The Cold War: The Great Powers and their Allies

by Dunbabin,J.P.D.

• ISBN13: 9780582423985
• ISBN10: 0582423988
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2007-12-04
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

The Cold War was an extraordinary struggle for strategic world domination between the world's two great superpowers, the USA and USSR. For four decades it divided the world, and during this time all other issues of international concern were sucked into its orbit. No other global division was able to transcend the rift it created.

Author Biography

J.P.D. Dunbabin, formerly Reader in International Relations at Oxford University, has published over a wide range of topics including British and international history, The League of Nations and the United Nations

Table of Contents

Abbreviations	p. xiii
Preface to the Second Edition	p. xvii
Preface to the First Edition	p. xix
Editorial Foreword	p. xxi
Overview
The Cold War: an overview	p. 3
The causes of the Cold War: rival interpretations	p. 4
The initial phase of the Cold War	p. 14
Stalin's closing years, 1948-53	p. 19
East and Southeast Asia	p. 20
Khrushchev	p. 22
Johnson and Nixon	p. 24
Carter and Reagan	p. 26
Gorbachev and the end of the Cold War	p. 27
The strategic dimension of East-West competition	p. 30
The defence of Western Europe	p. 31
Soviet policy towards Western Europe: NATO and Warsaw Pact military doctrines, and WTO exercises	p. 36
Reactions to Soviet build-up: NATO's 1979 response	p. 42
US nuclear superiority in the 1950s and 1960s	p. 43
'Healey's theorem'	p. 44
Evolution of US strategic doctrine: 'Mutual Assured Destruction'	p. 45
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963	p. 47
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968 (NPT)	p. 49
Attempts to secure nuclear weapons	p. 50
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks: ABM and SALT I Treaties 1972	p. 57
MIRVs: vulnerability of US ICBMs and implications for 'extended deterrence'	p. 58
US interpretations of Soviet intentions	p. 62
SALT II negotiations 1972-9	p. 63
Cruise and Pershing missiles in Europe	p. 68
The 'Strategic Defense Initiative' (SDI), the 1985 Geneva and 1986 Reykjavik summits, and the 1987 INF treaty	p. 70
Gorbachev's defence cuts and the Paris Charter 1990: START I and II	p. 73
East-West relations 1945-1991
The start of the Cold War	p. 79
Stalin's Popular Front policy	p. 79
Stalin's wartime move into Eastern Europe	p. 84
A 'sphere of influence' in Eastern Europe?	p. 86
Stalin and the post-war world	p. 90
Stalin's pursuit of incremental gains	p. 93
Approaches to Stalin - Churchill, Roosevelt, Truman	p. 96
The Potsdam Conference and the atom bomb	p. 100
Romania: London (September) and Moscow (December 1945) Foreign Ministers Councils	p. 101
The slide towards Cold War, 1946: Stalin's election speech, Kennan's 'long telegram', Churchill's Fulton speech, Wallace's critique and dismissal	p. 106
The evolution of British policy, 1945-7: Attlee's reservations overcome	p. 110
Iran and Turkey	p. 113
The Baruch Plan, and the European peace treaties 1946-7	p. 117
The German question and possible Soviet perspectives	p. 119
The German question, 1945-6	p. 124
British withdrawal from Greece and Turkey-the Truman Doctrine, 1947	p. 129
Stalin's suggested Anglo-Soviet Treaty, 1947	p. 131
The Moscow Foreign Ministers Council, 10 March to 24 April 1947	p. 132
Marshall Aid and the division of Europe	p. 134
The Szklarska Poreba Conference and foundation of 'Cominform' (September 1947), French strikes (November-December 1947), Italian elections (April 1948) and covert US involvement	p. 138
The London Council of Foreign Ministers meeting, November-December 1947	p. 140
The nadir of the Cold War, 1948-1953	p. 142
West German currency reform 1948	p. 143
The Berlin Blockade 1948-9	p. 144
The North Atlantic Treaty 1949	p. 147
Consolidation of communist rule in Eastern Europe	p. 149
Stalin's growing radicalism, 1947-8; Stalin and Greek communist risings	p. 153
China, 1945-9	p. 155
Anglo-American covert propaganda and action, 1947-8; Attempts to destabilise Albania, 1949-53; Possible connections with the East European purges of 1949-53	p. 162
American responses to the 'loss of China'; The extension of 'containment' to Indo-China, 1949-50	p. 165
NSC-68 and US rearmament	p. 168
Korea, 1945-50: Stalin authorises the invasion of South Korea, 1950	p. 170
The Western response	p. 176
The UN invasion of North Korea, China's intervention and US responses 1950-51	p. 178
Ceasefire talks 1951-3 and the 1953 armistice	p. 184
Implications of the Korean War: 'Limited war'; China's relations with the USSR and the USA; Taiwan; The Japanese peace and security treaties, 1951-2	p. 186
German rearmament - the European Defence Community, 1952	p. 188
Stalin's 1952 'offer' of German reunification	p. 191
Stalin's final years	p. 194
The Khrushchev years - detentes, challenges, crises	p. 199
Stalin's death and detente	p. 199
Western approaches	p. 200
German reunification - Adenauer, Churchill, and Beria	p. 203
The Geneva Conference on Korea and Indo-China 1954	p. 209
The Chinese offshore islands crisis 1954-5	p. 214
French opposition to the European Defence Community	p. 217
Austrian independence 1955	p. 219
Khrushchev's foreign policy, 1955	p. 220
The Geneva Summit 1955	p. 222
East-West summits and their limitations	p. 224
Eisenhower's 1953 decision against 'roll-back'; US quiescence during the 1953 Berlin and 1956 Polish disturbances	p. 226
The 1956 Hungarian and Suez crises and detente	p. 228
Khrushchev and the policy of 'peaceful coexistence'	p. 231
Implications of Soviet aid to, and trade with, the Third World	p. 235
The USSR and Egypt 1955-6	p. 237
The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957	p. 239
Jordan, Syria and the Lebanon 1957-8	p. 241
The Iraqi revolution 1958	p. 243
Soviet-Egyptian coolness 1959	p. 245
The Chinese offshore islands crisis 1958	p. 245
Khrushchev's view of the international scene 1957-8	p. 248
The Berlin question 1958-9	p. 249
Khrushchev's visit to the USA 1959	p. 252
The Paris Summit and the U2 incident 1960	p. 253
The Vienna Summit 1961	p. 257
The Berlin Wall and its sequel, 1961-2	p. 260
Latin America in the 1950s: the Cuban revolution	p. 264
The Bay of Pigs 1961	p. 266
The Cuban missile crisis 1962	p. 267
Khrushchev's position after the crisis	p. 273
The Vietnam War and other proxy conflicts of the 1960s and 1970s	p. 276
Cuba and Latin America in the 1960s	p. 277
The former Belgian Congo	p. 278
Africa in the 1960s: The OAU; The Nigerian civil war; Kenya; Ghana	p. 281
The Middle East	p. 282
India and Pakistan	p. 283
Indonesia	p. 285
Indo-China	p. 289
Laos	p. 290
South Vietnam 1954-64	p. 293
The 'Gulf of Tonkin' incident and Congressional resolution, 1964	p. 298
USA bombs North Vietnam and commits ground troops to South Vietnam 1965	p. 299
The Tet Offensive (January 1968) and its consequences	p. 303
Nixon's plans to end the war 1968-9	p. 306
Vietnamisation	p. 308
The Lon Nol coup in Cambodia	p. 309
The 1971 South Vietnamese attempt to cut the Ho Chi Minh trail, and the 1972 North Vietnamese offensive	p. 311
Secret negotiations and the ceasefire agreement 1973; US inability to enforce it; The communist offensive of 1975 and the fall of Saigon	p. 312
Reasons for the US failure; The war's impact on the USA	p. 316
Southeast Asia since 1975	p. 317
Detente in Europe	p. 322
De Gaulle: 'Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals'	p. 322
West German Ostpolitik before 1969	p. 325
Brandt's Ostpolitik	p. 327
Consequences of Ostpolitik	p. 331
The United States, China and the World	p. 334
US attitudes to China 1950-68	p. 334
Sino-American rapprochement 1968-72	p. 338
China's new alignment and its consequences	p. 342
Implications for Japan	p. 345
China and Vietnam in the 1970s; The 1979 war	p. 346
China's relations with the USA and USSR in the 1980s	p. 349
China in the 1980s; Tiananmen and the Western response	p. 351
China, the US-Chinese relationship, and Taiwan since the 1990s	p. 354
The rise and fall of detente in the 1960s and 1970s	p. 359
Strained US-Soviet relations 1964-7; The Glassboro Summit 1967; The shift towards detente 1968	p. 359
The Moscow Summit of 1972	p. 365
The 'Moscow detente', US views and Soviet foreign policy	p. 368
The Helsinki Final Act 1975	p. 377
US-Soviet competition in the Middle East	p. 379
US-Soviet trade and detente; The Jackson-Vanik amendment	p. 383
Soviet restraint after the 1973 'oil shock' and the Portuguese revolution	p. 384
Soviet intervention in Angola 1975-6 and its implications for detente	p. 385
Further strains on detente: Shaba I and II and the Somali-Ethiopian war	p. 389
Growing US criticism of detente in the mid-1970s	p. 391
Soviet contempt for Carter	p. 392
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979; Carter's reaction	p. 393
Tension and the ending of the Cold War in the 1980s	p. 397
East-West tension	p. 397
Reagan's originality	p. 399
1981-4: years of tension; 'Operation RYAN' and the November 1983 ABLE ARCHER exercise	p. 401
Reagan and Gorbachev	p. 405
Gorbachev's policies 1985-8	p. 409
Summitry and negotiation, 1985-8; 'Regional problems' - the Gulf, Afghanistan, Cambodia, Central America, Angola	p. 414
The transformation of Eastern Europe, 1989	p. 421
German reunification 1989-90	p. 423
The Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe (November 1990); The USSR's weakness, troubles and collapse in 1991	p. 431
Europe West and East, and the Sino-Soviet split
Western Europe I: The political order	p. 437
The liberal political order	p. 437
The challenge of communism: the French and Italian Communist Parties	p. 438
Military takeovers in Greece and Turkey	p. 443
Algerian settlers and the army overthrow the Fourth Republic; De Gaulle re-establishes Paris's control	p. 444
Consolidation of French political stability under the Fifth Republic	p. 446
Threats from the right to the Italian political system; The troubles of the 1970s	p. 447
Post-war economic growth	p. 449
Western Europe II: France, Germany, Britain, and the USA	p. 451
Marshall Aid 1947-52; European Payments Union, 1950	p. 451
The Schuman Plan (1950) and the establishment of the ECSC; The EDC	p. 453
A European Common Market 1955-8	p. 456
Adenauer and France	p. 457
Franco-German relations since 1963	p. 463
Britain and European integration 1945-59	p. 466
Britain's applications for EEC membership, vetoed by de Gaulle in 1963 and 1967, successful in 1973; Wilson and Thatcher renegotiate terms; Developments since 1984	p. 470
NATO	p. 473
The US-UK 'special relationship'	p. 480
De Gaulle and the Anglo-Saxons, 1958-68	p. 489
US-French relations since 1969	p. 493
Western Europe III: The European Union	p. 498
De Gaulle and the 'Luxembourg compromise' 1966	p. 498
The Common Agricultural Policy	p. 499
The 'Single European Act' 1985; Schengen; Airline deregulation; The draft Directive on services, 2004-6	p. 503
The advent of a common currency, the 'euro'	p. 507
Debates over the EU's architecture; Difficulties over the adoption of the Maastricht and Nice Treaties and of the draft EU Constitution	p. 511
The Community's external influence, economic and diplomatic	p. 515
The Community's external influence - the attraction of new members	p. 519
Splits in the communist world	p. 525
East European Communist Parties and the USSR in the immediate post-war period	p. 526
Tito's break with Stalin	p. 527
Soviet-Yugoslav relations 1953-74	p. 534
'Tito-ism' and East European purges	p. 537
Changes in Soviet policy 1953-6	p. 539
Revolutionary ferment in Poland 1953-6; Gomulka comes to power	p. 540
The Hungarian rising 1956; Soviet intervention and installation of Kadar; Repression 1956-61	p. 543
Sino-Soviet relations to 1957	p. 547
Khrushchev's 1958 and 1959 visits to Beijing; Polemics, Soviet sanctions, and 'relative reconciliation', 1960-61; Mao's 1962 decision to 'compete with [Soviet] revisionism for leadership'; Open breach in 1963	p. 552
The conduct, nature and effects of the Sino-Soviet dispute	p. 556
Eastern Europe since 1957	p. 562
Failure to gain economic integration through CMEA; East European trade with the USSR; Hungarian economic reforms	p. 563
The Prague Spring	p. 564
The Brezhnev Doctrine and the Helsinki Final Act (1975)	p. 570
Poland 1970-81	p. 572
A general crisis of communism in Eastern Europe, 1989? The Soviet attitude	p. 577
Poland 1982-9	p. 579
Hungary 1987-90	p. 581
East Germany 1989-90	p. 583
Bulgaria, 1989 and after	p. 587
Czechoslovakia 1989-90	p. 589
Romania, 1989 and after	p. 590
Eastern Europe's transition to EU membership; Slovakia	p. 593
The break-up of Yugoslavia	p. 595
Bosnia, civil war (1992-5) and after	p. 599
Kosovo 1998-9; Macedonia 2001	p. 603
Ex-Yugoslavia and Albania	p. 605
Conclusion
Perspectives on the Cold War and its aftermath	p. 611
Guide to further reading	p. 619
Index	p. 641
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