Chemistry: The Study of Matter and Its Changes, 5th Edition

by James E. Brady (St. John's University ); Fred Senese (Frostburg State University )

• ISBN13: 9780470576427
• ISBN10: 0470576421
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2009-12-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

The image on the front cover depicts a carbon nanotube emerging from a glowing plasma of hydrogen and carbon, as it forms around particles of a metal catalyst. Carbon nanotubes are a recently discovered allotrope of carbon. Three other allotropes of carbon-buckyballs, graphite, and diamond-are illustrated at the left, as is the molecule methane, CH4, from which nanotubes and buckyballs can be made. The element carbon forms an amazing number of compounds with structures that follow from simple methane, found in natural gas, to the complex macromolecules that serve as the basis of life on our planet. The study of chemistry also follows from the simple to the more complex, and the strength of this text is that it enables students with varied backgrounds to proceed together to significant levels of achievement.

Table of Contents

Fundamental Concepts And Units Of Measurement

Chemistry Is Important For Anyone Studying The Sciences

The Scientific Method Helps Us Build Models Of Nature

Matter Is Composed Of Elements, Compounds, And Mixtures

Properties Of Matter Can Be Classified In Different Ways

Measurements Are Essential To Describe Properties

Measurements Always Contain Some Uncertainty

Units Can Be Converted Using The Factor-Label Method

Density Is A Useful Intensive Property

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Elements, Compounds, And Chemical Reactions

Elements And Atoms Are Described By Dalton's Atomic Theory

Atoms Are Composed Of Subatomic Particles

The Periodic Table Is Used To Organize And Correlate Facts

Elements Can Be Metals, Nonmetals, Or Mettaloids

Formulas And Equations Describe Substances And Their Reactions

Molecular Compounds Contain Neutral Particles Called Molecules

Ionic Compounds Are Composed Of Charged Particles Called Ions

The Formulas Of Many Ionic Compounds Can Be Predicted

Molecular And Ionic Compounds Are Named Following A System

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

The Mole: Relating The Microscopic World Of Atoms To Laboratory Measurements

The Mole Conveniently Links Mass To Number Of Atoms Of Molecules

Chemical Formulas Relate Amounts Of Substances In A Compound

Chemical Formulas Can Be Determined From Experimental Mass Measurements

Chemical Equations Link Amounds Of Substances In A Reaction

The Reactant In Shortest Supply Limits The Amount Of Product That Can Form

The Prdicted Amount Of Product Is Not Always Obtained Experimentally

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Bringing It Together Chapters 1-3

Reactions Of Ions And Molecules In Aqueous Solutions

Special Terminology Applies To Solutions

Ionic Compounds Conduct Electricity When Dissolved In Water

Acids And Bases Are Classes Of Compounds With Special Properties

Naming Acids And Bases Follows A System

Ionic Reactions Can Often Be Predicted

The Composition Of A Solution Is Described By Its Concentration

Molarity Is Used For Problems In Solution Stoichiometry

Chemical Alaysis And Titration Are Applications Of Solution Stoichiometry

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Involve Electron Transfer

The Ion-Electron Method Creates Balanced Net Ionic Equations For Redox Reactions

Metals Are Oxidized When They React With Acids

A More Active Metal Will Displace A Less Active One From Its Compounds

Molecular Oxygen Is A Powerful Oxidizing Agent

Redox Reactions Follow The Same Stoichiometric Principles As Other Reactions

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Energy And Chemical Change

An Object Has Energy If It Is Capable Of Doing Work

Internal Energy Is The Total Energy Of An Object's Molecules

Heat Can Be Determined By Measuring Temperature Changes

Energy Is Absorbed Or Released During Most Chemical Reactions

Heats Of Reaction Are Measured At Constant Volume Or Constant Pressure

Thermochemical Equations Are Chemical Equations That Quantitatively Include Heat

Thermochemical Equations Can Be Combined Because Enthalpy Is A State Function

Tabulated Standard Heats Of Reaction Can Be Used To Predict Any Heat Of Reaction Using Hess's Law

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Bringing It Together Chapters 4-6

The Quantum Mechanical Atom

Electromagnetic Radiation Provides The Clue To The Electronic Structures Of Atoms

Atomic Line Spectra Are Evidence That Electrons In Atoms Have Quantized Energies

Electrons Have Properties Of Both Particles And Waves

Electron Spin Affects The Distribution Of Electrons Among Orbitals In Atoms

The Ground State Electron Configuration Is The Lowest Energy Distribution Of Electrons Among Orbitals

Electron Configurations Explain The Structure Of The Periodic Table

Quantum Theory Predicts The Shapes Of Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Properties Correlate With An Atom's Electron Configuration

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Chemical Bonding: General Concepts

Electron Transfer Leads To The Formation Of Ionic Compounds

Lewis Symbols Help Keep Track Of Valence Electrons

Covalent Bonds Are Formed By Electron Sharing

Covalent Bonds Can Have Partial Charges At Opposite Ends

The Reactivities Of Metals And Nonmetals Can Be Related To Their Electronegativities

Drawing Lewis Structures Is A Necessary Skill

Resonance Applies When A Single Lewis Structure Fails

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure

Molecules Are Three-Dimensional With Shapes That Are Built From Five Basic Arrangements

Molecular Shapes Are Predicted Using The VSEPR Model

Molecular Symmetry Affects The Polarity Of Molecules

Valence Bond Theory Explains Bonding As An Overlap Of Atomic Orbitals

Hybrid Orbitals Are Used To Explain Experimental Molecular Geometries

Hybrid Orbitals Can Be Used To Describe Multiple Bonds

Molecular Orbital Theory Explains Bonding As Constructive Interference Of Atomic Orbitals

Molecular Orbital Theory Uses Delocalized Orbitals To Describe Molecules With Resonance Structures

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Bringing It Together Chapters 7-9

Properties of Gases

Familiar properties of gases can be explained at the molecular level

Pressure is a measured property of gases

The gas laws summarize experimental observations

Gas volumes cac be used in solving stoichiometry problems

The ideal gas law relates P, V, T, and the number of moles of gas, n

In a misture each gas exerts its own partial pressure

Effusion and diffusion in gases lead to Graham's law

The kinetic-molecular theory explains the gas law

Real gases don't obey the ideal gas law perfectly

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Intermolecular Attractions And The Properties Of Liquids And Solids

Gases, Liquids, And Solids Differ Because Intermolecular Forces Depend On The Distances Between Molecules

Intermolecular Attractions Involve Electrical Charges

Intermolecular Forces And Tightness Of Packing Affect The Properties Of Liquids And Solids

Changes Of State Lead To Dynamic Equilibria

Vapor Pressures Of Liquids And Solids Are Controlled By Temperature And Intermolecular Attractions

Boiling Occurs When A Liquid's Vapor Pressure Equals Atmospheric Pressure

Energy Changes Occur During Changes Of State

Changes In A Dynamic Equilibrium Can Be Analyzed Using Le Châtelier's Principle

Crystalline Solids Have An Ordered Internal Structure

X-Ray Diffraction Is Used To Study Crystal Structures

Physical Properties Of Solids Are Related To Their Crystal Types

Phase Diagrams Graphically Represent Pressure-Temperature Relationships

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Properties Of Solutions; Mixtures Of Substances At The Molecular Level

Substances Mix Spontaneously When There Is No Energy Barrier To Mixing

Heats Of Solution Come From Unbalanced Intermolecular Attractions

A Substance's Solubility Changes With Temperature

Gases Become More Soluble At Higher Pressures

Molarity Changes With Temperature; Molality, Mass Percentages, And Mole Fractions Do Not

Solutes Lower The Vapor Pressure Of A Solvent

Solutions Have Lower Melting Points And Higher Boiling Points Than Pure Solvents

Osmosis Is A Flow Of Solvent Through A Semipermeable Membrane Due To Unequal Concentrations

Ionic Solutes Affect Colligative Properties Differently From Nonionic Solutes

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Bringing It Together Chapters 10-12

Kinetics:The Study Of Rates Of Reaction

Five Factors Affect Reaction Rates

Rates Of Reaction Are Measured By Monitoring Change In Concentration Over Time

Rate Laws Give Reaction Rate As A Function Of Reactant Concentrations

Integrated Rate Laws Give Concentration As A Function Of Time

Reaction Rate Theories Explain Experimental Rate Laws In Terms Of Molecular Collisions

Activation Energies Are Measured By Fitting Experimental Data To The Arrhenius Equation

Experimental Rate Laws Can Be Used To Support Or Reject Proposed Mechanisms For A Reaction

Catalysts Change Reaction Rates By Providing Alternative Paths Between Reactants And Products

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Chemical Equilibrium: General Concepts

Dynamic Equilibrium Is Achieved When The Rates Of Forward And Reverse Processes Become Equal

A Law Relating Equilibrium Concentrations Can Be Derived From The Balanced Chemical Equation For A Reaction

Equilibrium Laws For Gaseous Reactions Can Be Written In Terms Of Concentrations Or Pressures

Heterogeneous Equilibria Involve Reaction Mixtures With More Than One Phase

When K Is Large, The Position Of Equilibrium Lies Toward The Products

Le Châtelier's Principle Tells Us How A Chemical Equilibrium Responds When Disturbed

Equilibrium Concentrations Can Be Used To Predict Equilibrium Constants, And Vice Versa

Tools For Problem Solving

Questions, Problems, And Exercises

Acids and Bases: A Second Look

Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases exchange protons

Strengths of Bronsted acids and bases follow periodic trends

Lewis acids and bases involve coordinate covalent bonds

Elements and their oxides demonstrate acid-base properties

pH is a measure of the acidity of a solution

Strong acids and bases are fully dissociated in solution

Tools for problem solving

Questions, problems, and exercises

Equilibria in Solutions of Weak Acids and Bases

Ionization constants can be defined for weak acids and bases

Calculations can involve finding or using K,a and K,b

Salt solutions are not neutral if the ions are weak acids or bases

Simplifications fail for some equilibrium calculations

Buffers enable the control of pH

Polyprotic acids ionize in two or more steps

Acid-base titrations have sharp changes in pH at the equivalence point

Tools for problem solving

Questions, problems, and exercises

Solubility and Simultaneous Equilibria

An insoluble salt is in equilibrium with the solution around it

Solubility equilibria of metal oxides and sulfides involve reaction with water

Metal ions can be separated by selective precipitation

Complex ions participate in equilibria in aqueous solutions

Complex ion formation increases the solubility of a salt

Thermodynamics

Internal energy can be transferred ass heat or work, but it cannot be created or destroyed

A spontaneous change is a change that continues without outside intervention

Spontaneous processes tend to proceed from states of lower probability to states of higher probability

All spontaneous processes increase the total entropy of the universe

The third law of thermodynamics makes experimental measurement of absolute entropies possible

The standard free energy change, ∆G¿, is ∆G at standard conditions

∆G is the maximum amount of work that can be done by a process

∆G is zero when a system is at equilibrium

Equilibrium constants can be estimated from standard free energy changes

Bond energies can be estimated from reaction enthalpy

Tools for problem solving

Questions, Problems, and Exercises

Electrochemistry

Galvanic Cells use redox reactions to generate electricity

Cell potentials can be related to reduction potentials

Standard reduction potentials can predict spontaneous reactions

Cell potentials are related to free energy changes

Concentrations in a galvanic cell affect the cell potential

Electrolysis uses electrical energy to cause chemical reactions

Stoichiometry of electrochemical reactions involves electric current and time

Practical applications of electrochemistry

Tools for problem solving

Questions, Problems, and Exercises

Nuclear Reactions and Their Role in Chemistry

Mass and energy are conserved in all of their forms

The energy requires to break a nucleus into separate nucleons is called the nuclear binding energy

Radioactivity is an emission of particles and/or electromagnetic radiation by unstable atomic nuclei

Stable isotopes fall within a "band of stability" on a plot based on numbers of protons and neutrons

Transmutation is the change of one isotope into another

How is radiation measured?

Radionuclides have a medical and analytical applications

Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion release large amounts of energy

Tools for problem solving

Questions, Problems, and Exercises

Nonmetals, Metalloids, Metals, and Metal Complexes

Nonmetals and metalloids are found as free elements and in compounds

Nonmetallic elements in their free states have structures of varying complexity

Metals are prepared from compounds by reduction

Metallurgy is the science and technology

Complex ions are formed by many

The nomenclature of metal complexes follows an extension of the rules developed earlier

Coordination number and structure are often related

Isomers of coordination complexes are compounds with the same formula but different structures

Bonding in transition metal complexes involves d orbitals

Metal ions serve critical functions in biological systems

Tools for problem solving

Questions, Problems, and Exercises

Organic Compounds, Polymers, and Biochemicals

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds

Hydrocarbons consist of only C and H atoms

Ethers and alcohols are organic derivatives of water

Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia

Organic compounds with carbonyl groups include aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids

Polymers are composed of many repeating molecular units

Most biochemicals are organic compounds

Nucleic acids carry our genetic information

Tools for problem solving

Questions, Problems, and Exercises

Chapters 18-22. Bringing it Together

Appendices

Electron Configurations of the Elements

Answers to Practice Exercises and Selected Review Exercises

Tables of Selected Data

Glossary

Index

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