Community-Based Corrections

by Cromwell, Paul F.; Alarid, Leanne Fiftal; del Carmen, Rolando V.

• ISBN13: 9780534628765
• ISBN10: 0534628761
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-08-03
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This best-selling text focuses on forms of correctional punishments and treatment programs that are based in the community for convicted offenders. Although some offenders need to be incarcerated in prison for public safety reasons, this text argues that the vast majority of offenders can be effectively supervised in the community using a wide array of programs that meet the level of risk and needs that each individual poses. Programs that are discussed include probation, parole, electronic monitoring, house arrest, day-treatment centers, bootcamps, restitution, and fines. With a balanced approach, this text reflects a strong emphasis on practical and legal matters related to alternatives to prison and jail. This Sixth Edition features a new five-part organization, a line-by-line update, a new citation style (APA), and a wide array of ancillaries.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
About the Authors	xxiii
PART I: OVERVIEW OF COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS	1	(72)
The State of Corrections Today: Why Community Corrections Is Important	2	(23)
The Correctional Dilemma	3	(4)
Change in Sentencing Laws	5	(1)
The Toughening of Juvenile Justice	6	(1)
The Paradox	7	(2)
Public Perceptions of Community Corrections	7	(1)
Correctional Budgets	8	(1)
The Purpose of Corrections	9	(1)
Community-Based Corrections	9	(1)
How Community Corrections Fits Correctional Goals	10	(3)
Protection of the Public	10	(1)
Rehabilitation	10	(1)
Community Reintegration	11	(1)
Restorative or Community Justice	12	(1)
Public Shaming as Punishment	12	(1)
Types of Community-Based Corrections Programs	13	(7)
Probation	13	(3)
Intermediate Sanctions	16	(1)
Boot Camps	17	(1)
Restitution	17	(1)
Community Service	18	(1)
Fines and Day Fines	19	(1)
House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring	20	(1)
Prisoner Reentry	20	(1)
The Effectiveness of Community-Based Corrections	20	(3)
What Works?	20	(2)
How Is Effectiveness Measured?	22	(1)
Other Outcome Measures for Evaluation	22	(1)
Summary	23	(1)
Discussion Questions	23	(1)
Web Sites	24	(1)
Pretrial Release, Diversion, and Sentencing	25	(24)
Introduction	26	(1)
Pretrial Release	26	(4)
The Pretrial Release Decision	27	(1)
Conditions of Pretrial Release Supervision	27	(1)
Characteristics of Pretrial Releasees	28	(1)
Failure to Appear	28	(2)
Diversion	30	(3)
Candidates for Diversion	30	(1)
Approaches to Diversion Programs	31	(2)
Results of Juvenile Diversion Programs	33	(1)
Criticisms of Diversion Programs	33	(1)
Sentencing	33	(2)
Factors That Affect Granting a Community Sentence	34	(1)
Sentencing Approaches	35	(2)
Sentencing Guidelines	35	(2)
Sentencing Commissions	37	(1)
Conditions of Community Corrections	37	(6)
Standard Conditions	38	(1)
Special Conditions	38	(2)
Limitations on the Power of Courts to Impose Conditions	40	(1)
Scarlet Letter Probation Conditions	40	(2)
Supervision Conditions Must Be Constitutional	42	(1)
Summary	43	(1)
Discussion Questions	43	(1)
Web Sites	44	(2)
Case Study Exercise: Pretrial Release, Diversion, and Sentencing	46	(3)
The Presentence Investigation Report	49	(24)
Introduction	50	(1)
Purposes of the Presentence Report	50	(1)
Contents of the Presentence Report	51	(3)
Offender-Based PSI Reports: 1920s--1980s	51	(1)
Offense-Based PSI Reports	52	(2)
Preparing the Presentence Report	54	(3)
When Should the PSI Report Be Prepared?	54	(1)
The Initial Interview	54	(1)
Investigation and Verification	55	(1)
The Evaluative Summary	56	(1)
The Sentence Recommendation	56	(1)
Legal Issues Concerning the Presentence Report	57	(3)
Disclosure of the PSI Report	57	(2)
Inaccuracies in the PSI Report	59	(1)
Hearsay in the PSI Report	59	(1)
Does the Exclusionary Rule Apply?	59	(1)
Miranda Warnings and the PSI Interview	60	(1)
Right to a Lawyer during the PSI Interview	60	(1)
Summary	60	(1)
Discussion Questions	60	(1)
Web Sites	61	(1)
Case Study Exercise: A Presentence Investigation Report	62	(11)
PART II: PROBATION	73	(72)
History of Probation	74	(16)
Introduction	75	(1)
Precursors to American Probation	75	(1)
Recognizance and Suspended Sentence	76	(1)
Two Kinds of Suspended Sentence	76	(1)
The Power to Suspend Sentence	77	(1)
Early Probation	77	(6)
The Role of Volunteers and the Settlement Movement	80	(1)
Development of Federal Probation	80	(1)
Development of Juvenile Probation	81	(1)
Early Probation Legislation in Other States	82	(1)
Organization of Probation Services	83	(5)
State versus Local Administration	83	(2)
State-County Shared Responsibility	85	(1)
Community Corrections Acts	85	(2)
Judicial versus Executive Administration	87	(1)
Summary	88	(1)
Discussion Questions	88	(1)
Web Sites	89	(1)
Probation Officer Issues	90	(16)
Introduction	91	(1)
A Typology of Probation Officer Work Styles	91	(1)
Selection and Appointment of Probation Officers	92	(2)
Appointment System	92	(2)
Merit System	94	(1)
Combined System	94	(1)
Qualification and Training of Probation and Parole Officers	94	(3)
Education and Experience	94	(1)
Adult Preservice Training	95	(1)
Juvenile Preservice and Orientation Training	95	(2)
In-Service Training	97	(1)
Salaries of Probation and Parole Officers	97	(1)
Firearms Policies for Probation and Parole Officers	98	(3)
Probation Officer Job Stress	101	(1)
Interstate Compacts on Probation	102	(1)
New Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision	103	(1)
Revocation and the Interstate Compact	103	(1)
Privatization of Community Supervision	103	(1)
Summary	104	(1)
Discussion Questions	104	(1)
Web Sites	104	(2)
Supervision in Probation and Parole	106	(21)
Introduction	107	(1)
Changing Concepts of Supervision	107	(3)
The Casework Era: 1900--1970	107	(1)
Brokerage of Services Era: 1970--1980	108	(1)
Community Resource Management Team	109	(1)
The Justice Model of Supervision: 1980--1995	109	(1)
Reinventing Probation	110	(6)
The Surveillance Function in Supervision	112	(1)
Developing Prosocial Behaviors	113	(3)
Classification: The First Step in Supervision	116	(6)
Actuarial Risk Assessment	117	(1)
Identifying Treatment Needs	117	(1)
Developing the Case Plan	117	(3)
Levels of Supervision	120	(1)
Technological Assistance in Community Supervision	121	(1)
Caseload	121	(1)
Workload Standard	122	(1)
Specialized Caseloads	122	(1)
Supervising Sex Offenders	122	(1)
Summary	123	(1)
Discussion Questions	124	(1)
Web Sites	124	(1)
Case Study Exercise: Supervision in Probation and Parole	125	(2)
Probation Modification and Termination	127	(18)
Introduction	128	(1)
Modification of Probation Conditions	129	(1)
Early Termination of Probation	129	(1)
The Decision to Revoke	130	(1)
Types of Probation Violations	130	(3)
Law Violations	130	(2)
Technical Violations	132	(1)
Probation Absconders	132	(1)
Revocation Procedure	133	(4)
Filing the Report	134	(1)
The Power to Arrest Probationers	134	(1)
Proceedings after Arrest	135	(1)
Time Served on Probation Is Not Credited	135	(2)
Revocation Rights of Probationers	137	(2)
Gagnon v. Scarpelli---The Facts	137	(1)
The Right to a Hearing	137	(1)
The Right to a Lawyer	138	(1)
Level of Proof Required	138	(1)
Kind of Evidence Required	138	(1)
Willful and Intentional Violations	138	(1)
Other Revocation Situations	139	(1)
Juvenile Probation Revocation	139	(1)
Revocation after Probation Term Expires	139	(1)
Probation Effectiveness	140	(1)
Probation Recidivism Rates	140	(2)
Who Is More Likely to Succeed or Fail on Probation?	141	(1)
Probationers Compared with Offenders in Other Programs	141	(1)
Summary	142	(1)
Discussion Questions	142	(1)
Web Sites	143	(1)
Case Study Exercise: Probation Modification and Termination	144	(1)
PART III: INTERMEDIATE SANCTIONS	145	(74)
Residential Intermediate Sanctions	146	(28)
Introduction	147	(1)
Shock Incarceration	148	(11)
Correctional Boot Camps	149	(2)
Prison Boot Camps: The Case of New York State	151	(2)
Probation Boot Camps	153	(3)
Offender Perspectives	156	(1)
Criticisms of Boot Camps	157	(1)
Evaluations of Boot Camp Programs	157	(2)
The Future of Shock Incarceration Programs	159	(1)
Residential Community Corrections Facilities	159	(1)
Halfway Houses	160	(6)
History of Halfway Houses in the United States	161	(2)
Program Components	163	(1)
Worker Perspectives and Role Orientation	163	(2)
Examples of Halfway House Programs	165	(1)
Evaluations of Halfway House Programs	165	(1)
Other Types of Residential Community Corrections Facilities	166	(5)
Restitution Centers	166	(1)
Therapeutic Communities	167	(2)
Work and Study Release	169	(1)
Women Offenders Living with Children	170	(1)
Summary	171	(1)
Discussion Questions	172	(1)
Web Sites	172	(1)
Case Study Exercise: Residential Intermediate Sanctions	173	(1)
Nonresidential Intermediate Sanctions	174	(22)
Introduction	175	(1)
Intensive Supervision Probation	175	(3)
ISP Caseloads	176	(1)
Attitudes toward ISP	176	(1)
Evaluations of ISP	177	(1)
House Arrest	178	(3)
Purposes of Home Detention	178	(1)
Criticisms of House Arrest	179	(1)
Effectiveness of House Arrest	180	(1)
Electronic Monitoring	181	(8)
History of Electronic Monitoring	181	(1)
Problems of Early EM Programs	182	(1)
Remote Location Monitoring	183	(1)
Global Positioning Systems	184	(1)
Frequency of Use	185	(2)
Legal Issues	187	(1)
Citizen Attitudes	187	(1)
Empirical Evaluations of Home-Based Electronic Monitoring	187	(2)
The Future of Offender Tracking	189	(1)
Day Reporting Centers	189	(5)
Purposes of DRCs	190	(1)
Treatment-Oriented versus Supervision-Oriented DRCs	190	(2)
Evaluation of DRCs	192	(2)
Summary	194	(1)
Discussion Questions	195	(1)
Web Sites	195	(1)
Economic and Restorative Justice Reparations	196	(23)
Introduction	197	(1)
Restorative Justice Principles	198	(4)
Forms of Restorative Justice	198	(3)
Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Methods	201	(1)
Restitution	202	(5)
Restitution Centers	203	(1)
Restitution in History	203	(1)
Using Restitution in Restorative Justice	203	(1)
Losses Available for Compensation	204	(1)
Legal Problems Associated with Restitution	204	(2)
Effectiveness of Restitution	206	(1)
Community Service	207	(3)
History of Community Service	207	(1)
Purpose of Community Service	208	(1)
Prevalence of Community Service	208	(1)
Effectiveness of Community Service	208	(2)
Fines and Day Fines	210	(5)
Prevalence of Fines	211	(1)
Legal Issues in the Imposition of Fines versus Costs	211	(1)
Judicial Perspectives of Fines	212	(1)
Probationer Perspectives	213	(1)
Day Fines	213	(1)
Establishing Structured Fine Units	213	(1)
Evaluation of Day Fines	214	(1)
Summary	215	(1)
Discussion Questions	216	(1)
Web Sites	216	(1)
Case Study Exercise: Restorative Justice	217	(2)
PART IV: PRISONER REENTRY	219	(80)
The Development of Parole: From Its Origin to the Present	220	(26)
Introduction	221	(1)
The Origins of Parole	222	(3)
Manuel Montesinos	222	(1)
Georg Michael Obermaier	222	(1)
Alexander Maconochie	223	(2)
Sir Walter Crofton and the Irish System	225	(1)
Development of Parole in the United States	225	(1)
Reward for Good Conduct	225	(1)
Postrelease Supervision	225	(1)
Zebulon R. Brockway and the Indeterminate Sentence	226	(1)
Reduce the Cost of Incarceration	226	(1)
The Medical Model: 1930--1960	226	(1)
Changing Public Opinion	227	(1)
A Philosophical Change	227	(2)
Origins of Modern Determinate Sentencing	228	(1)
The Justice Model	228	(1)
Changing of the Guard: From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release	229	(2)
Parole Today	231	(9)
Characteristics of Parolees	232	(2)
Functions of Parole	234	(1)
Bringing Back Parole Boards	235	(2)
Prison Population Control	237	(1)
Good-Time Policies	237	(1)
Medical Parole	238	(1)
Other Parole Functions	239	(1)
Summary	240	(1)
Discussion Questions	240	(1)
Web Sites	241	(1)
Case Study Exercise: Abolishing Discretionary Parole in Virginia	242	(4)
Preparing for Prisoner Reentry: Discretionary Parole and Mandatory Release	246	(24)
Introduction	247	(1)
Issues in Reentry	247	(4)
The Prisoner's Family	248	(1)
The Victim's Role in Reentry	248	(1)
Reentry and the Community	248	(1)
Community-Based Reentry Initiatives	248	(2)
Types of Release	250	(1)
Eligibility for Parole	251	(3)
Time Sheets and Eligibility Dates	251	(1)
Prerelease Preparation within the Institution	252	(2)
The Parole Board	254	(2)
Term and Qualifications of the Parole Board	256	(1)
The Parole Hearing	256	(2)
Number of Parole Board Members	257	(1)
Recommendations and Attendees	257	(1)
Victim Participation in Parole Hearings	258	(1)
Models of Parole Release Decisions	258	(5)
The Surveillance Model	259	(1)
The Procedural Justice Model	259	(1)
The Risk Prediction Model	259	(3)
State Parole Guidelines	262	(1)
Prisoners' Perceptions of Parole Selection	263	(1)
Due Process during Discretionary Parole Hearings	264	(2)
Menechino v. Oswald	264	(1)
Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex	264	(1)
State-Created Liberty Interest	265	(1)
Guarding against Arbitrary Parole Decisions	265	(1)
Imposing Parole Conditions	266	(1)
Summary	266	(1)
Discussion Questions	266	(1)
Web Sites	267	(1)
Case Study Exercise: Preparing for Prisoner Reentry	268	(2)
Parole Conditions and Revocation	270	(29)
Introduction	271	(1)
Prisoner Perspectives of Getting Out	272	(2)
California Study	272	(1)
Iowa Study	273	(1)
The Field Parole Officer	274	(1)
The Officer's Perspective	275	(1)
Conditions of Parole	275	(3)
Legal Issues in Parole Conditions	276	(1)
Limited Parolee Rights	277	(1)
Parole Revocation	278	(5)
Warrants and Citations	280	(1)
Rate of Revocation	280	(1)
Characteristics of Parole Violators	280	(1)
Reasons for Revocation	281	(1)
Why Have Revocation Rates Increased?	282	(1)
Attitudes on Revocation	283	(1)
Legal Issues of Parole Revocation	283	(3)
Morrissey Case Significance	284	(1)
Other Legal Issues in Parole Revocation	284	(2)
Parole Board and Parole Officer Immunity	286	(1)
Parole Absconders	286	(3)
Why Do Parolees Leave?	286	(1)
Locating and Apprehending Fugitives	287	(1)
Predicting Absconding Behavior	288	(1)
Parole Effectiveness	289	(4)
Recidivism Studies	291	(1)
Predicting Parole Outcomes	292	(1)
Future of Parole	293	(1)
Advances in Parole Risk Assessment	293	(1)
Summary	294	(1)
Discussion Questions	294	(1)
Web Sites	295	(1)
Case Study Exercise: Parole Conditions and Revocation	296	(3)
PART V: SPECIAL ISSUES IN COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS	299	(56)
Juvenile Justice, Probation, and Aftercare	300	(28)
Introduction	301	(1)
Background and History	301	(1)
Parens Patriae and Its Decline	302	(1)
A Civil Proceeding	302	(1)
Juvenile Justice and Adult Justice Systems Compared	302	(1)
Differences	302	(1)
Reality	303	(1)
Juvenile Courts	303	(3)
Created in the U.S.A.	303	(1)
Jurisdiction of Juvenile Courts	304	(2)
Transfer of Jurisdiction from Juvenile Court to Adult Court	306	(1)
An Overview of the Juvenile Justice Process	307	(4)
Procedure before Adjudication	307	(1)
The Intake Stage	308	(1)
The Adjudication Stage	308	(1)
The Disposition Stage	309	(1)
Blended Sentence	310	(1)
Major U.S. Supreme Court Decisions in Juvenile Justice	311	(4)
In Re Gault: The Most Important Juvenile Justice Case	311	(1)
Other Cases	312	(1)
Parens Patriae Eroded	313	(2)
Juvenile Probation and Aftercare	315	(1)
Origin	315	(1)
Structure and Administration	316	(1)
Conditions of Probation and Aftercare	316	(1)
Judges Have Much Discretion	316	(1)
Types of Conditions	316	(1)
Supervision	317	(5)
Juvenile Probation Officers	317	(2)
Intensive Supervision Probation	319	(1)
School-Based Probation	320	(1)
Fare v. Michael C.: An Important Case in Juvenile Probation Supervision	320	(2)
Revocation	322	(1)
Initiation of Revocation	322	(1)
Few Rights during Revocation	322	(1)
No Standards for Revocation	323	(1)
Result of Revocation	323	(1)
Summary	323	(1)
Discussion Questions	324	(1)
Web Sites	325	(1)
Case Study Exercise: Juvenile Justice, Probation, and Aftercare	326	(2)
Direct and Collateral Consequences of Conviction	328	(15)
Introduction	329	(1)
Civil and Political Rights Defined	329	(1)
History of Civil Disabilities	330	(1)
Civil Disabilities Today	330	(2)
Differences by State	330	(1)
Other Differences	331	(1)
Civil and Political Rights Affected by Conviction	332	(8)
Denial of Welfare Benefits	332	(1)
Loss of Parental Rights	332	(1)
Loss of Right to Vote	332	(1)
Jury Service	333	(1)
Witness Restrictions	333	(1)
Public Office Restrictions	334	(1)
Employment-Related Rights	334	(3)
The Right to Own/Possess a Firearm	337	(1)
Sex Offender Registration Laws	337	(3)
Involuntary Commitment of Sexual Predators	340	(1)
Social Stigmatization of Ex-Offenders	340	(1)
Summary	341	(1)
Discussion Questions	341	(1)
Web Sites	342	(1)
Pardon and Restoration of Rights	343	(12)
Introduction	344	(1)
Pardon	344	(6)
The Power to Pardon	345	(2)
Objectives of Pardons	347	(1)
Kinds of Pardons	347	(1)
Procedure for Obtaining a Pardon	347	(1)
Legal Effects of a Pardon	348	(1)
Restoration of Rights upon Application	349	(1)
Restoring Good Moral Character	350	(1)
Automatic Restoration of Rights	350	(1)
Expungement	351	(1)
Expungement after Successful Completion of Probation	352	(1)
Sealing Criminal Records	352	(1)
The Status of Civil Disabilities Today	353	(1)
Summary	353	(1)
Discussion Questions	353	(1)
Web Sites	354	(1)
Glossary	355	(6)
References	361	(14)
Table of Cases	375	(2)
Name Index	377	(4)
Subject Index	381