The Chemistry and Technology of Magnesia

by Shand, Mark A.

• ISBN13: 9780471656036
• ISBN10: 0471656038
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-06-12
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

A Complete Guide to Magnesia-From Mining to End Use Often relegated to footnote status in texts, magnesia is nevertheless a valuable substance widely used in applications ranging from wastewater treatment to catalysis. The Chemistry and Technology of Magnesia fills the long-standing gap in the literature with a comprehensive, one-stop reference to "all things magnesia." The book brings together the many strands of information on magnesium compounds, their production, testing and evaluation, technology, applications, and markets. Opening with an introductory history of the chemical, it covers the life cycle of magnesia, natural and synthetic production, and uses in different fields including the environmental, health, and agricultural industries. Readers will find the section on health and safety issues particularly relevant. Chapters include: * The History of Magnesia * Synthetic Magnesia * Pulp Applications * Environmental Applications * Magnesia Cements * Furnaces and Kilns * Post Calcination Processing * Other Magnesia Products * Mining and Processing Magnesite * The Physical and Chemical Properties of Magnesium Oxide * Water and Wastewater Application for Magnesia Products * Magnesia in Polymer Applications * The Role of Magnesium in Animal, Plants, and Human Nutrition * Magnesium Salts and Magnesium Metal * The Formation and Occurrence of Magnesite * Calcination of Magnesium Hydroxide and Carbonate * Miscellaneous Magnesia Applications

Author Biography

MARK A. SHAND is the Director of Technical Services for Premier Chemicals, LLC, where he is responsible for the research and development of magnesia chemicals. He has technical experience with dispersion technologies, industrial and municipal applications, and production of magnesia and oxide products. In addition, he has written several articles on magnesia and oxide. He is also a member of the American Chemical Society.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xvii
1 History of Magnesia	1	(4)
1.1 History of Magnesia,	1	(3)
Bibliography,	4	(1)
2 Formation and Occurrence of Magnesite and Brucite	5	(34)
2.1 Introduction,	5	(2)
2.2 Sedimentary Magnesite—Basis for Carbonate Deposition,	7	(3)
2.2.1 Secondary Nodular Magnesite,	8	(1)
2.2.2 Biogenic Carbonate,	8	(2)
2.3 Serpentine Alteration by Hydrothermal Processes,	10	(1)
2.4 Cryptocrystalline Magnesite Formation by Infiltration,	11	(1)
2.5 Crystalline Magnesite—Replacement of Limestone and Dolomite,	11	(1)
2.6 Brucite,	12	(1)
2.7 Worldwide Occurrence of Magnesite and Brucite,	12	(18)
2.7.1 United States and Canada,	13	(4)
2.7.2 Brazil,	17	(1)
2.7.3 Australia,	17	(5)
2.7.4 China,	22	(2)
2.7.5 North Korea,	24	(1)
2.7.6 Nigeria,	24	(1)
2.7.7 South Africa,	24	(1)
2.7.8 India,	24	(2)
2.7.9 Saudi Arabia,	26	(1)
2.7.10 Iran,	26	(1)
2.7.11 Greece,	26	(1)
2.7.12 Turkey,	27	(1)
2.7.13 Serbia and Bosnia,	28	(1)
2.7.14 Austria,	28	(1)
2.7.15 Russia,	29	(1)
2.7.16 Slovakia,	29	(1)
2.7.17 Spain,	30	(1)
2.8 Physical and Chemical Properties of Magnesite,	30	(3)
2.9 Chemical and Physical Properties of Brucite,	33	(2)
Bibliography,	35	(1)
References,	35	(4)
3 Synthetic Magnesia	39	(44)
3.1 Introduction,	39	(2)
3.2 Composition of Seawater and Brines,	41	(4)
3.2.1 Seawater Chemistry,	41	(1)
3.2.2 Brine Extraction,	42	(1)
3.2.3 Sump Leaching Phase,	42	(1)
3.2.4 Preparation Phase,	43	(1)
3.2.5 Production Phase,	44	(1)
3.2.6 Evaporite Production,	44	(1)
3.2.7 Subsurface Brines,	44	(1)
3.3 Process Description,	45	(10)
3.3.1 Precipitation Reaction,	45	(1)
3.3.2 Influence of Reaction Conditions on Mg(OH), Particle Morphology,	46	(1)
3.3.3 Dolime/Lime Requirements,	47	(1)
3.3.4 Seawater Pretreatment,	48	(2)
3.3.5 Precipitation Process,	50	(1)
3.3.6 Settling and Compaction,	51	(1)
3.3.7 Washing,	52	(1)
3.3.8 Filtration,	52	(2)
3.3.9 Brine Precipitation,	54	(1)
3.4 Calcination,	55	(1)
3.5 Grinding,	55	(1)
3.6 Packaging,	56	(1)
3.7 Sampling and Testing and In-Process Quality Control,	56	(3)
3.7.1 Dolime,	56	(1)
3.7.2 Seawater,	57	(1)
3.7.3 Reactor,	57	(1)
3.7.4 Settling/Thickener,	57	(1)
3.7.5 Washing,	58	(1)
3.7.6 Filtration,	58	(1)
3.7.7 Calcining,	58	(1)
3.7.8 Grinding,	58	(1)
3.7.9 Finished Product,	58	(1)
3.8 Aman Process,	59	(1)
3.8.1 Pyrohydrolysis of Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate,	59	(1)
3.9 General Properties of Synthetic Magnesia,	60	(1)
Bibliography,	60	(1)
References,	60	(3)
4 Mining and Processing Magnesite	63	(20)
4.1 Mining Operations,	63	(6)
4.1.1 Overburden Removal,	63	(1)
4.1.2 Drilling,	63	(1)
4.1.3 Bench Height,	64	(1)
4.1.4 Hole Diameter,	64	(1)
4.1.5 Burden and Spacing,	64	(1)
4.1.6 Subdrilling,	65	(1)
4.1.7 Hole Stemming,	66	(1)
4.1.8 Blast Hole Pattern,	66	(1)
4.1.9 Blast Timing,	67	(1)
4.1.10 Blasting Agents,	68	(1)
4.1.11 Secondary Blasting,	68	(1)
4.1.12 Chemical Contour and Muck Maps,	68	(1)
4.2 Processing Magnesite,	69	(7)
4.2.1 Ore Removal and Primary Crushing,	70	(1)
4.2.2 Gyratory and Cone Crushers,	71	(1)
4.2.3 Jaw Crushers,	72	(1)
4.2.4 Roll Crushers,	72	(1)
4.2.5 Size Separation,	73	(1)
4.2.6 Screening,	74	(1)
4.2.7 Pneumatic (Air) Classification,	75	(1)
4.2.8 Hydroclones,	76	(1)
4.3 Gravity Concentration,	76	(5)
4.3.1 Float—Sink Separation,	76	(1)
4.3.2 Froth Floatation,	77	(2)
4.3.3 Floatation Reagents,	79	(1)
4.3.4 Floatation Machines,	80	(1)
4.4 Tertiary Crushing,	81	(1)
4.5 Postcalcination Screening and Grinding,	81	(1)
References,	81	(2)
5 Calcination of Magnesium Hydroxide and Carbonate	83	(72)
5.1 Calcination of Magnesite,	83	(5)
5.1.1 Energy Requirement for Calcination Process,	85	(1)
5.1.2 Effect of Time and Temperature,	85	(1)
5.1.3 Kinetics of Calcination,	85	(3)
5.1.4 Stone Size,	88	(1)
5.2 Calcination of Magnesium Hydroxide,	88	(8)
5.2.1 Energy Requirement for Calcination Process,	89	(1)
5.2.2 Decomposition Mechanism,	90	(3)
5.2.3 Kinetics of Decomposition.	93	(1)
5.2.4 Effect of Time and Temperature.	94	(2)
References,	96	(1)
6 Furnaces and Kilns	97	(18)
6.1 Introduction,	97	(1)
6.2 Multiple-Hearth Furnaces,	98	(5)
6.2.1 Single Progressive Rabble (Four Arms per Hearth),	101	(1)
6.2.2 Full Progressive Rabble (Four Arms per Hearth),	102	(1)
6.2.3 Back Rabble (Four Arms per Hearth),	102	(1)
6.2.4 Full Progressive Rabble (Two Arms per Hearth),	102	(1)
6.2.5 Refractory Linings,	102	(1)
6.3 Horizontal Rotary Kilns,	103	(2)
6.4 External Water Coolers,	105	(2)
6.5 Shaft Kilns,	107	(8)
6.5.1 Ore Charging,	107	(1)
6.5.2 Discharge,	107	(2)
6.5.3 Modern Shaft Kiln,	109	(1)
6.5.4 Double-Inclined Kiln,	109	(1)
6.5.5 Multichamber Kiln,	109	(2)
6.5.6 Annular Shaft Kiln,	111	(2)
6.5.7 Parallel-Flow Regenerative Kiln,	113	(2)
7 Postcalcination Processing	115	(6)
7.1 Introduction,	115	(1)
7.2 Grinding,	115	(4)
7.2.1 Ring-Roller Mills,	116	(1)
7.2.2 Ball Mills,	117	(2)
Bibliography,	119	(1)
Reference,	119	(2)
8 Physical and Chemical Properties of Magnesium Oxide	121	(12)
8.1 Introduction,	121	(1)
8.2 Physical Properties of Magnesium Oxide,	121	(4)
8.3 Chemical Properties of Magnesium Oxide,	125	(2)
8.3.1 Dissolution of Magnesium Oxide,	126	(1)
8.4 Surface Structures of MgO,	127	(2)
8.5 Molecular Adsorption on MgO,	129	(1)
8.5.1 Chemisorption of Various Molecules on MgO,	129	(1)
Bibliography,	130	(1)
References,	131	(2)
9 Other Magnesia Products	133	(22)
9.1 Production of Hard-Burned Magnesia,	133	(1)
9.2 Production of Dead-Burned Magnesia,	133	(11)
9.2.1 Sintering,	139	(3)
9.2.2 Sinter Aids,	142	(2)
9.2.3 Production Methods.	144	(1)
9.3 Fused Magnesia,	144	(2)
9.3.1 Refractory-Grade Fused Magnesia,	145	(1)
9.4 Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry,	146	(5)
9.4.1 Production of Synthetic Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry,	146	(2)
9.4.2 Hydration of Magnesium Oxide,	148	(2)
9.4.3 Hydration Kinetics and Mechanisms,	150	(1)
9.4.4 Testing and Quality Control of Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry,	151	(1)
9.5 Purification by Carbonation of Magnesium Hydroxide Slurry,	151	(2)
9.5.1 Precipitation of Magnesium Carbonate from Bicarbonate Solution,	153	(1)
References,	153	(2)
10 Water and Wastewater Applications for Magnesia Products	155	(24)
10.1 Introduction to Applications.	155	(1)
10.2 Industrial Wastewater Treatment,	155	(2)
10.3 Advantages of Magnesium Hydroxide in Wastewater Treatment,	157	(6)
10.3.1 Safety,	157	(1)
10.3.2 pH Control,	157	(1)
10.3.3 Metals Removal.	158	(1)
10.3.4 Sludge Volume and Dewatering,	159	(2)
10.3.5 Treatment Methods,	161	(1)
10.3.6 Handling Requirements,	161	(2)
10.3.7 Environmental Impact.	163	(1)
10.4 Adsorption of Dyes on Magnesium Hydroxide,	163	(1)
10.5 Biological Wastewater Treatment,	163	(3)
10.5.1 Aerobic Processes,	164	(1)
10.5.2 Nitrification,	164	(1)
10.5.3 Anaerobic Digestion,	165	(1)
10.6 Bioflocculation and Solids Settling,	166	(1)
10.7 Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater and Struvite Formation,	167	(1)
10.8 Odor and Corrosion Control in Sanitary Collection Systems,	168	(4)
10.8.1 Addition to Raw Sewage,	170	(2)
10.8.2 Crown Spraying,	172	(1)
10.9 Acid Mine Drainage,	172	(1)
10.10 Silica Removal from Industrial Plant Water,	173	(3)
10.10.1 Mechanism of Silica Removal,	174	(1)
10.10.2 Factors Controlling the Removal of Silica,	174	(2)
References,	176	(3)
11 Magnesia in Polymer Applications	179	(10)
11.1 Magnesium Hydroxide as a Flame Retardant for Polymer Applications,	179	(1)
11.2 Flame-Retardant Mechanisms,	180	(1)
11.3 Properties Required of Magnesium Hydroxide for Flame-Retardant Applications,	181	(3)
11.3.1 Surface Treatment,	182	(1)
11.3.2 Stearic Acid,	183	(1)
11.3.3 Silanes,	184	(1)
11.4 Novel Applications for Magnesium Hydroxide as a Flame Retardant,	184	(1)
11.5 Polymer Curing and Thickening,	184	(2)
11.5.1 Sheet Molding Compound (SMC),	184	(1)
11.5.2 Synthetic Rubber,	185	(1)
Bibliography,	186	(1)
References,	186	(3)
12 Environmental Applications	189	(12)
12.1 Flue Gas Desulfurization,	189	(1)
12.2 Regenerative Process,	189	(5)
12.2.1 Process Description,	190	(2)
12.2.2 Once-Through Process,	192	(1)
12.2.3 Kawasaki Process,	192	(2)
12.2.4 Dravo Thiosorbic Process with Magnesium Hydroxide Recovery,	194	(1)
12.2.5 Sorbtech Process,	194	(1)
12.3 Remediation Applications,	194	(2)
12.4 Nuclear Waste Disposal,	196	(1)
12.5 Hazardous Spill Cleanup,	196	(1)
12.6 Antibacterial Activity of Magnesium Oxide Powder,	197	(1)
12.7 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Using Brucite,	197	(1)
Bibliography,	198	(1)
References,	198	(3)
13 Role of Magnesium in Animal, Plant, and Human Nutrition	201	(14)
13.1 Role of Magnesium in Plant Nutrition,	201	(2)
13.1.1 Uptake of Magnesium from the Soil,	202	(1)
13.1.2 Functions of Magnesium in Plant Growth,	202	(1)
13.2 Magnesium Fertilizers,	203	(1)
13.3 Magnesium in Animal Nutrition	203	(6)
13.3.1 Ruminant Animals,	204	(1)
13.3.2 Magnesium Oxide Requirements for Animal Nutrition,	205	(1)
13.3.3 Factors Affecting Magnesium Utilization,	205	(1)
13.3.4 Magnesium Bioavailability,	206	(1)
13.3.5 Preventing Grass Tetany by Magnesium Fertilization,	207	(1)
13.3.6 Preventing Grass Tetany by Oral Supplementation	207	(1)
13.3.7 Magnesium Requirements of Swine,	207	(1)
13.3.8 Magnesium Requirements of Poultry,	208	(1)
13.3.9 Magnesium 1n Dairy Ration Buffers,	208	(1)
13.4 Magnesium in Human Health and Nutrition,	209	(1)
13.4.1 Health Benefits of Magnesium.	209	(1)
Bibliography,	210	(1)
References,	211	(4)
14 Magnesium Salts and Magnesium Metal	215	(8)
14.1 Magnesium Acetate,	215	(1)
14.2 Magnesium Alkyls,	215	(1)
14.3 Magnesium Chloride,	216	(1)
14.4 Magnesium Nitrate,	217	(1)
14.5 Magnesium Sulfate,	217	(1)
14.6 Magnesium Soaps,	218	(1)
14.7 Magnesium Overbase Sulfonates,	218	(1)
14.8 Magnesium Peroxide,	219	(1)
14.9 Magnesium Metal Production,	220	(1)
14.9.1 Thermal Processes,	220	(1)
14.9.2 Electrolytic Production,	221	(1)
Bibliography,	221	(2)
15 Pulp Applications	223	(8)
15.1 Sulfite Pulping,	223	(1)
15.2 Magnefite Pulping Process,	223	(3)
15.2.1 Pulping Liquor Preparation,	225	(1)
15.2.2 Pulping Process,	226	(1)
15.2.3 Chemical Recovery,	226	(1)
15.3 Pulp Bleaching,	226	(3)
15.3.1 Oxygen Bleaching and Delignification,	227	(1)
15.3.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching,	228	(1)
15.4 Deinking,	229	(1)
Bibliography,	229	(1)
References,	230	(1)
16 Magnesia Cements	231	(10)
16.1 Introduction,	231	(1)
16.2 Magnesium Oxychloride Cement,	231	(3)
16.2.1 Phase Formation,	232	(1)
16.2.2 Water Resistance of MOC Cement,	233	(1)
16.3 Magnesium Oxysulfate (MOS) Cement,	234	(1)
16.4 Thermal Insulative and Fire Resistance Properties of Sorel Cement,	234	(1)
16.4.1 Thermal Insulation,	234	(1)
16.4.2 Fire Resistance,	235	(1)
16.5 Magnesium Phosphate Cement,	235	(3)
16.5.1 Reaction Mechanism,	235	(1)
16.5.2 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate,	236	(1)
16.5.3 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Diammonium Phosphate,	237	(1)
16.5.4 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Ammonium Polyphosphate,	237	(1)
16.5.5 Magnesium Phosphate Cement Derived from Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate,	238	(1)
Bibliography,	238	(1)
References,	238	(3)
17 Miscellaneous Magnesia Applications	241	(16)
17.1 Sugar Manufacture,	241	(3)
17.1.1 Clarification and Filtration,	243	(1)
17.1.2 Reduction in Scaling,	243	(1)
17.1.3 Additional Benefits,	243	(1)
17.2 Chrome Tanning of Leather,	244	(1)
17.3 Magnesia as a Catalyst Support,	245	(1)
17.3.1 Example of Magnesium Oxide as Catalyst,	245	(1)
17.4 Fuel Additives,	246	(4)
17.4.1 High-Temperature Corrosion,	247	(1)
17.4.2 Low-Temperature Corrosion,	248	(1)
17.4.3 Types of Additives for High-Temperature Corrosion,	248	(1)
17.4.4 Types of Additives for Low-Temperature Corrosion,	249	(1)
17.5 Well-Drilling Fluids,	250	(1)
17.6 Nanoparticulate Magnesia,	251	(3)
17.6.1 Synthesis of Nanoparticulate Magnesia,	251	(1)
17.6.2 Chemical and Catalytic Properties of Nanocrystals,	251	(3)
17.7 Transformer Steel Coating,	254	(1)
Bibliography,	254	(1)
References,	254	(3)
Appendix	257	(6)
Index	263