Clinical Interpretation of the WAIS-III and WMS-III

by Tulsky; Saklofske; Chelune; Heaton; Ivnik; Bornstein; Prifitera; Ledbetter

• ISBN13: 9780127035703
• ISBN10: 0127035702
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-05-07
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

This guide to the WAIS-III and WMS-III tests is written to help clinical practitioners achieve efficient and accurate interpretations of test results. The only interpretive guide to be based on data obtained while standardizing the tests, this reference source provides new models for interpreting results, as well as practical information on the diagnostic validity, demographically corrected norms, and accuracy of the tests in measuring intelligence and memory. The focus of information is to allow clinicians to reduce variance in the interpretations of scores, indicating how best to factor in socio-economic status of respondents, interpreting meaningful change in serial assessments, and scoring with alternate or omitted sub-tests. Also included in the book are chapters on accommodating clients with disabilities. The final chapter discusses frequently asked questions (with answers) on the use and interpretation of the tests, as well as practical issues to help make scoring time-efficient and accurate.

Table of Contents

Introduction	xvii
Preface	xxi
Contributors	xxvii
PART 1 The Evolution of the Wechsler Scales
Historical Overview of Intelligence and Memory: Factors Influencing the Wechsler Scales
David S. Tulsky
Donald H. Saklofske
Joseph H. Ricker
Introduction	7	(1)
The early 1800s	8	(2)
Galton and Cattell	10	(6)
Spearman's Two-Factor Theory and Thorndike's Multifactorial Theory	16	(1)
Binet and Simon: The Measurement of Intelligence in Children	17	(3)
Yerkes and intelligence tests in the Military	20	(3)
The Wechsler Scales of Intelligence	23	(6)
History of Memory Assessment	29	(5)
The Concept of Memory	30	(1)
Clinical Assessment of Memory	31	(3)
Discussion	34	(2)
References	36	(8)
Revising a Standard: An Evaluation of the Origin and Development of the WAIS-III
David S. Tulsky
Donald H. Saklofske
Jianjun Zhu
Why a Revision Was Necessary	44	(1)
Changing Test Scores and Norms	45	(1)
Revised Test Structure	46	(1)
Goals for the WAIS-III Revision	46	(1)
Deciding What to Change	47	(2)
Changes and Reactions	49	(2)
Emphasis on the Factor Scores	51	(3)
Events Leading up to the WAIS-III	54	(2)
Wechsler's Unrealized Goal: Measurement of Nonintellective Factors	56	(2)
Description of Subtests	58	(26)
Vocabulary	58	(3)
Information	61	(1)
Similarities	62	(1)
Comprehension	62	(3)
Block Design	65	(2)
Picture Completion	67	(1)
Matrix Reasoning	68	(2)
Picture Arrangement	70	(2)
Object Assembly	72	(3)
Letter Number Sequencing	75	(1)
Digit Span	76	(5)
Arithmetic	81	(1)
Digit Symbol	82	(2)
Symbol Search	84	(1)
Summary	84	(1)
References	85	(10)
The Wechsler Memory Scale, Third Edition: A New Perspective
David S. Tulsky
Nancy D. Chiaravalloti
Barton W. Palmer
Gordon J. Chelune
Historical Factors Leading to the Development of the Wechsler Memory Scale	95	(2)
The Wechsler Memory Scale	97	(4)
The Publication of the WMS-R	101	(3)
Development of the WMS-III	104	(3)
Description of WMS-III	107	(1)
Structure of WMS-III Index and Subtests Scores	108	(23)
The Auditory Immediate and Delayed Index Scores	108	(4)
Verbal Paired Associates	112	(2)
The Visual Immediate and Visual Delayed Indexes	114	(8)
Working Memory Index	122	(4)
The Auditory Recognition Delayed Index	126	(4)
General and Immediate Memory	130	(1)
Support for the WMS-III Structure	131	(1)
Conclusions	132	(1)
References	133	(16)
PART 2 Reducing Variance When Interpreting WAIS-III and WMS-III Scores: Introduction to Chapters 4-8
Assessment of Cognitive Functioning with the WAIS-III and WMS-III: Development of a Six-Factor Model
David S. Tulsky
Robert J. Ivnik
Larry R. Price
Charles Wilkins
Contemporary Models of Cognitive Functioning	149	(1)
Factor-Analytic Studies of the Wechsler Scales	150	(3)
Joint WAIS-III/WMS-III Factor-Analytic Studies	153	(2)
The Development of New Norms for a Six-Factor Model of Cognitive Functioning	155	(6)
Development of New Index Scores	161	(15)
Psychometric Properties	161	(11)
Reliability Coefficients	172	(4)
Conclusion	176	(1)
References	176	(7)
Demographic Effects and Use of Demographically Corrected Norms with the WAIS-III and WMS-III
Robert K. Heaton
Michael J. Taylor
Jennifer Manly
Demographic Influences and Normative Corrections	183	(2)
Sensitivity of Demographically Corrected WAIS/WMS Factor Scores to Neurocognitive Impairment	185	(1)
Subject Samples	186	(1)
Developing Demographically Corrected T-Scores	187	(3)
Age Effects	190	(1)
Education Effects	190	(8)
Sex Effects	196	(2)
Ethnicity Effects	198	(1)
Sensitivity of WAIS-WMS-Corrected Scores to Neuropsychiatric Disorders	198	(9)
Conclusions	207	(2)
References	209	(2)
WAIS-III WMS-III Discrepancy Analysis: Six-Factor Model Index Discrepancy Base Rates, Implications, and a Preliminary Consideration of Utility
Keith A. Hawkins
David S. Tulsky
Introduction	211	(1)
Understanding Difference Scores: The Logic of Discrepancy Analysis	212	(3)
Clinical Meaning versus Statistical Significance	212	(1)
Psychometric Foundations	213	(1)
Descriptive versus Inferential Uses of Discrepancy Data	213	(2)
Discrepancy Data Provided in This Chapter	215	(4)
WAIS-III WMS-III Discrepancy Data Provided with the Tests	215	(1)
Generating Six-Factor Model Index Score Discrepancy Base-Rates	216	(1)
How Do These Base Rate Differ from Those Already Available?	217	(1)
Unidirectional (1-Tail) versus Bidirectional (2-Tail) Discrepancy Base Rates	218	(1)
Understanding Discrepancy Base Rates: Clinically Informative Trends	219	(10)
The Rarity of a Discrepancy Varies across Comparison Pairs	219	(1)
Discrepancies Vary in Size across Intellectual Levels	220	(5)
The Direction of Discrepancies Varies with Intelligence Level	225	(4)
Which Index Contrasts Are Most Likely to Be Clinically Useful?	229	(6)
Sensitivity to Brain Dysfunction per se	230	(5)
Conventional Contrasts: Within-WAIS-III	235	(1)
Conventional Contrasts: Within WMS-III	236	(1)
Working Memory versus Memory Indexes	236	(1)
Auditory versus Visual Index	237	(1)
WAIS-III-WMS-III Contrasts	237	(3)
Traditional IQ-Memory Comparisons	237	(1)
VCI as ``Best Estimate'' of Premorbid Status	238	(1)
Discrepancies between the POI and WMS-III Scores	238	(1)
Index-to-Index Discrepancies	239	(1)
Does Discrepancy Analysis Work?	240	(16)
Challenge 1: Brain Impairment	240	(7)
Challenge 2: Subtest Variability	247	(2)
Challenge 3: Reliability	249	(1)
Challenge 4: False Negatives for Co-occuring Intellectual--Memory Declines	249	(1)
Challenge 5: Sensitivity	250	(2)
Challenge 6: False Positives with High-IQ Subjects	252	(1)
Challenge 7: False Negatives with Low-IQ Subjects	252	(2)
Challenge 8: Demographics	254	(2)
Concluding Comments	256	(15)
References	271	(2)
Diagnostic Validity
Glenn E. Smith
Jane H. Cerhan
Robert J. Ivnik
Overview	273	(1)
Group versus Individual Statistics	274	(5)
Asking the Right Question	279	(1)
Diagnostic Validity Indices	280	(3)
Odds Ratios	280	(3)
Diagnostic Validity Indices and the WAIS-III and WMS-III	283	(2)
From Diagnostic Validity to Clinical Utility	285	(2)
Understanding Base Rates	287	(6)
Likelihood Ratios	290	(3)
Likelihood Ratios and WAIS-III and WMS-III Indices	293	(5)
Clinical Application	298	(2)
References	300	(4)
Use of the WAIS-III and WMS-III in the Context of Serial Assessments: Interpreting Reliable and Meaning ful Change
Tara T. Lineweaver
Gordon J. Chelune
Serial Assessment and Evidence-Based Health Care	304	(2)
Case Examples	306	(1)
Factors Affecting Test--Retest Performances	307	(7)
Bias	308	(4)
Error	312	(2)
Methods for Assessing Reliable Change	314	(4)
Reliable Change Indices	315	(2)
Standardized Regression-Based Change Scores	317	(1)
Meaningful and Reliable Test--Retest Change on the WAIS-III and WMS-III	318	(5)
Application of the SRB Approach	323	(3)
Using Demographically Corrected Scores in the Context of Serial Assessments	326	(1)
Impact of Serial Assessments on Base Rates of Discrepancy Scores	327	(5)
Summary and Conclusions	332	(2)
References	334	(9)
PART 3 Dealing with ``curveballs'' when using the WAIS-III and WMS-III: The interpretation of an unstandardized administration
Assessment of the Non-Native English Speaker: Assimilating History and Research Findings to Guide Clinical Practice
Josette G. Harris
David S. Tulsky
Maria T. Schultheis
Introduction	343	(2)
Ellis Island and the Assessment of the Immigrant	345	(17)
Assessment of Military Recruits During World War 1	362	(3)
Advances, Current Approaches and Opinions	365	(4)
The Relationship between Acculturation and Cognitive Functioning	369	(1)
The Relation between Acculturation and WAIS-III and WMS-III Scores	370	(8)
Discussion	378	(9)
References	387	(5)
Accuracy of WAIS-III---WMS-III Joint Factor Scores When One or More Subtests Is Omitted or an Alternate Subtest Is Employed
Barton W. Palmer
Michael J. Taylor
Robert K. Heaton
Background	392	(4)
Method	396	(6)
Sample	396	(1)
Conversion of Scores to a Common Metric	397	(1)
Evaluation of Estimation Accuracy	397	(2)
Determining the Accuracy of Prorated Estimates of Full Scale IQ and General Memory Index	399	(1)
Determining the Accuracy of Subtest Substitution-Based Estimates of the Factor Scores	400	(1)
Impact of Subject Characteristics on The Accuracy of Estimates:	400	(1)
Examining Sensitivity and Specificity	401	(1)
Results	402	(14)
Organization of the Results Tables and Text	402	(1)
Summary of Results by Factor Score	403	(10)
Predicting Full Scale IQ and General Memory Index from the Subtests within the WAIS-III and WMS-III Factor Scores	413	(2)
Sensitivity and Specificity: Selected Examples	415	(1)
Discussion	416	(8)
Verbal Comprehension	419	(1)
Perceptual Organization	419	(1)
Processing Speed	420	(1)
Working Memory	420	(1)
Auditory Memory factor	420	(1)
Visual Memory factor	421	(1)
Full Scale IQ and General Memory Index	422	(1)
Caveats and Limitations	422	(2)
Conclusions	424	(1)
References	425	(26)
Accommodating Clients with Disabilities on the WAIS-III and WMS
Jeffery P. Braden
The Challenge of Clients with Disabilities	451	(4)
Decision-Making Framework for Accommodations	455	(11)
Construct-Irrelevant Variance	455	(1)
Construct Underrepresentation	456	(1)
Representing the Construct of Intelligence	457	(1)
Deleting Subtests When Estimating Intelligence	458	(1)
A Model for Accommodation Decision Making in Assessment	459	(1)
Legal Issues in Accommodations	459	(2)
How Should Accommodations Affect Test Scores?	461	(4)
Summary	465	(1)
Research on Accommodations	466	(13)
Deafness	466	(1)
Visual Disabilities	467	(4)
Motor Impairments	471	(1)
Learning Disabilities	472	(4)
Neuropsychological Assessment and Accommodations	476	(2)
Research on Clinicians with Disabilities	478	(1)
Conclusions	479	(4)
Practices to Promote	481	(1)
Practices to Avoid	482	(1)
References	483	(8)
PART 4 Training Others to Administer the WAIS-III and WMS-III: A Guide to Practical Issues
The WAIS-III and WMS-III: Practical Issues and Frequently Asked Questions
Laura H. Lacritz
C. M. Cullum
Introduction	491	(1)
Why Use the WAIS-III and WMS-III If You Already Have the WAIS-R and WMS-R?	492	(3)
Administration	495	(10)
Teaching the Basics	495	(1)
Introduction of Tests and Establishing and Maintaining Rapport	496	(2)
Testing the Impaired Patient	498	(1)
Repeating Instructions/Items	499	(3)
When and How to Query	502	(1)
Testing the Limits	503	(2)
Practical Issues with WAIS-III Subtests	505	(9)
Vocabulary	505	(1)
Similarities	506	(1)
Arithmetic	507	(1)
Information	508	(1)
Comprehension	508	(1)
Digit Span and Letter--Number Sequencing	509	(1)
Picture Completion	510	(1)
Digit-Symbol and Coding	511	(1)
Block Design	511	(1)
Matrix Reasoning	512	(1)
Picture Arrangement	513	(1)
Symbol Search	513	(1)
Object Assembly (optional)	514	(1)
Practical Issues with the WMS-III	514	(5)
Logical Memory I and II	514	(2)
Verbal Paired Associates I and II	516	(1)
Faces I and II	516	(1)
Family Pictures I and II	516	(1)
Spatial Span	517	(1)
Word List I and II (optional)	518	(1)
Visual Reproduction I and II (optional)	518	(1)
Information and Orientation (optional)	519	(1)
Mental Control (optional)	519	(1)
Frequently Asked Questions	519	(11)
FAQ Regarding WAIS-III/WMS-III Administration	519	(2)
FAQ Regarding WAIS-III and WMS-III Scoring	521	(1)
FAQs Regarding WAIS-III and WMS-III Interpretation	522	(8)
Conclusions	530	(1)
Acknowledgements	530	(1)
References	530	(3)
Appendix 1: Pioneer's in the Assessment of Intelligence and Memory	533	(46)
David S. Tulsky
Nancy D. Chiaravalloti
Appendix 2: Reviews and Promotional Material for the Wechsler--Bellevue and Wechsler Memory Scale	579	(24)
David S. Tulsky
Index	603