Cognitive Psychology

by Sternberg, Robert J.

• ISBN13: 9780534514211
• ISBN10: 0534514219
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-08
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Sternberg's text balances accessible writing, practical applications, and research scholarship, interweaving biology throughout the text. Utilizing the theme that human cognition has evolved over time as a means of adapting to our environment, Sternberg explores the basics of cognitive psychology through its coverage of cognitive neuroscience, attention and consciousness, perception, memory, knowledge representation, language, problem solving and creativity, decision making and reasoning, cognitive development, and intelligence. Sternberg provides the most comprehensive coverage of any cognitive psychology text available; a "from lab to life" approach covering theory, lab and field research, and applications to everyday life (like driving while talking on a cell phone and airport security).

Author Biography

Robert J. Sternberg is currently the IBM Professor of Psychology and Education in the Department of Psychology as well as the Director of the Center for the Psychology of Abilities, Competencies, and Expertise at Yale University

Table of Contents

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology	1	(27)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	2	(1)
Cognitive Psychology Defined	2	(1)
Philosophical Antecedents of Psychology: Rationalism versus Empiricism	3	(2)
Psychological Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology	5	(4)
Early Dialectics in the Psychology of Cognition	5	(2)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	7	(1)
From Associationism to Behaviorism	7	(2)
Gestalt Psychology	9	(1)
Emergence of Cognitive Psychology	9	(2)
Early Role of Psychobiology	9	(1)
Add a Dash of Technology: Engineering and Computation	10	(1)
Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology	11	(8)
Goals of Research	11	(1)
In the Lab of Ludy T. Benjamin, Jr.	12	(1)
Distinctive Research Methods	13	(5)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	18	(1)
Key Issues and Fields within Cognitive Psychology	19	(2)
Underlying Themes in the Study of Cognitive Psychology	20	(1)
Key Ideas in Cognitive Psychology	21	(4)
Chapter Previews	24	(1)
Summary	25	(1)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	26	(1)
Key Terms	27	(1)
Annotated Suggested Reading	27	(1)
Cognitive Neuroscience	28	(33)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	29	(1)
The Brain	29	(7)
Viewing the Structures and Functions of the Brain	30	(1)
Postmortem Studies	30	(1)
Animal Studies	30	(1)
Electrical Recordings	31	(1)
Static Imaging Techniques	32	(1)
Metabolic Imaging	32	(4)
Cognition in the Brain: Cerebral Cortex and Other Structures	36	(21)
Gross Anatomy of the Brain: Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain	37	(4)
In the Lab of John Gabrieli	41	(4)
Cerebral Cortex and Localization of Function	45	(10)
Brain Disorders	55	(2)
Key Themes	57	(1)
Summary	58	(1)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	59	(1)
Key Terms	59	(1)
COGLAB: Brain Asymmetry
Annotated Suggested Reading	60	(1)
Attention and Consciousness	61	(49)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	62	(1)
The Nature of Attention and Consciousness	62	(14)
Preconscious Processing	63	(3)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	66	(1)
In the Lab of John F. Kihlstrom	67	(1)
Controlled versus Automatic Processes	68	(4)
Habituation and Adaptation	72	(2)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	74	(2)
Attention	76	(12)
Signal Detection	76	(1)
The Nature of Signal Detection	76	(2)
Vigilance	78	(3)
Search	81	(7)
Selective and Divided Attention	88	(15)
Basic Paradigms for Studying Selective Attention	88	(2)
Filter and Bottleneck Theories of Selective Attention	90	(4)
Attentional-Resource Theories of Selective Attention	94	(2)
Additional Considerations in Selective Attention	96	(1)
Divided Attention	97	(3)
Consciousness of Complex Mental Processes	100	(2)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	102	(1)
Cognitive Neuroscientific Approaches to Attention and Consciousness	103	(3)
Attentional Systems	104	(1)
Using Event-Related Potentials to Measure Attention	104	(1)
A Psychopharmacological Approach	105	(1)
Links among Perception, Attention, and Consciousness	105	(1)
Key Themes	106	(1)
Summary	107	(2)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	109	(1)
Key Terms	109	(1)
COGLAB: Attentional Blink
COGLAB: Stroop Effect
COGLAB: Simon Effect
COGLAB: Spatial Cueing
Annotated Suggested Reading	109	(1)
Perception	110	(46)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	111	(4)
From Sensation to Representation	115	(16)
Some Basic Concepts	115	(1)
Perceptual Constancies	116	(2)
Depth Perception	118	(4)
Approaches to Object and Form Perception	122	(2)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	124	(2)
In the Lab of Stephen Palmer	126	(5)
Theoretical Approaches to Perception	131	(17)
Bottom-Up Approaches: Direct Perception	131	(12)
Top-Down Approaches: Constructive Perception	143	(2)
Synthesizing the Two Approaches	145	(1)
A Computational Theory of Perception	146	(2)
Deficits in Perception	148	(4)
Agnosias	148	(3)
Anomalies in Color Perception	151	(1)
Akinetopsia	151	(1)
Key Themes	152	(1)
Summary	153	(1)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	154	(1)
Key Terms	154	(1)
COGLAB: Mapping the Blind Spot
COGLAB: Receptive Fields
COGLAB: Apparent Motion
COGLAB: Metacontrast Masking
COGLAB: Muller-Lyer Illusion
COGLAB: Signal Detection
COGLAB: Visual Search
COGLAB: Lexical Decision
Annotated Suggested Reading	155	(1)
Memory: Models and Research Methods	156	(37)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	157	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	157	(1)
Tasks Used for Measuring Memory	157	(3)
Recall versus Recognition Tasks	158	(1)
Implicit versus Explicit Memory Tasks	159	(1)
Traditional Model of Memory	160	(7)
Sensory Store	161	(4)
Short-Term Store	165	(1)
Long-Term Store	166	(1)
The Levels-of-Processing Model	167	(2)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	169	(1)
An Integrative Model: Working Memory	169	(4)
Multiple-Memory-Systems	173	(4)
In the Lab of M. K. Johnson	175	(2)
A Connectionist Perspective	177	(1)
Memory in the Real World	178	(1)
Exceptional Memory and Neuropsychology	179	(10)
Outstanding Memory: Mnemonists	179	(3)
Deficient Memory	182	(4)
Role of the Hippocampus and Other Structures	186	(3)
Key Themes	189	(1)
Summary	190	(1)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	191	(1)
Key Terms	191	(1)
COGLAB: Memory Span
COGLAB: Partial Report
COGLAB: Absolute Identification
COGLAB: Operation Span
COGLAB: Implicit Learning
COGLAB: Modality Effect
COGLAB: Position Error
COGLAB: Irrelevant Speech
COGLAB: Phonological Similarity
COGLAB: Levels of Processing
Annotated Suggested Reading	192	(1)
Memory Processes	193	(35)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	194	(1)
Encoding and Transfer of Information	195	(9)
Forms of Encoding	195	(2)
Transfer of Information from Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory	197	(3)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	200	(4)
Retrieval	204	(3)
Retrieval from Short-Term Memory	204	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	204	(2)
Retrieval from Long-Term Memory	206	(1)
Processes of Forgetting and Memory Distortion	207	(5)
Interference versus Decay Theory	207	(2)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	209	(3)
The Constructive Nature of Memory	212	(10)
Autobiographical Memory	212	(1)
Memory Distortions	213	(3)
In the Lab of Elizabeth Loftus	216	(2)
Context Effects on Encoding and Retrieval	218	(4)
Memory Development	222	(2)
Metacognitive Skills and Memory Development	222	(2)
Key Themes	224	(1)
Summary	225	(1)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	226	(1)
Key Terms	227	(1)
COGLAB: Brown-Peterson
COGLAB: False Memory
COGLAB: Serial Position
COGLAB: Sternberg Search
COGLAB: Von Restorff Effect
COGLAB: Encoding Specificity
COGLAB: Forgot It All Along
COGLAB: Remember/Know
Annotated Suggested Reading	227	(1)
Representation and Manipulation of Knowledge in Memory: Images and Propositions	228	(46)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	229	(1)
Mental Representation of Knowledge	229	(14)
External Representations: Pictures versus Words	231	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	232	(1)
Mental Imagery	233	(1)
Dual-Code Theory: Analogical Images versus Symbols	234	(1)
In the Lab of S. M. Kosslyn	235	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	236	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	236	(1)
Propositional Theory	237	(6)
Mental Manipulations of Images	243	(9)
Mental Rotations	244	(3)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	247	(1)
Image Scaling	248	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	249	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	250	(1)
Image Scanning	250	(2)
Synthesizing Images and Propositions	252	(7)
Epiphenomena and Demand Characteristics	253	(2)
Johnson-Laird's Mental Models	255	(2)
Neuropsychological Evidence for Multiple Codes	257	(1)
Visual versus Spatial Images	258	(1)
Spatial Cognition and Cognitive Maps	259	(10)
Rats, Bees, and Humans	259	(2)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	261	(2)
Mental Shortcuts	263	(4)
Text Maps	267	(1)
Development of Visuospatial Skills	268	(1)
Key Themes	269	(1)
Summary	270	(2)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	272	(1)
Key Terms	272	(1)
COGLAB: Mental Rotation
COGLAB: Link Word
COGLAB: Mental Scanning
Annotated Suggested Reading	273	(1)
Representation and Organization of Knowledge in Memory: Concepts, Categories, Networks, and Schemas	274	(36)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	275	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	275	(1)
Organization of Declarative Knowledge	276	(15)
Concepts and Categories	277	(7)
Semantic Network Models	284	(4)
Schematic Representations	288	(2)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	290	(1)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	291	(1)
Representations of Procedural Knowledge	291	(2)
Integrative Models for Representing Declarative and Nondeclarative Knowledge	293	(13)
Combining Representations: ACT-R	293	(3)
Models Based on the Human Brain	296	(2)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	298	(1)
Parallel Processing: The Connectionist Model	299	(5)
In the Lab of James L. McClelland	304	(2)
How Domain General or Domain Specific Is Cognition?	306	(1)
Key Themes	306	(1)
Summary	307	(1)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	308	(1)
Key Terms	309	(1)
COGLAB: Prototypes
COGLAB: Absolute Identification
COGLAB: Implicit Learning
Annotated Suggested Reading	309	(1)
Language: Nature and Acquisition	310	(36)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	311	(1)
Properties of Language	312	(6)
General Description	312	(3)
Fundamental Aspects of Language	315	(3)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	318	(1)
Processes of Language Comprehension	318	(13)
Speech Perception	318	(4)
Semantics and Syntax	322	(2)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	324	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	325	(5)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	330	(1)
Language Acquisition	331	(11)
Stages of Language Acquisition	331	(1)
In the Lab of Paul Bloom	332	(2)
Nature and Nurture	334	(5)
Beyond the First Years	339	(1)
Animal Language	340	(2)
Common Themes	342	(1)
Summary	343	(1)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	344	(1)
Key Terms	345	(1)
COGLAB: Categorical Perception Identification
COGLAB: Discrimination
COGLAB: Suffix Effect
COGLAB: Lexical Decision
Annotated Suggested Reading	345	(1)
Language in Context	346	(45)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	347	(1)
Reading: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes	347	(6)
Perceptual Issues in Reading	348	(1)
Lexical Processes in Reading	349	(4)
Language and Thought	353	(14)
Differences among Languages	353	(6)
Bilingualism and Dialects	359	(5)
Slips of the Tongue	364	(2)
Metaphorical Language	366	(1)
Language in a Social Context	367	(14)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	367	(1)
Speech Acts	368	(3)
Conversational Postulates	371	(1)
Gender and Language	372	(2)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	374	(1)
Discourse and Reading Comprehension	374	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	374	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	375	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	376	(1)
In the Lab of Walter Kintsch	377	(4)
Neuropsychology of Language	381	(6)
Aphasia	381	(2)
Autism	383	(1)
Lesion Studies and Event-Related Potentials Research	383	(3)
Other Methods	386	(1)
Common Themes	387	(1)
Summary	388	(1)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	389	(1)
Key Terms	390	(1)
COGLAB: Word Superiority
Annotated Suggested Reading	390	(1)
Problem Solving and Creativity	391	(48)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	392	(1)
The Problem-Solving Cycle	393	(4)
Types of Problems	397	(14)
Well-Structured Problems	397	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	398	(6)
Ill-Structured Problems and the Role of Insight	404	(7)
Obstacles and Aids to Problem Solving	411	(10)
Mental Sets. Entrenchment, and Fixation	411	(2)
Negative and Positive Transfer	413	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	413	(1)
In the Lab of Dedre Gentner	414	(2)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	416	(3)
Incubation	419	(1)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	420	(1)
Expertise: Knowledge and Problem Solving	421	(8)
Organization of Knowledge	421	(4)
Innate Talent and Acquired Skill	425	(4)
Creativity	429	(5)
It's How Much You Produce	430	(1)
It's What You Know	431	(1)
It's Who You Are	432	(1)
It's Where You Are	432	(1)
All of the Above	433	(1)
Types of Creative Contributions	434	(1)
Common Themes	435	(1)
Summary	436	(1)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	437	(1)
Key Terms	438	(1)
COGLAB: Monty Hall
Annotated Suggested Reading	438	(1)
Decision Making and Reasoning	439	(45)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	440	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	440	(1)
Judgment and Decision Making	441	(15)
Classical Decision Theory	441	(2)
Satisficing	443	(1)
Elimination by Aspects	444	(1)
Heuristics and Biases	445	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	446	(6)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	452	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	452	(3)
In the Lab of Gerd Gigerenzer	455	(1)
Deductive Reasoning	456	(14)
Conditional Reasoning	457	(5)
Syllogistic Reasoning	462	(1)
Linear Syllogisms	462	(1)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	463	(6)
Further Aids and Obstacles to Deductive Reasoning	469	(1)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	470	(1)
Inductive Reasoning	470	(8)
Reaching Causal Inferences	472	(4)
Categorical Inferences	476	(1)
Reasoning by Analogy	476	(1)
Development of Inductive Reasoning	477	(1)
An Alternative View of Reasoning	478	(1)
Common Themes	479	(2)
Summary	481	(1)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	482	(1)
Key Terms	483	(1)
COGLAB: Risky Decisions
COGLAB: Typical Reasoning
COGLAB: Wason Selection Task
Annotated Suggested Reading	483	(1)
Human and Artificial Intelligence	484	(47)
Exploring Cognitive Psychology	485	(2)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	485	(2)
Measures and Structures of Intelligence	487	(8)
Spearman: The ``g'' Factor	492	(1)
Thurstone: Primary Mental Abilities	492	(2)
Guilford: The Structure of Intellect	494	(1)
Cattell, Vernon, and Carroll: Hierarchical Models	494	(1)
Information Processing and Intelligence	495	(8)
Process-Timing Theories	495	(3)
Working Memory	498	(1)
Componential Theory and Complex Problem Solving	498	(1)
In the Lab of Randall Engle	499	(2)
Biological Bases of Intelligence	501	(2)
Alternative Approaches to Intelligence	503	(9)
Cultural Context and Intelligence	503	(4)
Gardner: Multiple Intelligences	507	(2)
Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory	509	(3)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	512	(1)
Improving Intelligence: Effective, Ineffective, and Questionable Strategies	512	(3)
Investigating Cognitive Psychology	513	(2)
Development of Intelligence in Adults	515	(3)
Artificial Intelligence: Computer Simulations	518	(8)
Can a Computer Program Be ``Intelligent''?	518	(6)
Questions about the Intelligence of Intelligent Programs	524	(2)
Common Themes	526	(1)
Practical Applications of Cognitive Psychology	527	(1)
Summary	527	(2)
Thinking about Thinking: Factual, Analytical, Creative, and Practical Questions	529	(1)
Key Terms	529	(1)
Annotated Suggested Reading	530	(1)
Glossary	531	(7)
References	538	(41)
Name Index	579	(8)
Subject Index	587	(8)
Credits	595