
Water from the Tap or Bottle	220	(2)
Where Does Drinking Water Come From?	222	(2)
Water as a Solvent	224	(2)
Solute Concentration in Aqueous Solutions	226	(2)
Water's Molecular Structure and Physical Properties	228	(2)
The Role of Hydrogen Bonding	230	(3)
Water as a Solvent: A Closer Look	233	(5)
Water Solutions of Ionic Compounds	238	(3)
Covalent Compounds and Their Solutions	241	(2)
Protecting Our Drinking Water: Federal Legislation	243	(2)
Treatment of Municipal Drinking Water	245	(2)
Effects of Dissolved Materials on Water Quality	247	(9)
How Hard Is Your Water?	247	(3)
Is There Lead in Your Drinking Water?	250	(4)
Are There Trihalomethanes in Your Drinking Water?	254	(2)
Consumer Choices: Tap Water, Bottled Water, and Filtered Water	256	(2)
International Needs for Safe Drinking Water	258	(8)
Conclusion	261	(1)
Chapter Summary	261	(1)
Questions	262	(4)
Neutralizing the Threat of Acid Rain	266	(42)
What Is a Acid?	268	(2)
What Is a Base?	270	(1)
Neutralization: Bases Are Antacids	271	(2)
Introducing pH	273	(2)
Measuring the pH of Rain	275	(2)
In Search of the Extra Acidity	277	(2)
Sulfur Dioxide and the Combustion of Coal	279	(1)
Nitrogen Oxides and the Acidification of Los Angeles	280	(2)
SO2 and NOx---How Do They Stack Up?	282	(3)
Acid Deposition and Its Effects on Materials	285	(4)
Acid Deposition, Haze, and Human Health	289	(3)
NOx---The Double Whammy	292	(3)
Damage to Lakes and Streams	295	(2)
Control Strategies	297	(3)
The Politics of Acid Rain	300	(8)
Conclusion	303	(1)
Chapter Summary	303	(1)
Questions	304	(4)
The Fires of Nuclear Fission	308	(48)
A Comeback for Nuclear Energy?	310	(2)
How Does Fission Produce Energy?	312	(5)
How Does a Nuclear Reactor Produce Electricity?	317	(3)
Could There Be Another Chernobyl? Safeguards Against a Meltdown	320	(4)
Can a Nuclear Power Plant Undergo a Nuclear Explosion?	324	(2)
Could Nuclear Fuel Be Diverted to Make Weapons?	326	(1)
What Is Radioactivity?	327	(3)
What Hazards Are Associated with Radioactivity?	330	(5)
How Long Will Nuclear Waste Products Remain Radioactive?	335	(3)
How Will We Dispose of Waste from Nuclear Plants?	338	(6)
What Is Low-Level Radioactive Waste?	344	(1)
Nuclear Power Worldwide	345	(2)
Living with Nuclear Power: What Are the Risks and Benefits?	347	(2)
What Is the Future for Nuclear Power?	349	(7)
Conclusion	351	(1)
Chapter Summary	351	(1)
Questions	351	(5)
Energy from Electron Transfer	356	(40)
Electrons, Cells, and Batteries: The Basics	357	(3)
Some Common Batteries	360	(3)
Lead-Acid (Storage) Batteries	363	(1)
Fuel Cells: The Basics	364	(4)
Fuel Cells: Large and Small	368	(1)
Alternative Energy Sources for Transportation	369	(5)
Hybrid Vehicles	374	(2)
Splitting Water: Fact or Fantasy?	376	(3)
The Hydrogen Economy	379	(2)
Photovoltaics: Plugging in the Sun	381	(15)
Conclusion	390	(1)
Chapter Summary	390	(1)
Questions	391	(5)
The World of Plastics and Polymers	396	(34)
Polymers: The Long, Long Chain	398	(2)
The ``Big Six'': Theme and Variations	400	(4)
Addition Polymerization: Adding Up the Monomers	404	(3)
Polyethylene: A Closer Look at the Most Common Plastic	407	(4)
Condensation Polymers: Bonding by Elimination	411	(2)
Polyamides: Natural and Nylon	413	(2)
Plastics: Where From and Where To?	415	(4)
Recycling of Plastics	419	(11)
Conclusion	424	(1)
Chapter Summary	424	(1)
Questions	425	(5)
Manipulating Molecules and Designing Drugs	430	(54)
A Classic Wonder Drug	432	(2)
The Study of Carbon--Containing Molecules	434	(4)
Functional Groups	438	(4)
How Aspirin Works: Relating Molecular Structure to Activity	442	(3)
Modern Drug Design	445	(4)
Left- and Right-Handed Molecules	449	(3)
Steroids: Cholesterol, Sex Hormones, and More	452	(2)
``The Pill''	454	(3)
Emergency Contraception and the ``Abortion Pill''	457	(2)
Anabolic Steroids and Designer Steroids	459	(1)
Drug Testing and Approval	460	(5)
Brand Name or Generic Prescriptions	465	(1)
Over-the-Counter Drugs	466	(2)
Herbal Medicine	468	(4)
Drugs of Abuse	472	(12)
Drug Schedules	473	(1)
Marijuana	473	(2)
MDMA (Ecstasy)	475	(1)
OxyContin---Hillbilly Heroin?	476	(1)
Conclusion	477	(1)
Chapter Summary	478	(1)
Questions	479	(5)
Nutrition: Food for Thought	484	(44)
You Are What You Eat	485	(6)
Carbohydrates---Sweet and Starchy	491	(3)
Fats and Oils: Part of the Lipid Family	494	(2)
Saturated and Unsaturated Fats and Oils	496	(3)
Controversial Cholesterol	499	(4)
Proteins: First Among Equals	503	(2)
Good Nutrition and Alternative Diets: Getting Enough Protein	505	(3)
Vitamins: The Other Essentials	508	(1)
Minerals: Macro and Micro	509	(2)
Energy from the Metabolism of Food	511	(4)
Quality versus Quantity: Diet Fads	515	(3)
Feeding a Hungry World	518	(2)
Food Preservation	520	(8)
Conclusion	522	(1)
Chapter Summary	523	(1)
Questions	523	(5)
Genetic Engineering and the Chemistry of Heredity	528	(41)
The Chemistry of Heredity	529	(5)
The Double Helix of DNA	534	(3)
Cracking the Chemical Code	537	(4)
Protein Structure and Synthesis	541	(2)
The Human Genome Project	543	(2)
Recombinant DNA	545	(2)
Engineering New Drugs and Vaccines	547	(1)
Diagnosis Through DNA	548	(3)
Genetic Fingerprinting	551	(3)
Mixing Genes from Several Species: Improving on Nature?	554	(5)
Cloning Mammals and Humans	559	(2)
The New Prometheus(?)	561	(8)
Conclusion	563	(1)
Chapter Summary	563	(1)
Questions	564	(5)
Appendix 1 Measure for Measure: Conversion Factors and Constants	569	(1)
Appendix 2 The Power of Exponents	570	(1)
Appendix 3 Clearing the Logjam	571	(2)
Appendix 4 Answers to Your Turn Questions Not Answered in Text	573	(9)
Appendix 5 Answers to Selected End-of-Chapter Questions Indicated in Color in the Text	582	(13)
Glossary	595	(8)
Credits	603	(2)
Index	605