Citizens, Democracy, and Markets around the Pacific Rim

by Dalton, Russell J.; Shin, Doh Chull

• ISBN13: 9780199297252
• ISBN10: 0199297258
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-11
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

East Asia is one of the most dynamic areas of political change in the world today-what role do citizens play in these processes of change? Drawing upon a unique set of coordinated public opinion surveys conducted by the World Values Survey, this book provides a dramatically new image of thepolitical cultures of East Asia. Most East Asian citizens have strong democratic aspirations, even in still autocratic nations. Most East Asians support liberal market reforms, even in nations where state socialism has been dominant. The books findings thus provide a new perspective on the politicalvalues of Asian publics. We demonstrate that the dramatic socioeconomic changes of the past several decades have transformed public opinion, altering many of the social norms traditionally identified with Asian values, and creating public support for further political and economic modernization ofthe region. Political culture in East Asia is not an impediment to change, but creates the potential for even greater democratization and marketization. Comparative Politics is a series for students and teachers of political science that deals with contemporary government and politics. The General Editors are Max Kaase, Professor of Political Science, Vice President and Dean, School of Humanities and Social Science, International University Bremen,Germany; and Kenneth Newton, Professor of Comparative Politics, University of Southampton. The series is produced in association with the European Consortium for Political Research.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
List of Figures	xiii
List of Tables	xv
List of Contributors	xvii
1. Citizens, Democracy, and Markets	1
Russell J. Dalton and Doh Chull Shin
The framework of congruence theory	5
Describing democracy and markets	10
The World Values Survey	13
Political culture, politics, and markets	14
Conclusion	16
Part I. Social Modernization and Value Change	19
2. The Human Development Model of Democracy: East Asia in Perspective	21
Christian Welzel and Ronald Inglehart
Empowerment through capabilities	24
Empowerment through motivations	25
Empowerment through entitlements	28
Aggregation as error reduction	39
Intrinsic and instrumental support for democracy	41
Conclusion	45
3. Self-Expression, Asian Values, and Democracy: East Asia in Global Perspective	50
Zhengxu Wang and Ern-Ser Tan
Measuring self-expression values	51
Developing a self-expression factor for East Asia	52
Is there a Confucian Asia?	56
Asian values and democracy	58
Rise of self-expression values in East Asia: 1930's-1990's	60
Education and self-expression values	62
Benign authoritarianism?	64
Self-expression values and democracy in East Asia	67
Conclusion	69
Part II. Orientations Toward Democracy	73
4. Democratic Aspirations and Social Modernization	75
Russell J. Dalton and Doh Chull Shin
The extent of democracy	76
Measuring attitudes toward democracy	79
Social modernization and democracy	88
Political culture and democracy	92
5. Authority Orientations and Democratic Attitudes: A Test of the Asian Values Hypothesis	97
Russell J. Dalton and Nhu-Ngoc T. Ong
The Asian values debate	98
Orientations toward authority	100
Testing congruence theory	104
Confucian traditions and congruence theory	109
6. Civil Society, Social Capital, and Democracy	113
Russell J. Dalton
Group memberships and civil society	114
Civil society engagement	117
The consequences of group membership	123
Conclusion	131
7. Political Trust, Political Performance, and Support for Democracy	135
Zhengxu Wang, Russell J. Dalton and Doh Chull Shin
The elements of political support	136
Confidence in government	141
Potential explanations for political support in nondemocracies	144
Modeling confidence in government	147
Orientations toward government and democracy	150
Government and regime	152
Part M. Orientations Toward Markets	157
8. Exploring Weber's Theory of Capitalism in Confucian East Asia	159
Doh Chull Shin and Russell J. Dalton
Prior survey research	161
The notion of market capitalism	163
Measurement	165
Levels of support for market capitalism as an economic system	166
The most and least preferred types of capitalist economic systems	170
Commitment to the norms of capitalist conduct	172
Confucian values and support for capitalism	174
Summary and conclusions	178
9. Public Support for Market Reforms in Nine Asian Countries: Divergence of a Market-Based Economy	181
Chung-Si Ahn and Jiho Jang
Literature review	183
Measurement	185
Three dimensions of market reform	186
Does globalization promote support for market reform?	193
Asian publics and market reform	195
10. Risk Avoidance and Economic Value Orientation: Functioning of Postmaterialist Values in the Pacific Rim Countries	201
Ken'ichi Ikeda and Tetsuro Kobayashi
Postmaterialism and risk avoidance	202
The consequences of postmaterialism	206
Risk avoidance, postmaterialism, and economic orientations	207
Analytic model and variables	209
Multivariate analyses of economic orientations	215
Discussion	218
11. Public Attitudes Toward the Market Economy in Vietnam	223
Pham Minh Hac and Pham Thanh Nghi
Vietnam's history of economic reform	224
Survey research in Vietnam	229
Public attitudes toward a market economy in Vietnam	229
Conclusion	240
Part IV. Democracy and Markets	243
12. The Parallel Development of Democracy and Markets	245
Doh Chull Shin and Russell J. Dalton
Support for democracy and markets in other regions	247
Comparing levels of public support for democracy and capitalism	249
Support for parallel development	251
Supporters of market democracy	255
Democracy, markets, and the future	261
13. Political Culture and Political Change	264
Russell J. Dalton and Doh Chull Shin
Cultural Congruence	266
Conclusion	273
Appendices
A. Methodology of the World Values Surveys	275
B. Survey Questions and Indices	283
References	287
Index	309