Cognitive Psychology Mind and Brain

by Smith, Edward E.; Kosslyn, Stephen M.

• ISBN13: 9780131825086
• ISBN10: 0131825089
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2019-07-27
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

In Cognitive Psychology: Mind and Brain, Edward E. Smith and Stephen M. Kosslyn present a fresh take on a well-established field. Taking advantage of developing neurological methods and data, for the first time students are able to use a text that fully integrates this approach into psychological theory. With well respected specialists commenting on the latest research in the field, the Smith/Kosslyn text makes for an exciting and relevant picture of cognitive science.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
CHAPTER 1 How the Brain Gives Rise to the Mind	1	(48)
1. A Brief History: How We Got Here	3	(6)
1.1. In the Beginning: The Contents of Consciousness,	4	(2)
1.2. Psychology in the World,	6	(1)
1.3. Behaviorism: Reaction against the Unobservable,	6	(1)
1.4. The Cognitive Revolution,	7	(2)
2. Understanding the Mind: The Form of Theories of Cognition	9	(8)
2.1. Mind and Brain,	9	(2)
2.2. Mental Representation,	11	(1)
2.3. Mental Processing,	11	(2)
2.4. Why the Brain?,	13	(4)
DEBATE: What Is the Nature of Visual Mental Imagery?	16	(1)
3. The Cognitive	17	(7)
3.1. Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Brain,	17	(1)
3.2. Structure of the Nervous System,	18	(6)
4. Studying Cognition	24	(20)
4.1. Converging Evidence for Dissociations and Associations,	25	(2)
4.2. Behavioral Methods,	27	(2)
4.3. Correlational Neural Methods: The Importance of Localization,	29	(7)
4.4. Causal Neural Methods,	36	(4)
4.5. Modeling,	40	(2)
4.6. Neural-Network Models,	42	(2)
5. Overview of the Book	44	(1)
Revisit and Reflect	45	(4)
CHAPTER 2 Perception	49	(54)
1. What It Means to Perceive	50	(3)
2. How It Works: The Case of Visual Perception	53	(4)
2.1. The Structure of the Visual System,	53	(2)
2.2. Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing,	55	(1)
2.3. Learning to See,	56	(1)
3. Building from the Bottom Up: From Features to Objects	57	(13)
3.1. Processing Features, the Building Blocks of Perception,	58	(7)
3.2. Putting it Together: What Counts, What Doesn't,	65	(5)
4. Achieving Visual Recognition: Have I Seen You Before?	70	(15)
4.1. A Brain That Cannot Recognize,	70	(1)
4.2. Models of Recognition,	71	(14)
A CLOSER LOOK: Visual Feature Detectors in the Brain	77	(7)
DEBATE: A Set of Blocks or Cat's Cradle: Modular or Distributed Representations?	84	(1)
5. Interpreting from the Top Down: What You Know Guides What you See	85	(8)
5.1. Using Context,	85	(5)
5.2. Models of Top-Down Processing,	90	(3)
6. In Models and Brains: The Interactive Nature of Perception	93	(6)
6.1. Refining Recognition,	94	(1)
6.2. Resolving Ambiguity,	95	(2)
6.3. Seeing the "What" and the "Where",	97	(2)
Revisited and Reflect	99	(4)
CHAPTER 3 Attention	103	(44)
1. The Nature and Roles of Attention	104	(24)
1.1. Failures of Selection,	105	(13)
DEBATE: Cars and Conversation	114	(4)
1.2. Successes of Selection,	118	(10)
2. Explaining Attention: Information-Processing Theories	128	(6)
2.1. Early versus Late Attentional Selection,	128	(2)
2.2. Spotlight Theory,	130	(1)
2.3. Feature Integration Theory and Guided Search,	131	(3)
3. Looking to the Brain	134	(5)
3.1. Electrophysiology and Human Attention,	135	(1)
3.2. Functional Neuroimaging and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation,	136	(3)
4. Competition: A Single Explanatory Framework for Attention?	139	(5)
A CLOSER LOOK: Competition and Selection	142	(2)
Revisit and Reflect	144	(3)
CHAPTER 4 Representation and Knowledge in Long-Term Memory	147	(45)
1. Roles of Knowledge in Cognition	148	(3)
2. Representations and Their Formats	151	(17)
2.1. Memories and Representations,	152	(1)
2.2. Four Possible Formats for Representations,	153	(13)
A CLOSER LOOK: Behavioral Evidence for Mental Imagery	159	(5)
DEBATE: Do Amodal Representations Exist?	164	(2)
2.3. Multiple Representational Formats in Perception and Simulation,	166	(2)
3. From Representation to Category Knowledge	168	(6)
3.1. The Inferential Power of Category Knowledge,	169	(1)
3.2. The Multimodal Nature of Category Knowledge,	170	(1)
3.3. Multimodal Mechanisms and Category Knowledge: Behavioral Evidence,	171	(1)
3.4. Multimodal Mechanisms and Category Knowledge: Neural Evidence,	172	(2)
4. Structures in Category Knowledge	174	(8)
4.1. Exemplars and Rules,	174	(4)
4.2. Prototypes and Typicality,	178	(1)
4.3. Background Knowledge,	179	(2)
4.4. Dynamic Representation,	181	(1)
5. Category Domains and Organization	182	(7)
5.1. Distinguishing Domains of Category Knowledge in the Brain,	182	(3)
5.2. Taxonomies and the Search for a "Basic Level",	185	(4)
Revisit and Reflect	189	(3)
CHAPTER 5 Encoding and Retrieval from Long-Term Memory	192	(47)
1. The Nature of Long-Term Memory	193	(8)
1.1. The Forms of Long-Term Memory,	194	(1)
1.2. The Power of Memory: The Story of H.M.,	195	(4)
1.3. Multiple Systems for Long-Term Learning and Remembering,	199	(2)
2. Encoding: How Episodic Memories Are Formed	201	(13)
2.1. The Importance of Attention,	202	(1)
2.2. Levels of Processing and Elaborative Encoding,	203	(5)
A CLOSER LOOK: Transfer Appropriate Processing	206	(2)
2.3. Enhancers of Encoding: Generation and Spacing,	208	(3)
2.4. Episodic Encoding, Binding, and the Medial Temporal Lobe,	211	(3)
2.5. Consolidation: The Fixing of Memory,	214	(1)
3. Retrieval: How We Recall the Past from Episodic Memory	214	(10)
3.1. Pattern Completion and Recapitulation,	215	(1)
3.2. Episodic Retrieval and the Frontal Lobes,	216	(1)
3.3. Cues for Retrieval,	217	(1)
3.4. The Second Time Around: Recognizing Stimuli by Recollection and Familiarity,	218	(1)
3.5 Misremembering the Past,	219	(5)
DEBATE: "Remembering," "Knowing," and the Medial Temporal Lobes	220	(4)
4. The Encoding Was Successful, But I Still Can't Remember	224	(5)
4.1. Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Function,	224	(1)
4.2. Forgetting and Competition,	225	(4)
5. Nondeclarative Memory Systems	229	(6)
5.1. Priming,	230	(3)
5.2. Beyond Printing: Other Forms of Nondeclarative Memory,	233	(2)
Revisit and Reflect	235	(4)
CHAPTER 6 Working Memory	239	(41)
1. Using Working Memory	240	(2)
1.1. A Computer Metaphor,	240	(1)
1.2. Implications of the Nature of Working Memory,	241	(1)
2. From Primary Memory to Working Memory: A Brief History	242	(8)
2.1. William James: Primary Memory, Secondary Memory and Consciousness,	243	(1)
2.2. Early Studies: The Characteristics of Short-Term Memory,	243	(4)
2.3. The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model: The Relationship of Short-Term and Long-Term Memory,	247	(1)
2.4. The Baddeley-Hitch Model: Working Memory,	248	(2)
3. Understanding the Working Memory Model	250	(12)
3.1. The Phonological Loop: When It Works and When It Doesn't,	250	(6)
3.2. The Visuopatial Scratchpad,	256	(3)
3.3. The Central Executive,	259	(1)
DEBATE: How Are Working Memory Functions Organized in the Brain?	260	(1)
3.4. Are There Really Two Distant Storage Systems?,	260	(2)
4. How Working Memory Works	262	(11)
4.1. Mechanisms of Active Maintenance,	262	(6)
4.2. The Role of the Prefrontal Cortex: Storage or Control?,	268	(5)
A CLOSER LOOK: Mechanisms of Working Memory Storage in the Monkey Brain	270	(3)
5. Current Directions	273	(3)
5.1. The Episodic Buffer,	274	(1)
5.2. Person-to-Person Variation,	274	(1)
5.3. The Role of Dopamine,	275	(1)
Revisit and Reflect	276	(4)
CHAPTER 7 Executive Processes	280	(45)
1. The Frontal Lobe Connection	282	(3)
2. Frontal Damage and the Frontal Hypothesis	285	(4)
3. Executive Attention	289	(12)
3.1. A Neural-Network Model of Conflict in Processing,	291	(6)
3.2. Executive Attention and Categorization,	297	(1)
3.3. The Role of Consciousness,	298	(3)
A CLOSER LOOK: Prefrontal Damage, Reasoning, and Category Decisions	299	(2)
4. Switching Attention	301	(7)
4.1. The Costs of Switching,	301	(2)
4.2. A Framework for Understanding Task Switching,	303	(2)
4.3. The Neural-Switcher Hypothesis,	305	(1)
4.4. What Gets Switched?,	306	(2)
5. Inhibition of Response	308	(4)
5.1. Representative Cases of Response Inhibition,	308	(2)
5.2. Development of Response Inhibition,	310	(2)
6. Sequencing	312	(6)
6.1. Mechanisms for Sequencing,	312	(4)
6.2. Sequencing Connected Items,	316	(2)
7. Monitoring	318	(4)
7.1. Monitoring Working Memory,	318	(2)
7.2. Monitoring for Errors,	320	(8)
DEBATE: How Many Executive Processes Does It Take...?	321	(1)
Revisit and Reflect	322	(3)
CHAPTER 8 Emotion and Cognition	325	(41)
1. The Connection	326	(2)
2. Defining Emotion	328	(6)
2.1. Basic Emotions,	329	(2)
2.2. Dimensional Approaches,	331	(3)
3. Manipulating and Measuring Emotion	334	(3)
3.1. Manipulation by Mood Induction,	334	(1)
3.2. Manipulation by Evocative Stimuli,	334	(1)
3.3. Measuring Emotion Directly,	334	(1)
3.4. Measuring Emotion Indirectly,	335	(2)
4. Emotional Learning: Acquiring Evaluations	337	(11)
4.1. Classical Conditioning,	338	(4)
4.2. Instrumental Conditioning: Learning by Reward or Punishment,	342	(2)
4.3. Instructional and Observational Learning,	344	(3)
A CLOSER LOOK: Expressing Imaginary Fears	346	(1)
4.4. Mere Exposure,	347	(1)
5. Emotion and Declarative Memory	348	(8)
5.1. Arousal and Memory,	348	(3)
5.2. Stress and Memory,	351	(1)
5.3. Mood and Memory,	352	(1)
5.4. Memory for Emotional Public Events,	353	(3)
6. Emotion, Attention, and Perception	356	(7)
6.1. Emotion and the Capture of Attention,	356	(2)
6.2. Facilitation of Attention and Perception,	358	(9)
DEBATE: Is the Detection of Threat Automatic?	359	(4)
Revisit and Reflect	363	(3)
CHAPTER 9 Decision Making	366	(45)
1. The Nature of a Decision	367	(5)
1.1. The Science of Decision Making,	367	(2)
1.2. The Decision Tree,	369	(3)
2. Rational Decision Making: The Expected Utility Model	372	(8)
2.1. How the Model Works,	373	(1)
2.2. The Expected Utility Model and Behavioral Research,	374	(5)
2.3. General Limitations of the Expected Utility Model,	379	(1)
3. Neural Bases of Expected Utility Calculations	380	(5)
4. Human Decision Making and the Expected Utility Model: How Close a Fit?	385	(18)
4.1. Preference, Transitivity, and Procedural Invariance: Behavioral Violations,	385	(2)
4.2. Rationality—Up to a Point,	387	(3)
DEBATE: Are Humans Rational Animals?	389	(1)
4.3. Framing Effects and Prospect Theory,	390	(3)
4.4. The Role of Emotions in Valuation: The Allais Paradox,	393	(1)
4.5. The Role of Emotions in Valuation: Temporal Discounting and Dynamic Inconsistency,	394	(3)
A CLOSER LOOK: Separate Systems Value Immediate versus Delayed Rewards	396	(1)
4.6. Judgments in the Face of Ambiguity,	397	(2)
4.7. Judgments about Likelihood in the Face of Uncertainty,	399	(4)
5. Complex, Uncertain Decision Making	403	(4)
Revisit and Reflect	407	(4)
CHAPTER 10 Problem Solving and Reasoning	411	(40)
1. The Nature of Problem Solving	412	(12)
1.1. The Structure of a Problem,	414	(2)
1.2. Problem Space Theory,	416	(1)
1.3. Strategies and Heuristics,	417	(4)
1.4. The Role of Working Memory and Executive Processes,	421	(2)
1.5. How Experts Solve Problems,	423	(1)
2. Analogical Reasoning	424	(5)
2.1. Using Analogies,	425	(2)
2.2. Theories of Analogical Reasoning,	427	(1)
2.3. Beyond Working Memory,	428	(1)
3. Inductive Reasoning	429	(8)
3.1. General Inductions,	429	(3)
3.2. Specific Inductions,	432	(2)
3.3. Critical Brain Networks,	434	(3)
4. Deductive Reasoning	437	(11)
4.1. Categorical Syllogisms,	437	(2)
4.2. Conditional Syllogisms,	439	(1)
4.3. Errors in Deductive Thinking,	440	(3)
4.4. Theories of Deductive Reasoning,	443	(3)
A CLOSER LOOK: Logic and Belief	444	(2)
DEBATE: Errors and Evolution	446	(1)
4.5. Linguistic versus Spatial Basis,	446	(2)
Revisit and Reflect	448	(3)
CHAPTER 11 Motor Cognition and Mental Simulation	451	(31)
1. The Nature of Motor Cognition	452	(4)
1.1. Perception—Action Cycles,	453	(1)
1.2. The Nature of Motor Processing in the Brain,	453	(2)
1.3. The Role of Shared Representations,	455	(1)
2. Mental Simulation and the Motor System	456	(8)
2.1. Motor Priming and Mental Representation,	456	(2)
2.2. Motor Programs,	458	(2)
2.3. Mental Simulation of Action,	460	(4)
A CLOSER LOOK: Taking Perspective	462	(2)
3. Imitation	464
3.1. The Development of Imitation,	464	(3)
3.2. The Cognitive Components of Imitation,	467	(2)
3.3. Simulation Theories of Action Understanding,	469	(2)
DEBATE: How Do We Know Whose Plan It Is?	470	(1)
3.4. Mirror Neurons and Self—Other Mapping,	471
4. Biological Motion	273	(207)
4.1. The Perception of Biological Motion,	474	(2)
4.2. Processing Biological Motion,	476	(1)
4.3. Motor Cognition in Motion Perception,	476	(4)
Revisit and Reflect	480	(2)
CHAPTER 12 Language	482	(50)
1. The Nature of Language	483	(10)
1.1. Levels of Language Representation,	483	(6)
1.2. Language versus Animal Communication,	489	(4)
2. Processes of Language Comprehension	493	(23)
2.1. The Triangle Model of the Lexicon,	493	(1)
2.2. Ambiguity: A Pervasive Challenge to Comprehension,	494	(2)
2.3. Speech Perception,	496	(6)
A CLOSER LOOK: Multiple Hypotheses during Spoken Word Recognition	499	(3)
2.4. Representing Meaning,	502	(4)
2.5. Sentence Comprehension,	506	(3)
2.6. Figurative Language,	509	(1)
2.7. Reading,	510	(6)
3. Processes of Language Production	516	(8)
3.1. Grammatical Encoding,	518	(2)
3.2. Phonological Encoding,	520	(2)
3.3. Integrating Grammatical and Phonological Stages,	522	(2)
4. Language, Thought and Bilingualism	524	(4)
4.1. Language and Though,	524	(1)
4.2. Bilingualism,	525	(3)
DEBATE: Are There Sensitive Periods for the Acquisition of Language?	526	(2)
Revisit and Reflect	528	(4)
Glossary	532	(11)
References	543	(51)
Subject Index	594	(11)
Author Index	605