Cognitive Psychology (3rd)

by Medin, Douglas L.; Ross, Brian H.; Markman, Arthur B.

• ISBN13: 9780155080577
• ISBN10: 0155080571
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-08-01
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Author Biography

Douglas Medin (Ph.D., University of South Dakota) taught at Rockefeller University, University of Illinois, and University of Michigan before assuming his position as CAS Visiting Committee Research and Teaching Professor at Northwestern University. Brian Ross received and S.B. in psychology from Brown University and an M.A. from Yale University before receiving his Ph.D. from Stanford University. His teaching career has been at the University of Illinois, where he is Professor of Psychology at the Beckman Institute Arthur Markman received his M.A. and Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Illinois after completing his S.B. in cognitive science at Brown University. He worked at Northwestern University and Columbia University before moving to the University of Texas at Austin, where he is an associate professor in the psychology department

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Part I Overview	1	(44)
Possibilities, Information, and Approaches to the Study of the Mind	3	(42)
Introduction	4	(7)
Domain of Cognitive Psychology	4	(1)
Puzzles	5	(2)
Possibilities	7	(1)
A Framework	8	(1)
A Closer Look	9	(2)
Themes and Implications	11	(1)
Knowledge and Experience	11	(6)
Ways of Knowing	11	(4)
Experimentation	15	(1)
Cognitive Psychology and Experimentation	16	(1)
Roots of Cognitive Psychology	17	(5)
Introspectionism	18	(1)
Behaviorism	18	(1)
Critique of Behaviorism	19	(3)
Cognitive Psychology	22	(9)
The Emergence of Cognitive Science	24	(2)
Cognitive Neuroscience Techniques	26	(1)
Event-Related Potentials	27	(1)
Positron Emission Tomography	27	(1)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging	28	(3)
Levels of Analysis	31	(3)
Marr's Three Levels	31	(2)
Recursive Decomposition	33	(1)
Diversity of Approaches	34	(6)
Degree of Formalism	34	(1)
Explicit Versus Implicit Structure	35	(1)
Connectionist Models	36	(4)
Ecological Validity	40	(2)
Summary	42	(1)
Key Terms	43	(1)
Recommended Readings	43	(2)
Part II Acquiring Information	45	(104)
Learning	47	(33)
Introduction	48	(1)
The Challenge of Learning	48	(1)
The Biological Backdrop of Learning	49	(10)
Fixed-Action Patterns and Releasers	50	(2)
Critical Periods and Imprinting	52	(5)
Constraints on Learning	57	(2)
Basic Learning	59	(12)
Habituation	59	(1)
Classical Conditioning	60	(6)
Trial-and-Error Learning or Instrumental Learning	66	(2)
Paired-Associate Learning	68	(3)
Implications	71	(7)
The Learning-Performance Distinction	71	(1)
Contingency Learning and Illusory Correlation	72	(3)
Content and Meaningful Learning	75	(3)
Summary	78	(1)
Key Terms	79	(1)
Recommended Readings	79	(1)
Perception	80	(35)
The Problem of Perception	81	(1)
Visual Perception	82	(14)
Low-Level Vision	83	(4)
Localization	87	(9)
High-Level Vision	96	(12)
Feature Detection Theories	96	(3)
Structural Theories	99	(5)
Template Matching and Alignment	104	(1)
Face Recognition and Visual Subsystems	105	(3)
Levels and the Integration of Information in Perceptual Context Effects	108	(5)
The Word Superiority Effect	109	(4)
Summary	113	(1)
Key Terms	114	(1)
Recommended Readings	114	(1)
Attention	115	(34)
Introduction	116	(1)
Initial Observations in Perceptual Attention	117	(6)
Sensory Stores	117	(1)
Evidence for Capacity Limitations	118	(3)
Focused Attention	121	(2)
Capacity and Attention	123	(7)
Bottleneck Theories	124	(2)
Late Selection	126	(1)
Capacity Theories	126	(4)
Feature Integration Theory	130	(3)
Attention in Complex Tasks	133	(8)
Capacity and Automaticity	136	(5)
Central Executive Functions	141	(3)
Dual-Task Interference	141	(3)
Attention and the Brain	144	(3)
Summary	147	(1)
Key Terms	147	(1)
Recommended Readings	148	(1)
Part III Memory	149	(176)
Memory: Remembering New Information	151	(45)
Introduction	152	(2)
Centrality of Memory	152	(1)
Uses of Memory	152	(2)
Short-Term Memory	154	(10)
Introduction	154	(1)
Characteristics of Short-Term Memory	155	(3)
Working Memory	158	(6)
Summary	164	(1)
Long-Term Memory	164	(22)
Introduction	164	(2)
Encoding	166	(4)
Retrieval	170	(1)
Encoding-Retrieval Interactions	171	(10)
Forgetting	181	(4)
Summary	185	(1)
Models of Memory for New Information	186	(8)
General Approach	186	(1)
Simple Association Models	187	(2)
The SAM Model	189	(5)
Summary	194	(1)
Key Terms	195	(1)
Recommended Readings	195	(1)
Memory Systems and Knowledge	196	(52)
Introduction	197	(1)
Semantic Knowledge	197	(5)
Characteristics of Semantic Memory	197	(1)
The Hierarchical Model	198	(2)
Evaluation of the Hierarchical Model	200	(2)
Episodic Memory	202	(6)
Are Episodic and Semantic Memory Distinct Memory Systems	202	(6)
Procedural Memory	208	(2)
Implicit and Explicit Memory	210	(30)
Spared Learning in Amnesia	211	(4)
Implicit and Explicit Memory with Normal-Memory Adults	215	(3)
Evaluation of the Implicit-Explicit Distinction	218	(2)
Two Models of Memory	220	(1)
Introduction	220	(1)
The ACT Theory	220	(9)
A Parallel Distributed Processing Model of Memory	229	(11)
Summary	240	(1)
Key Terms	241	(1)
Recommended Readings	241	(2)
Appendix: Learning in a Parallel Distributed Processing Model	243	(5)
Remembering New Information: Beyond Basic Effects	248	(45)
Introduction	249	(1)
Schemas: Understanding and Remembering Complex Situations	250	(13)
Introduction and Motivation	250	(3)
Understanding	253	(1)
Schemas	254	(3)
Scripts	257	(4)
Schema Activation	261	(1)
Problems with Schemas	262	(1)
Summary	262	(1)
Reconstructive Memory	263	(4)
Encoding-Retrieval Interactions Revisited	263	(2)
Schemas and Stereotypes	265	(2)
Summary	267	(1)
Memory in the World	267	(17)
Introduction	267	(1)
Eyewitness Testimony	268	(5)
Flashbulb Memories	273	(5)
Recovered Memories	278	(4)
Summary	282	(2)
Knowing Your Memory	284	(6)
Introduction	284	(1)
Strategies and Knowledge	284	(3)
Metamemory	287	(3)
Summary	290	(1)
Summary	290	(1)
Key Terms	291	(1)
Recommended Readings	291	(2)
Spatial Knowledge, Imagery, and Visual Memory	293	(32)
Introduction	294	(1)
Representations	295	(3)
Relations Between Representations and Referents	295	(1)
Analog Representations	296	(2)
Summary	298	(1)
Spatial Knowledge	299	(7)
Maps and Navigation	299	(1)
Spatial Representations From Descriptions	300	(2)
Hierarchical Representations of Space	302	(3)
The Brain and Spatial Cognition	305	(1)
Spatial Representations and Development	305	(1)
Summary	305	(1)
Imagery	306	(9)
Evidence for Use of Visual Imagery	307	(3)
Representation of Images	310	(4)
Summary	314	(1)
Visual Memory	315	(7)
Remembering Details	315	(1)
Memory for Pictures	316	(3)
The Picture-Superiority Effect	319	(3)
Memory for Faces	322	(1)
Summary	322	(1)
Summary	322	(2)
Key Terms	324	(1)
Recommended Readings	324	(1)
Part IV Language and Understanding	325	(78)
Language	327	(38)
Introduction	328	(1)
Language and Communication	328	(5)
Principles of Communication	329	(1)
The Given-New Strategy	330	(1)
Presupposition and Assertion	330	(1)
Conversational Maxims	331	(1)
Summary	332	(1)
The Productivity of Human Languages	333	(2)
Productivity and Novelty	333	(1)
Ambiguity	334	(1)
Phonology	335	(8)
Phonological Rules	335	(4)
Speech Perception	339	(4)
Summary	343	(1)
Syntax	343	(7)
The Need for Structure	343	(1)
Structure	344	(1)
Phrase Structure	345	(2)
Transformations	347	(2)
The Psychological Reality of Syntax	349	(1)
Summary	350	(1)
Understanding Language	350	(6)
Heuristics and Strategies	351	(2)
Minimal Attachment	353	(3)
Text Comprehension	356	(4)
The Brain and Language	360	(2)
Summary	362	(1)
Key Terms	363	(1)
Recommended Readings	364	(1)
Concepts and Categories: Representation and Use	365	(38)
Introduction	366	(5)
Why Categorize	366	(1)
Computational Complexity	366	(1)
Functions of Concepts	367	(2)
Concepts and Misconceptions	369	(2)
Summary	371	(1)
Structure of Natural Object Categories	371	(25)
The Classical View	372	(1)
The Probabilistic View	373	(9)
Between-Category Structure	382	(4)
Does Similarity Explain Categorization	386	(4)
Concepts as Organized by Theories	390	(1)
Putting Similarity in Its Place	391	(2)
Are There Kinds of Categories	393	(2)
Summary	395	(1)
Use of Categories in Reasoning	396	(3)
Goals and Ad Hoc Categories	396	(1)
Conceptual Combination	396	(1)
Categories and Induction	397	(2)
Summary	399	(1)
Key Terms	400	(1)
Recommended Readings	400	(3)
Part V Thinking	403	(148)
Reasoning	405	(41)
Introduction	406	(1)
Logic and Reasoning	406	(4)
Validity and Truth	408	(1)
Deductive Versus Inductive Reasoning	409	(1)
Summary	410	(1)
The Psychology of Deduction	410	(9)
Conditional Reasoning	411	(3)
Conditional Reasoning in Hypothesis Testing: The Selection Task	414	(4)
Summary	418	(1)
The Psychology of Inductive Reasoning	419	(8)
Probabilistic Reasoning	420	(1)
Test Quality: A Case Study of Base Rates	421	(2)
Base Rate Neglect	423	(1)
Confusing Conditional Probabilities	424	(1)
Argument Structure and Relevance	425	(2)
Summary	427	(1)
The Importance of Content	427	(7)
Analogy and Similarity	427	(4)
An Example of Mapping	431	(1)
A Return to Similarity	431	(2)
Summary	433	(1)
Mental Models and Intuitive Theories	434	(7)
Intuitive Theories	438	(3)
Hypothesis Testing and Scientific Reasoning	441	(3)
Summary	444	(1)
Key Terms	445	(1)
Recommended Readings	445	(1)
Problem Solving	446	(35)
Introduction	447	(5)
Problems, Problems, Problems	447	(1)
What Is a Problem	447	(1)
Types of Problems	448	(1)
Methods for Studying Problem Solving	448	(4)
Summary	452	(1)
Problem Solving as Representation and Search	452	(18)
Introduction	452	(1)
The Problem Space Analysis	453	(3)
Problem Solving as Search	456	(5)
Problem Solving as Representation	461	(8)
Summary of Problem Solving as Representation and Search	469	(1)
Reliance on Specific Relevant Knowledge	470	(9)
Introduction	470	(1)
The Influence of Related Problems	470	(8)
Summary	478	(1)
Summary	479	(1)
Key Terms	479	(1)
Recommended Readings	480	(1)
Expertise and Creativity	481	(37)
Introduction	482	(1)
Expertise	482	(23)
Introduction	482	(1)
Comparing Experts and Novices	482	(10)
Developing Expertise	492	(8)
Expert Systems	500	(3)
Adaptive Expertise	503	(1)
Summary	504	(1)
Creativity	505	(11)
Introduction	505	(2)
The Traditional View	507	(2)
Some Recent Views of Creativity	509	(5)
Summary	514	(2)
Summary	516	(1)
Key Terms	516	(1)
Recommended Readings	517	(1)
Judgment and Decision Making	518	(33)
Introduction	519	(1)
Rational and Normative Models	520	(3)
Expected Value Theory	521	(1)
Expected Utility Theory	522	(1)
Limitations of Expected Utility and Alternatives to It	523	(11)
Violations of Expected Utility	523	(6)
Prospect Theory	529	(2)
Regret Theory	531	(1)
Decision Making Over Time	532	(2)
Summary	534	(1)
Dealing With Complexity	534	(2)
Strategies for Dealing With Complexity	535	(1)
Adaptive Decision Making	535	(1)
Further Heuristics and Biases	536	(9)
Availability Heuristic	537	(3)
Representativeness Heuristic	540	(1)
Anchoring and Adjustment	541	(1)
Casual Schemas	541	(1)
Hindsight Bias	542	(1)
Overconfidence	542	(1)
Relativity of Judgment and Use of Norms	543	(1)
Summary	544	(1)
Are There Kinds of Decisions	545	(3)
Mental Accounting	545	(3)
Summary	548	(1)
Key Terms	548	(1)
Recommended Readings	549	(2)
Glossary	551	(12)
References	563	(50)
Credits	613	(4)
Author Index	617	(10)
Subject Index	627