Community-based Corrections

by Alarid, Leanne Fiftal; Cromwell, Paul F.; del Carmen, Rolando V.

• ISBN13: 9780495094821
• ISBN10: 049509482X
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-02-21
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Up-to-date, comprehensive, and objective, COMMUNITY-BASED CORRECTIONS gives you essential information on the wide array of punishment and treatment programs that constitute alternatives to incarceration. You'll be introduced into a number of programs--such as probation, parole, electronic monitoring, house arrest, day-treatment centers, boot camps, restitution, and fines-designed to meet the needs and levels of risk posed by the individual offender. Additionally, you will learn about the practical and legal matters involved in running these programs, and you'll gain insight into their historical, philosophical, social, and legal underpinnings.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xvii
About the Authors	p. xxi
Overview of Community Corrections	p. 1
The State of Corrections Today: Why Community Corrections Is Important	p. 2
The Correctional Dilemma	p. 3
Change in Sentencing Laws	p. 3
The Toughening of Juvenile Justice	p. 6
The Paradox	p. 6
Public Perceptions of Community Corrections	p. 7
Correctional Budgets	p. 8
The Role of Corrections at Three Major Decision Points	p. 9
Pretrial and the Bail Decision	p. 12
Sentencing Decision	p. 12
Reentry Decision	p. 13
How Community Corrections Fits Correctional Goals	p. 13
Protection of the Public	p. 13
Rehabilitation	p. 14
Community Reintegration	p. 15
Restorative or Community Justice	p. 15
Public Shaming as Punishment	p. 16
What You Should Know about Evaluations of Community-Based Corrections	p. 17
What Works?	p. 17
How Is Effectiveness Measured?	p. 18
Other Outcome Measures for Evaluation	p. 19
Top Things You Should Know	p. 19
Discussion Questions	p. 20
Websites	p. 20
Pretrial Release and Diversion	p. 21
Introduction	p. 22
Pretrial Services	p. 22
The Pretrial Release Decision	p. 22
History of Pretrial Release	p. 22
The Least Restrictive Option	p. 23
Types of Bonds	p. 24
Characteristics of Pretrial Releasees	p. 25
Pretrial Supervision	p. 26
Failure to Appear	p. 26
Reducing Failure to Appear Rates	p. 26
Diversion	p. 28
Candidates for Diversion	p. 28
Drug Courts	p. 29
Assumptions of Drug Courts	p. 29
Gender and Drug Court Treatment Strategies	p. 31
Evaluating Drug Courts	p. 32
Mental Health Courts	p. 34
Criticisms of Diversion Programs	p. 35
Top Things You Should Know	p. 35
Discussion Questions	p. 35
Websites	p. 36
Case Study Exercise	p. 37
Sentencing and the Presentence Investigation Report	p. 39
Introduction	p. 40
Factors That Affect Granting a Community Sentence	p. 40
Eligibility for Community Corrections	p. 40
Conditions of Probation Fixed by Statute	p. 40
Availability and Quality of Intermediate Sanctions and Other Community-based Services	p. 41
Other Factors	p. 41
Sentencing Guidelines	p. 41
Voluntary Sentencing Guidelines	p. 42
Punishment Units	p. 42
Sentencing Commissions	p. 44
Conditions of Community Corrections	p. 44
Standard Conditions	p. 44
Special Conditions	p. 44
Limitations of Special Conditions	p. 45
Supervision Conditions Must Be Constitutional	p. 45
First Amendment Rights	p. 45
Searches and Seizures	p. 46
The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination	p. 47
The Presentence Investigation Report	p. 48
Purposes of the PSI Report	p. 48
Contents of the PSI Report	p. 49
Offender-Based PSI Reports	p. 49
Offense-Based PSI Reports	p. 50
Preparing the PSI Report	p. 52
The Initial Interview	p. 53
Investigation and Verification	p. 54
The Evaluative Summary	p. 54
The Sentence Recommendation	p. 55
Legal Issues Concerning the Presentence Report	p. 56
Disclosure of the PSI Report	p. 56
Inaccuracies in the PSI Report	p. 57
Hearsay in the PSI Report	p. 57
Does the Exclusionary Rule Apply?	p. 58
Miranda Warnings and the PSI Interview	p. 58
Right to a Lawyer during the PSI Interview	p. 58
Top Things You Should Know	p. 59
Discussion Questions	p. 59
Websites	p. 60
Probation Conditions	p. 60
	p. 62
	p. 64
Probation	p. 75
History of Probation	p. 76
Introduction	p. 77
Precursors to American Probation	p. 77
Recognizance and Suspended Sentence	p. 78
Two Kinds of Suspended Sentence	p. 78
The Power to Suspend Sentence	p. 78
Early Probation	p. 79
The Role of Volunteers and the Settlement Movement	p. 82
Development of Federal Probation	p. 82
History of Juvenile Probation and Female Probation Officers	p. 83
Early Probation Legislation in Other States	p. 84
Changing Concepts of Supervision	p. 85
The Casework Era: 1900-1970	p. 85
Brokerage of Services Era: 1970-1980	p. 85
Community Resource Management Team	p. 86
Justice Model of Supervision: 1980-1995	p. 86
Top Things You Should Know	p. 87
Discussion Questions	p. 88
Websites	p. 88
Probation Officer Issues	p. 89
Introduction	p. 90
Organization of Probation Services	p. 90
Arguments for and Against State or Executive Branch Administration	p. 92
Community Corrections Acts	p. 93
A Typology of Probation Officer Work Styles	p. 94
Selection and Appointment of Probation Officers	p. 95
Appointment System	p. 96
Merit System	p. 97
Combined System	p. 97
Officer Qualifications, Training, and Salary	p. 98
Education and Experience	p. 98
Adult Preservice Training	p. 98
Juvenile Preservice and Orientation Training	p. 98
In-Service Training	p. 100
Officer Salary	p. 100
Firearms Policies for Probation and Parole Officers	p. 101
Probation Officer Job Stress	p. 102
Sources of Stress	p. 103
Decreasing Stress: Types of Immunity	p. 104
Absolute Immunity	p. 105
Oualified Immunity	p. 105
Private Probation	p. 106
Top Things You Should Know	p. 107
Discussion Questions	p. 107
Websites	p. 107
Classification and Supervision in Probation and Parole	p. 109
Introduction	p. 110
Neighborhood-Based Probation Supervision	p. 110
The Surveillance Function in Supervision	p. 116
Developing Prosocial Behaviors	p. 117
Building on Assets and Strengths	p. 117
Employment Services	p. 117
Using Informal Social Controls	p. 118
Classification: The First Step in Supervision	p. 118
Actuarial Risk Assessment	p. 121
Identifying Treatment Needs	p. 121
Developing the Case Plan	p. 124
Levels of Supervision	p. 124
Caseload and Workload Standards	p. 126
Specialized Caseloads	p. 126
Supervising Offenders Who Are Mentally Ill	p. 127
Supervising Offenders Who Have Abused Drugs and Alcohol	p. 128
Gender-Responsive Strategies	p. 129
Supervising Sex Offenders	p. 130
Polygraph Tests	p. 130
Global Positioning Systems	p. 130
Interstate Compacts on Probation	p. 131
New Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision	p. 132
Revocation and the Interstate Compact	p. 132
Top Things You Should Know	p. 132
Discussion Questions	p. 133
Websites	p. 133
Case Study Exercise	p. 135
Probation Modification and Termination	p. 138
Introduction	p. 139
Modifying Probation Conditions	p. 140
Early Termination of Probation	p. 140
Modifying Conditions before the Revocation Decision	p. 141
The Decision to Revoke	p. 141
Types of Probation Violations	p. 143
Law Violations	p. 143
Technical Violations	p. 144
Probation Absconders	p. 145
Revocation Procedure	p. 145
The Power to Arrest Probationers	p. 146
Time on Probation or Parole Is Usually Not Credited if Revoked	p. 146
Revocation Rights of Probationers and Parolees	p. 147
Gagnon v. Scarpelli-The Facts	p. 148
The Right to a Hearing	p. 148
The Right to a Lawyer	p. 149
Level of Proof and Evidence Required	p. 149
Other Revocation Situations	p. 150
Revocation for an Inability to Pay?	p. 150
Juvenile Probation Revocation	p. 150
Revocation After Probation Term Expires	p. 150
Probation Effectiveness	p. 151
Probation Recidivism Rates	p. 151
Who Is More Likely to Succeed or Fail on Probation?	p. 152
Probationers Compared with Parolees	p. 153
Top Things You Should Know	p. 154
Discussion Questions	p. 154
Websites	p. 154
Case Study Exercise	p. 156
Intermediate Sanctions	p. 159
Residential Intermediate Sanctions	p. 160
Introduction	p. 161
Residential Community Corrections Facilities	p. 162
Halfway Houses	p. 162
History of Halfway Houses in the United States	p. 164
Program Components	p. 166
Levels System: A Form of Behavior Modification	p. 166
Worker Perspectives and Role Orientation	p. 167
Punishment and Treatment Role Orientations	p. 168
Evaluations of RCCFs	p. 168
Shock Incarceration	p. 169
Correctional Boot Camps	p. 170
Prison Boot Camps: The Case of New York State	p. 171
Probation Boot Camps	p. 172
Offender Perspectives	p. 173
Criticisms of Boot Camps	p. 176
Evaluations of Boot Camp Programs	p. 176
Eight Site Study	p. 176
Attitude and Behavoral Change	p. 177
Reduction of Crowding and Costs	p. 177
The Future of Shock Incarceration Programs	p. 177
Other Types of Residential Community Corrections Facilities	p. 177
Restitution Centers	p. 178
Minnesota Restitution	p. 178
Georgia Community Diversion Center	p. 178
Therapeutic Communities	p. 178
The Therapeutic Community Environment	p. 178
Challenges of the TC	p. 180
Types and Uses of Therapeutic Communities	p. 180
Evaluations of Therapeutic Communities	p. 181
Work Release and Work Ethic Camps	p. 181
Work Ethic Camp	p. 182
Combined Work Release and Therapeutic Community	p. 182
Women Offenders Living with Their Children	p. 182
John P. Craine House	p. 183
Top Things You Should Know	p. 184
Discussion Questions	p. 184
Websites	p. 185
Case Study Exercise	p. 186
Nonresidential Intermediate Sanctions	p. 187
Introduction	p. 188
Intensive Supervision Probation	p. 188
ISP Caseloads	p. 189
Attitudes toward ISP	p. 189
Evaluations of ISP	p. 189
Reduction of Prison Beds	p. 190
Cost-Benefit Analyses	p. 190
Treatment Participation	p. 190
Summary of ISP Evaluations	p. 190
House Arrest	p. 191
Purposes of Home Detention	p. 191
Criticisms of House Arrest	p. 191
Effectiveness of House Arrest	p. 192
House Arrest Versus Residential Community Corrections Facilities	p. 192
Pretrial Detainees	p. 193
Electronic Monitoring and Global Positioning Systems	p. 193
History of Electronic Monitoring	p. 194
Problems of Early EM Programs	p. 194
Remote Location Monitoring	p. 195
Officer Carries a Portable Receiver	p. 196
Global Positioning Systems	p. 196
Frequency of Use	p. 197
Attitudes toward EM	p. 198
Attitudes of EM Participants	p. 198
Citizen Attitudes	p. 199
Empirical Evaluations of Home-Based Electronic Monitoring	p. 200
Long-Term Effects	p. 200
Completion Rates	p. 200
Gender Differences	p. 200
Day Reporting Centers	p. 201
Purposes of DRCs	p. 202
Treatment-Oriented versus Supervision-Oriented DRCs	p. 202
Evaluations of DRCs	p. 205
Completion Rates	p. 205
Rate of Rearrest	p. 205
Predictors of DRC Failure	p. 206
Top Things You Should Know	p. 206
Discussion Questions	p. 207
Websites	p. 207
Case Study Exercise	p. 209
Economic and Restorative Justice Reparations	p. 210
Introduction	p. 211
Restorative Justice Principles	p. 211
Forms of Restorative Justice	p. 212
Victim-Offender Mediation	p. 213
Reparation Boards	p. 213
Family Group Conferencing	p. 214
Circle Sentencing	p. 214
Effectiveness of Restorative Justice Methods	p. 214
Restitution	p. 216
Restitution in History	p. 216
Losses Eligible for Compensation	p. 218
Problems Associated with Restitution	p. 218
Indigent Offenders	p. 219
Determining the Restitution Amount	p. 219
Collecting Restitution	p. 219
Increasing Restitution Collection Rates	p. 220
Effectiveness of Restitution	p. 220
Victim and Public Views Toward Restitution	p. 220
Community Service	p. 221
History of Community Service	p. 221
The English Model	p. 221
Purpose of Community Service	p. 221
Prevalence of Community Service	p. 222
Effectiveness of Community Service	p. 222
Fines	p. 224
Prevalence of Fines	p. 224
Revoking Probation for Fine Nonpayment	p. 225
Forfeitures	p. 225
Day Fines	p. 226
Evaluation of Day Fines	p. 226
Fees and Costs	p. 227
Top Things You Should Know	p. 228
Discussion Questions	p. 229
Websites	p. 229
Case Study Exercise	p. 230
Prisoner Reentry	p. 231
The History of Parole: From Its Origin to the Present	p. 232
Introduction	p. 233
The Origins of Parole	p. 233
Manuel Montesinos	p. 234
Georg Michael Obermaier	p. 235
Alexander Maconochie	p. 235
Transportation of English Prisoners to America	p. 235
Transportation of English Prisoners to Australia	p. 236
Marks System	p. 236
Norfolk Island	p. 236
Sir Walter Crofton and the Irish System	p. 237
Development of Parole in the United States	p. 237
Reward for Good Conduct	p. 237
Postrelease Supervision	p. 238
Zebulon R. Brockway and the Indeterminate Sentence	p. 238
Reducing the Cost of Incarceration	p. 238
The Medical Model: 1930-1960	p. 239
Changing Public Opinion	p. 239
A Philosophical Change	p. 240
Origins of Modern Determinate Sentencing	p. 240
The Justice Model	p. 241
Changing of the Guard: From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release	p. 242
Parole Today	p. 244
Characteristics of Parolees	p. 246
Functions of Parole	p. 248
Prison Population Control	p. 249
Medical Parole	p. 250
Top Things You Should Know	p. 251
Discussion Questions	p. 252
Websites	p. 252
Case Study Exercise	p. 254
Preparing for Prisoner Reentry: Discretionary Parole and Mandatory Release	p. 258
Introduction	p. 259
Issues in Reentry	p. 259
The Prisoner's Family	p. 260
The Victim's Role in Reentry	p. 261
Reentry and the Community	p. 261
Community-Based Reentry Initiatives	p. 262
Reentry Courts	p. 262
Types of Reentry	p. 263
Eligibility for Parole	p. 263
Time Sheets and Eligibility Dates	p. 264
Prerelease Preparation within the Institution	p. 265
The Parole Board	p. 266
Term and Qualifications of the Parole Board	p. 268
The Parole Hearing	p. 268
Number of Parole Board Members	p. 268
Recommendations and Attendees	p. 269
Victim Participation in Parole Hearings	p. 270
Models of Parole Release Decisions	p. 271
The Surveillance Model	p. 271
The Procedural Justice Model	p. 271
The Risk Prediction Model	p. 271
Due Process During Discretionary Parole Hearings	p. 274
Menechino v. Oswald	p. 274
Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex	p. 274
State-Created Liberty Interest	p. 275
Extending the Time Intervals between Parole Hearings	p. 275
Prisoners' Perceptions of Parole Selection	p. 276
Top Things You Should Know	p. 276
Discussion Questions	p. 277
Websites	p. 277
Case Study Exercise	p. 279
Parole Conditions and Revocation	p. 281
Introduction	p. 282
Prisoner Perspectives on Getting Out	p. 282
California Study	p. 283
Iowa Study	p. 284
The Field Parole Officer	p. 285
The Officer's Perspective	p. 285
Conditions of Parole	p. 286
Legal Issues in Parole Conditions	p. 286
Limited Parolee Rights	p. 288
First Amendment Rights	p. 288
Fourth Amendment Rights	p. 288
Violating Parole	p. 289
Warrants and Citations	p. 289
Due Process Rights under "Preparole"	p. 291
Characteristics of Parole Violators	p. 291
Parole Revocation Rate	p. 291
Reasons for Revocation	p. 292
Why Have Revocation Rates Increased?	p. 293
Attitudes on Revocation	p. 294
Parole Absconders	p. 295
Why Do Parolees Leave?	p. 295
Type I Absconders: Benign	p. 295
Type II Absconders: Menace to Society	p. 295
Locating and Apprehending Fugitives	p. 296
Predicting Absconding Behavior	p. 297
Parole Effectiveness	p. 298
Recidivism Studies	p. 299
Predicting Parole Outcomes	p. 300
Gender Differences	p. 300
Number of Prior Arrests	p. 300
Supervision Versus No Supervision	p. 300
Top Things You Should Know	p. 302
Discussion Questions	p. 303
Websites	p. 303
Case Study Exercise	p. 304
Special Issues in Community Corrections	p. 307
Juvenile Justice, Probation, and Parole	p. 308
Introduction	p. 309
Background and History	p. 309
Mens Rea and Juveniles	p. 309
Parens Patriae and Its Decline	p. 310
Juvenile Justice and Adult Justice Systems Compared	p. 310
Differences	p. 310
Reality	p. 311
Juvenile Courts	p. 311
Created in the U.S.A.	p. 311
Jurisdiction of Juvenile Courts	p. 312
Based on Age	p. 312
Based on Acts Committed	p. 314
Differences from Adult Courts	p. 314
Transfer from Juvenile Courts to Adult Courts	p. 315
An Overview of the Juvenile Justice Process	p. 316
Procedure before Adjudication	p. 317
The Intake Stage	p. 318
The Adjudication Stage	p. 318
The Disposition Stage	p. 319
Blended Sentences	p. 320
Release from an Institution	p. 320
In Re Gault: The Most Important Juvenile Justice Case	p. 320
Juvenile Probation	p. 322
Origin	p. 322
Conditions of Probation	p. 323
Judges Have Much Discretion	p. 323
Types of Conditions	p. 323
Supervision	p. 323
Juvenile Probation Officers	p. 323
Intensive Supervision Probation	p. 325
School-Based Probation	p. 325
Fare v. Michael C.: An Important Case in Juvenile Probation Supervision	p. 326
The Probation Record of Juveniles	p. 327
Juvenile Parole (Or Aftercare)	p. 328
Background	p. 328
Similarities with Probation	p. 328
Differences from Probation	p. 329
Parole Boards	p. 329
Responsibilities of Juvenile Parole Officers	p. 329
Evaluating Juvenile Parole Programs	p. 330
Revocation of Juvenile Probation or Parole	p. 330
No Standards for Revocation	p. 331
Result of Revocation	p. 331
Top Things You Should Know	p. 331
Discussion Questions	p. 332
Websites	p. 332
Case Study Exercise	p. 334
Collateral Consequences of Conviction, Pardon, and Restoration of Rights	p. 336
Introduction	p. 337
Civil and Political Rights Defined	p. 338
Background of Civil Disabilities	p. 338
Civil Disabilities Today	p. 339
Differences by State	p. 339
Other Differences	p. 340
Civil and Political Rights Affected By Conviction	p. 340
Loss of Right to Vote	p. 341
Loss of Right to Serve on a Jury	p. 342
Loss of Credibility As a Witness 343 Loss of the Right to Hold Public Office	p. 343
Employment-Related Rights	p. 343
Public Employment	p. 343
Private Employment	p. 344
Right to an Occupational License	p. 344
Loss of Capacity to be Bonded	p. 345
Loss of Good Moral Character	p. 346
Loss of Right to Own or Possess a Firearm	p. 346
Loss of Welfare Benefits	p. 347
Loss of Parental Rights	p. 347
Problems with Civil Disability Laws	p. 347
Other Effects of Conviction	p. 348
Sex Offender Registration Laws	p. 348
Sex Offender Notification Laws	p. 349
Involuntary Commitment of Sexual Predators	p. 351
Social Stigmatization	p. 353
Pardon	p. 353
Definition and Purpose	p. 353
The Power to Pardon	p. 354
Kinds of Pardon	p. 354
Procedure for Obtaining a Pardon	p. 355
Legal Effects of a Pardon	p. 355
Effects of a Pardon on Occupational Licensing	p. 355
Restoration of Rights	p. 356
Restoration upon Application	p. 356
Automatic Restoration	p. 356
Restoring the Right to Vote	p. 357
Restoring Good Moral Character	p. 357
Expungement of Criminal Records	p. 359
Sealing of Criminal Records	p. 360
Top Things You Should Know	p. 361
Discussion Questions	p. 362
Websites	p. 362
Case Study	p. 364
Glossary	p. 367
References	p. 373
Table of Cases	p. 389
Name Index	p. 391
Subject Index	p. 395
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