Chemistry And Technology of Surfactants

by Farn, Richard J.

• ISBN13: 9781405126960
• ISBN10: 1405126965
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-05-16
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Surfactants are used throughout industry as components in a huge range of formulated products or as effect chemicals in the production or processing of other materials. A detailed understanding of the basis of their activity is required by all those who use surfactants, yet the new graduate or postgraduate chemist or chemical engineer will generally have little or no experience of how and why surfactants work.Chemistry & Technology of Surfactants is aimed at new graduate or postgraduate level chemists and chemical engineers at the beginning their industrial careers and those in later life who become involved with surfactants for the first time. The book is a straightforward and practical survey of the chemistry of surfactants and their uses, providing a basic introduction to surfactant theory, information on the various types of surfactant and some application details. This will allow readers to build onto their scientific education the concepts and principles on which the successful use of surfactants, across a wide range of industries, is based.

Author Biography

Richard Farn is a Consultant working on the development of products formulated with surfactants. He was previously Technical Sales Manager at Lankro and Technical Manager at BP Detergents. He recently retired as Director of the British Association for Chemical Specialities and has sat on the Council of the Soap and Detergent Industry Association. He was awarded an MBE in the Millennium Honours for Services to the Chemicals Industry.

Contributors to the book are:

Mr Mike Bernstein
Dr Guido Bognolo
Philip E Clark
Dr Arno Driedger
Dr Richard Farn
Dr J F Gadbury Pr
Professor Hatice Gecol
Mr Yasuyuki Hattori
Mr Paul Hepworth
Mr J Hibbs
Dr. Randal M Hill
Dr Joel Houston
Dr John Issa
Dr D R Karsa
Dr Richard Otterson
Dr Peter Schmiedel
Dr Paul Slater
Dr Richard R Thomas
Dr W Von Rybinski

Table of Contents

Contributors	xi
Preface	xiii
Glossary	xv
What Are Surfactants?	1	(23)
History and applications of surfactants	1	(13)
David R. Karsa
Introduction	1	(2)
Properties and other criteria influencing surfactant choice	3	(2)
Surfactant applications	5	(2)
Conclusion	7	(1)
Appendix: Application guide	8	(6)
Surfactant market overview: importance in different industries	14	(10)
Joel Houston
Introduction	14	(1)
Consumer	14	(7)
Industrial	21	(3)
The Basic Theory	24	(22)
Hatice Gecol
Molecular structure of surfactants	24	(2)
Surface activity	26	(6)
Surface tension	26	(2)
Interfacial tension	28	(1)
Surface and interfacial tension reduction	28	(3)
Test methods for surface and interfacial tension measurements	31	(1)
Self-assembled surfactant aggregates	32	(6)
Micelles and critical micelle concentration	33	(2)
Aggregate structures and shapes	35	(3)
Adsorption of surfactants at surfaces	38	(8)
Adsorption at liquid--gas and liquid-liquid interfaces	38	(1)
Adsorption at liquid--solid interface	39	(4)
Acknowledgement	43	(1)
References	43	(3)
Applied Theory of Surfactants	46	(45)
Peter Schmiedel
Wolfgang von Rybinski
Introduction	46	(1)
Detergency	47	(15)
Fundamental processes	47	(1)
Basic formulae of detergents and cleansers	48	(1)
Adsorption at the solid--liquid interface	48	(6)
Surface tension and wetting	54	(6)
Interplay of surfactants with other detergent ingredients	60	(2)
Phase behaviour of surfactants	62	(7)
Introduction	62	(1)
Surfactant phases	62	(4)
Impact of the phase behaviour on detergency	66	(3)
Emulsions	69	(7)
Introduction	69	(1)
Emulsion types	70	(4)
Breakdown of emulsions	74	(2)
Foaming and defoaming	76	(6)
Introduction	76	(1)
Stabilising effects in foams	77	(1)
Correlation of foamability with interfacial parameters	78	(3)
Foam control	81	(1)
Rheology of surfactant solutions	82	(9)
Introduction	82	(1)
Rheological terms	83	(1)
Rheological behaviour of monomeric solutions and non-interacting micelles	83	(1)
Entanglement networks of rod-like micelles	84	(2)
The rheological behaviour of bilayer phases	86	(2)
References	88	(3)
Anionic Surfactants	91	(42)
John Hibbs
Sulphonates	92	(21)
Alkylbenzene sulphonates	93	(9)
α-Olefin sulphonates	102	(2)
Paraffin sulphonates	104	(2)
Sulphonated methyl esters	106	(2)
Sulphonated fatty acids	108	(2)
Sulphosuccinates	110	(3)
Sulphates	113	(9)
Alkyl sulphates	113	(5)
Alkyl ether sulphates	118	(4)
Phosphate esters	122	(2)
Carboxylates	124	(9)
Soap	124	(2)
Ether carboxylates	126	(1)
Acyl sarcosinates	127	(1)
Alkyl phthalamates	128	(1)
Isethionates	129	(1)
Taurates	130	(2)
References	132	(1)
Non-ionic Surfactants	133	(20)
Paul Hepworth
Introduction	133	(1)
General alkoxylation reactions	133	(2)
Alkyl phenol ethoxylates	135	(1)
Fatty alcohol ethoxylates	136	(3)
Polyoxethylene esters of fatty acids	139	(1)
Methyl ester ethoxylates	140	(1)
Polyalkylene oxide block co-polymers	141	(1)
Amine ethoxylates	142	(1)
Fatty alkanolamides	143	(1)
Amine oxides	144	(1)
Esters of polyhydric alcohols and fatty acids	145	(1)
Glycol esters	146	(1)
Glycerol esters	146	(1)
Polyglycerol esters	146	(1)
Anhydrohexitol esters	147	(1)
Polyoxyalkylene polyol esters	148	(1)
Alkyl poly glucosides	149	(1)
Gemini surfactants	150	(3)
References	151	(2)
Other Types of Surfactants	153	(83)
Cationics	153	(17)
J. Fred Gadberry
Introduction and background	153	(1)
Manufacturing processes	153	(3)
Applications of cationic surfactants	156	(9)
Industrial applications of cationic surfactants	165	(1)
References	166	(4)
Amphoteric surfactants	170	(16)
Richard Otterson
Introduction	170	(1)
Aminopropionates and Iminodipropionates	170	(2)
Imidazoline-based amphoteric surfactants	172	(8)
Betaine surfactants	180	(4)
Other amphoteric surfactants	184	(1)
Summary	185	(1)
References	185	(1)
Silicone surfactants	186	(18)
Randal M. Hill
Introduction	186	(1)
Structures	187	(2)
Synthesis	189	(2)
Hydrolytic stability	191	(1)
Surface activity	191	(1)
Wetting	192	(2)
Phase behavior	194	(1)
Ternary systems	195	(1)
Applications	196	(3)
References	199	(5)
Polymerizable surfactants	204	(23)
Guido Bognolo
Introduction	204	(1)
Reactive surfactants	204	(17)
Emulsion polymerization	221	(3)
Acknowledgements	224	(1)
References	224	(3)
Fluorinated surfactants	227	(9)
Richard R. Thomas
Introduction	227	(1)
Uses	227	(1)
Applied theory	228	(3)
Environmental considerations	231	(1)
Latest developments	231	(4)
References	235	(1)
Relevant European Legislation	236	(33)
Biodegradability	236	(12)
Paul J Slater
Biodegradation of surfactants	236	(1)
Sewage treatment plants	237	(1)
Measurement of biodegradability	238	(1)
Legislation	239	(4)
Detergents Regulation	243	(3)
References	246	(2)
Classification and labelling of surfactants	248	(2)
Richard J Farn
Acknowledgement	248	(1)
References	249	(1)
The European Commission's New Chemicals Strategy (REACH)	250	(10)
Philip E. Clark
Introduction	250	(1)
History of chemicals legislation	250	(1)
The principles behind REACH	251	(1)
REACH	251	(6)
The impact on the surfactant industry	257	(1)
Testing cost	258	(1)
Conclusion	258	(1)
References	259	(1)
The Biocidal Products Directive	260	(9)
Mike Bernstein
Introduction	260	(1)
The Directive	260	(1)
Some definitions	260	(1)
Requirements and operation	261	(1)
Costs	262	(1)
Transitional measures	263	(2)
Data protection and `free-riding'	265	(1)
Impact	265	(2)
Final comment	267	(1)
References	268	(1)
Relevant Legislation -- Australia, Japan and USA	269	(31)
Relevant legislation -- Australia	269	(15)
John Issa
Introduction	269	(1)
National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme	269	(7)
Food Standards Australia New Zealand	276	(1)
National Drugs and Poisons Scheduling Committee	277	(1)
Therapeutic Goods Administration	278	(1)
Hazardous substances	278	(2)
Dangerous goods	280	(2)
Eco labelling in Australia	282	(1)
References	283	(1)
Japanese legislation relating to the manufacture and use of surfactants	284	(10)
Yasuyuki Hattori
Chemical substances control law and industrial safety and health law	284	(4)
Pollutant release and transfer register system	288	(5)
References	293	(1)
Relevant US legislation	294	(6)
Arno Driedger
General	294	(1)
TSCA	294	(1)
FDCA	295	(2)
FIFRA	297	(1)
Other pertinent regulations	297	(1)
References	298	(2)
Surfactant Manufacturers	300	(11)
Richard J Farn
Index	311