Comprehensive Exam Review for the Pharmacy Technician

by Moini, Jahangir

• ISBN13: 9781401841317
• ISBN10: 1401841317
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-12-28
• Publisher: CENGAGE Delmar Learning

Summary

This is a must-have book for anyone preparing to take the Pharmacy Technician National Certification Exam. Essential material summaries provide a concentrated review of the topics covered on the National Certification Exam. Each chapter ends with a multiple-choice quiz to reinforce the review material covered in the chapter. Over 1,200 questions along with example case studies will help you assess your knowledge of the topic areas covered on the exam. A comprehensive 150-question test written in National Certification Exam style is also included. Answers for all of the quizzes and tests are provided at the back of the book. For those looking for more practice, a CD-ROM is packaged with the book that includes an additional 600 multiple-choice questions along with the option to create an unlimited number of comprehensive exams.

Author Biography

Dr. Moini is a/an: Husband Father Author Physician Professor Director Chairman Chief Proctor Biological Scientist III Epidemiologist Health Educator Consultant Physician Liaison of the Florida Society of Medical Assistants.

Table of Contents

SECTION I INTRODUCTION	1	(32)
The Foundation of Pharmaceutical Care	2	(5)
Pharmaceutical Care	3	(1)
The Profession of Pharmacy	3	(1)
Pharmacy Practice	3	(1)
Pharmaceutical Testing, Analysis, and Control	3	(1)
Pharmacy Technicians	3	(1)
The National Certification Exam	3	(1)
Continuing Education	4	(1)
Professional Organizations	4	(1)
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy	4	(1)
American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists	4	(1)
American Association of Pharmacy Technicians	4	(1)
American College of Clinical Pharmacy	4	(1)
American Council on Pharmaceutical Education	4	(1)
American Pharmacists Association	5	(1)
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists	5	(1)
United States Drug Enforcement Administration	5	(1)
United States Food and Drug Administration	5	(1)
Pharmacy Technician Certification Board	5	(1)
Pharmacy Technician Educators Council	5	(1)
United States Pharmacopeia	5	(1)
Job Outlook	5	(2)
Pharmacy Law and Ethics For Technicians	7	(8)
Law and Ethics in Pharmacy	8	(1)
Governing Bodies	8	(1)
Types of Law	8	(1)
Constitutional Law	8	(1)
Statutory Law	8	(1)
Administrative Law	8	(1)
Common Law	8	(1)
International Law	8	(1)
State and Federal Pharmacy Laws, Regulations, and Agencies	8	(4)
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906	9	(1)
The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938	9	(1)
The Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951	9	(1)
The Kefauver-Harris Amendment of 1962	9	(1)
The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970	9	(1)
The Poison Prevention Act of 1970	10	(1)
The Drug Listing Act of 1972	10	(1)
The Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978	10	(1)
The Orphan Drug Act of 1983	10	(1)
The Drug Price Competition and Patent-Term Restoration Act of 1984	10	(1)
The Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987	10	(1)
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990	10	(1)
The Occupational Health and Safety Administration	10	(2)
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996	12	(1)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	12	(1)
Drug Standards	12	(3)
The Ethical Foundation of Pharmacy	15	(1)
Pharmaceutical Terminology and Abbreviations	15	(10)
Word Building	16	(1)
Root	16	(1)
Prefix	16	(1)
Suffix	16	(1)
Abbreviations	17	(1)
Brand or Trade Names and Generic Names	17	(1)
Commonly Used Apothecary Symbols	17	(8)
Medication and Dosage Forms	25	(8)
Medical Uses of Drugs	26	(1)
Therapeutic Agents	26	(1)
Diagnostic Agents	26	(1)
Replacement Agents	26	(1)
Anesthetic Agents	26	(1)
Prophylactic or Preventative Agents	26	(1)
Destructive Agents	26	(1)
Drug Classifications	27	(1)
Dosage Forms	27	(6)
Solid Drugs	27	(2)
Semisolid Drugs	29	(1)
Liquid Drugs	29	(4)
SECTION II THE SCIENCE OF PHARMACOLOGY	33	(14)
Administration of Medication	34	(13)
Principles of Drug Administration	35	(1)
Right Patient	35	(1)
Right Drug	35	(1)
Right Dose	35	(1)
Right Time	35	(1)
Right Route	35	(1)
Right Technique	35	(1)
Right Documentation	36	(1)
Medication Errors	36	(1)
Methods of Administering Medications	36	(6)
Oral Route	36	(1)
Topical Route	37	(2)
Parenteral Route	39	(3)
Equipment Used for Oral Administration	42	(1)
Equipment Used for Parenteral Administration	42	(5)
Needles	43	(1)
Syringes	43	(1)
Unit- and Multiple-Dose Forms	44	(3)
SECTION III HOSPITAL AND RETAIL PHARMACY	47	(76)
The Policy and Procedure Manual	48	(5)
The Policy and Procedure Manual	49	(1)
The Need for Policies and Procedures	49	(1)
Benefits of a Policy and Procedure Manual	50	(1)
Developing the Policy and Procedure Manual	50	(1)
Writing Policies and Procedures	50	(1)
Review and Revision of the Policy and Procedure Manual	50	(3)
Hospital Pharmacy	53	(9)
The History of Pharmacy Practice	54	(1)
Hospital Pharmacy	54	(1)
Organization of the Hospital	54	(2)
Organization of the Hospital Pharmacy	55	(1)
Medication Orders	56	(2)
Medication Dispensing Systems	56	(2)
Sterile Products	58	(1)
Inventory Control	58	(1)
Automation	59	(1)
The Future of the Hospital Pharmacy	60	(2)
Community (Retail) Pharmacy	62	(8)
Community Pharmacy	63	(1)
The Prescription	63	(3)
Processing Prescriptions---Dispensing	63	(3)
Floor Plan of the Retail Pharmacy	66	(2)
Drop-Off Window	66	(1)
Input Terminals	66	(1)
Prescription Counter	66	(1)
Drive-Through	66	(1)
Consultation Area	67	(1)
Customer Service Area	67	(1)
Refrigerator	67	(1)
Prescription Shelves	67	(1)
Cash Register Area	67	(1)
Pharmacy Computer System	68	(1)
Compounding	68	(2)
Advanced Pharmacy	70	(6)
The Expanding Role of the Pharmacist	71	(5)
Long-Term Care Pharmacy Services	71	(1)
Home Health Care Pharmacy	71	(1)
Home Infusion Pharmacy	72	(1)
Hospice Pharmacy	73	(1)
Ambulatory Care Pharmacy	73	(1)
Mail-Order Pharmacy	73	(1)
Nuclear Pharmacy	73	(3)
The Role and Duties of Technicians at Retail Pharmacies	76	(7)
The Role of the Pharmacy Technician	77	(2)
Job Responsibilities	78	(1)
Accountability	79	(2)
Ethical Standards and Professional Behavior	81	(2)
Communication Skills	81	(1)
Teamwork	81	(1)
Ability to Handle a Fast Pace and Stress	81	(2)
The Role and Duties of Pharmacy Technicians in Hospitals	83	(7)
The Role of the Pharmacy Technician in the Hospital	84	(1)
Maintenance of Medication Records	84	(1)
Setting Up Unit-Dose System	84	(1)
Compounding Medications	84	(1)
Packaging	84	(1)
Administration of Medication	84	(1)
Setting Up Outpatient Prescriptions	85	(1)
Computer Data Input	85	(1)
Refilling Drug Carts	85	(1)
Filling Prescriptions	85	(1)
Inspecting Nursing Unit Drug 'Stocks	86	(1)
Inventory Maintenance	86	(1)
Preparation of Labels	87	(1)
Sensitive Information	87	(1)
Communication Skills	87	(1)
Safety Procedures	88	(2)
Management of Pharmacy Operations	90	(6)
Managing the Pharmacy	91	(1)
Cost Analysis	91	(1)
Purchasing Procedures	91	(1)
Ordering	91	(1)
Invoice	91	(1)
Receiving	91	(1)
Returning Products	92	(1)
Record Keeping	92	(1)
Inventory Control	92	(1)
Computerized Inventory System	92	(1)
Perpetual Inventory	93	(1)
Drug Formulary	93	(1)
Point of Sale	93	(1)
Repackaging	93	(3)
Specific Guidelines for Repackaging	93	(3)
Financial Management and Health Insurance	96	(7)
Financial Aspects of Pharmacy Practice	97	(1)
Financial Issues	97	(1)
Purchasing	97	(1)
Accounting	98	(1)
Pricing	98	(1)
Health Insurance	98	(5)
Insurance Policy	99	(1)
Health Insurance Terminology	99	(1)
Types of Health Insurance	99	(4)
Safety in the Workplace	103	(8)
Safety	104	(2)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standards	104	(2)
Aseptic Technique	106	(1)
Medical Asepsis	106	(1)
Surgical Asepsis	107	(1)
Laminar Airflow Hoods	107	(2)
Employee Responsibilities	109	(2)
Computer Applications in Drug Use Control	111	(5)
Computer Use in the Pharmacy	112	(1)
Computer Components	112	(1)
Input and Output Devices	113	(1)
Computerized Systems in the Pharmacy Setting	113	(1)
Benefits of Computer Use in the Pharmacy Setting	113	(1)
Confidentiality and Security	114	(2)
Communications	116	(7)
Communication	117	(1)
Methods of Communication	117	(1)
Verbal Communication	117	(1)
Written Communication	117	(1)
Nonverbal Communication	117	(1)
The Communication Process	117	(1)
Technology and Communication	118	(1)
Barriers to Communication	118	(1)
Environmental Factors	118	(1)
Language Barriers	119	(1)
Negative Communication	119	(1)
Defense Mechanisms	119	(1)
Communicating with Staff Members	119	(1)
Communication in Special Situations	119	(1)
Professional Behavior	119	(1)
Ethical Patient Care	120	(1)
Autonomy	120	(1)
Honesty	120	(1)
Informed Consent	120	(1)
Confidentiality	120	(1)
Faithfulness	120	(1)
Sexual Harassment	120	(1)
Communication with Difficult People	120	(3)
SECTION IV DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS	123	(156)
Biopharmaceutics	124	(7)
Properties and Actions of Drugs	125	(1)
Pharmacokinetics	125	(1)
Drug Absorption	125	(1)
Drug Distribution	125	(1)
Biotransformation (Metabolism) of Drugs	125	(1)
Drug Excretion	126	(1)
Pharmacodynamics	126	(3)
Drug Action	127	(2)
Drug Bioavailability	129	(1)
Side Effects and Adverse Effects of Drugs	129	(2)
Hypersensitivity or Allergy	129	(1)
Anaphylactic Reaction	129	(2)
Factors Affecting Drug Activity	131	(5)
Factors Affecting Drug Activity	132	(2)
Age	132	(1)
Gender	132	(1)
Weight	132	(1)
Time and Route of Drug Administration	132	(1)
Diet	133	(1)
Pregnancy	133	(1)
Psychological State	133	(1)
Polypharmacy	133	(1)
Diseases	134	(1)
Side Effects	134	(2)
Hypersensitivity	134	(2)
Antibiotics	136	(12)
Antibiotics	137	(1)
Antibiotic Resistance	137	(1)
Bactericidal Agents	137	(3)
Penicillins	137	(1)
Cephalosporins	138	(1)
Quinolones	139	(1)
Aminogycosides	139	(1)
Vancomycin	140	(1)
Bacteriostatic Agents	140	(2)
Sulfonamides	140	(1)
Tetracyclines	141	(1)
Macrolides	142	(1)
Miscellaneous Antibiotics	142	(1)
Chloramphenicol	142	(1)
Aztreonam	143	(1)
Clindamycin	143	(1)
Metronidazole	143	(1)
Antitubercular Drugs	143	(1)
Isoniazid	143	(1)
Ethambutol	143	(1)
Rifampin	143	(1)
Rifampin-isoniazid	144	(1)
Pyrazinamide (PZA)	144	(1)
Streptomycin	144	(1)
Antiparasitic Drugs	144	(1)
Mebendazole	144	(1)
Diethylcarbamazine	145	(1)
Thiabendazole	145	(1)
Niclosamide	145	(1)
Piperazine	145	(1)
Oxamniquine	145	(1)
Amebicides	145	(1)
Iodoquinol	145	(1)
Paromomycin	145	(1)
Dehydroemetine	145	(1)
Metronidazole	145	(1)
Diloxanide	145	(1)
Antimalarial Agents	146	(2)
Chloroquine	146	(1)
Hydroxychloroquine	146	(1)
Primaquine	146	(1)
Quinine	146	(1)
Mefloquine	146	(1)
Pyrimethamine	146	(2)
Antivirals and Antifungals	148	(10)
Characteristics of Viruses	149	(1)
Antiviral Agents	149	(2)
Acyclovir	149	(1)
Amantadine	149	(1)
Cidofovir	149	(1)
Famciclovir	150	(1)
Foscarnet	150	(1)
Ganciclovir	150	(1)
Oseltamivir	150	(1)
Rimantadine	150	(1)
Tenofovir	150	(1)
Valacyclovir	150	(1)
Valganciclovir	150	(1)
Ribavirin	150	(1)
Zanamivir	151	(1)
RNA Viruses	151	(2)
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	151	(1)
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors	152	(1)
Protease Inhibitors	152	(1)
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy	153	(1)
AIDS Vaccine	153	(1)
Characteristics of Fungi	153	(5)
Fungal Diseases	153	(1)
Systemic Antifungal Agents	154	(1)
Topical Antifungal Agents	155	(3)
Antineoplastic Drugs	158	(7)
Neoplasms	159	(1)
Antineoplastic Agents	159	(3)
Antimetabolites	159	(1)
Hormonal Agents	160	(1)
Antibiotics	160	(1)
Alkylating Agents	161	(1)
Mitotic Inhibitors (Plant Alkaloids)	162	(1)
Other Therapeutic Modalities	162	(1)
Toxicity	163	(1)
Specific Side Effects	163	(2)
Allergy and Respiratory Drugs	165	(9)
Effects of Allergies on the Respiratory System	166	(1)
Allergic Rhinitis	166	(1)
Asthma	166	(1)
Histamine	166	(1)
Antihistamines	167	(1)
Antitussives	167	(1)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents	168	(1)
Bronchodilators	168	(1)
Asthmatic Prophylaxis	169	(1)
Leukotriene Antagonists	169	(1)
Xanthine Derivatives	169	(1)
β-Adrenergic Agents	170	(1)
Mucolytics and Expectorants	170	(1)
Decongestants	170	(1)
Intranasal Steroids	170	(1)
Drugs for Smoking Cessation	170	(4)
Central Nervous System Drugs	174	(15)
The Central Nervous System	175	(1)
Drugs that Act Upon the Central Nervous System	175	(6)
Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs	175	(3)
Antipyschotic Drugs	178	(1)
Antianxiety Drugs	179	(1)
Antidepressant Drugs	179	(2)
Alzheimer's Disease	181	(1)
Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease	181	(1)
Epilepsy	181	(1)
Treatment for Epilepsy	181	(1)
Parkinson's Disease	182	(1)
Treatment for Parkinson's Disease	182	(1)
Headaches	183	(1)
Treatment for Headaches	183	(1)
Insomnia	184	(1)
Treatment for Insomnia	184	(1)
Narcotic Analgesics	184	(1)
Anesthesia	184	(1)
Stages and Planes of Anesthesia	185	(1)
Local Anesthetics	185	(1)
Drugs of Abuse	185	(4)
Marijuana	186	(1)
Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)	186	(1)
Amphetamines	186	(1)
Cocaine	186	(1)
Nicotine	187	(1)
Psychodysleptics or Hallucinogens	187	(2)
Cardiovascular and Renal Drugs	189	(14)
Heart Diseases	190	(1)
Antianginal Drugs	190	(1)
Nitrates	190	(1)
β-Adrenergic Blockers	190	(1)
Calcium Channel Blockers	191	(1)
Antidysrhythmic Agents	191	(3)
Class I---Drugs That Bind to Sodium Channels	191	(2)
Class II---β-Adrenergic Blockers Used for Arrhythmias	193	(1)
Class III---Antidysrhythmic Agents That Interfere with Potassium Outflow	193	(1)
Class IV---Calcium Channel Blockers for Dysrhythmia	193	(1)
Myocardial Infarction	194	(1)
Drug Effects on Congestive Heart Failure	194	(1)
Cardiac Glycosides	194	(1)
Diuretics	195	(1)
Hypertension and Antihypertensive Drugs	195	(3)
Diuretics	195	(1)
Antiadrenergic Drugs	196	(2)
Calcium Channel Blockers	198	(1)
Vasodilators	198	(1)
Antihyperlipidemic Drugs	198	(5)
Bile Acid Sequestrants	199	(1)
Statin Drugs	199	(1)
Miscellaneous Antihyperlipidemic Drugs	200	(3)
Digestive System Drugs	203	(8)
The Digestive System	204	(1)
Antacids	204	(1)
Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists	205	(1)
Cimetidine	205	(1)
Ranitidine	205	(1)
Famotidine	205	(1)
Nizatidine	205	(1)
Proton Pump Inhibitors	205	(1)
Omeprazole	205	(1)
Lansoprazole	206	(1)
Rabeprazole	206	(1)
Esomeprazole	206	(1)
Treatment for Helicobacter pylori with Ulcer	206	(1)
Antidiarrheal Agents	206	(1)
Laxatives and Cathartics	207	(1)
Bulk-Forming Laxatives	207	(1)
Fecal Softener Laxatives	208	(1)
Hyperosmolar Laxatives	208	(1)
Stimulant Laxatives	208	(1)
Lubricant Laxatives	208	(1)
Antiemetics	208	(1)
Emetics	209	(2)
Hormones of the Endocrine and Reproductive Systems	211	(11)
The Endocrine System	212	(5)
The Pituitary Gland	212	(1)
The Adrenal Glands	213	(2)
The Thyroid Gland	215	(1)
The Pancreas	215	(2)
The Female Reproductive System	217	(3)
The Ovaries	217	(2)
Drugs Used During Labor and Delivery	219	(1)
The Male Reproductive System	220	(2)
The Testes	220	(2)
Anticoagulants	222	(7)
Blood Clotting	223	(1)
Anticoagulation	223	(6)
Anticoagulant Agents	223	(2)
Thrombolytic Agents	225	(1)
Antiplatelet Agents	226	(3)
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants and Non-Narcotic Analgesics	229	(9)
The Musculoskeletal System	230	(1)
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants	230	(3)
Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants	230	(2)
Peripherally Acting Muscle Relaxants	232	(1)
Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Drugs	233	(1)
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs	233	(1)
Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors	233	(1)
Other Nonsteroidal and Nonsalicylate Anti-inflammatory Drugs	234	(1)
Diclofenac	234	(1)
Misoprostol	234	(1)
Etodolac	234	(1)
Ibuprofen	235	(1)
Indomethacin	235	(1)
Naproxen	235	(1)
Gouty Arthritis	235	(1)
Drugs for Gouty Arthritis	235	(1)
Acetaminophen	236	(2)
Immunological Agents	238	(13)
The Immune System	239	(1)
Humeral Immunity	239	(1)
Cell-Mediated Immunity	239	(1)
Lymphocytes	240	(1)
Antibodies and Immunoglobulins	240	(1)
Immunoglobulin G	240	(1)
Immunoglobulin A	240	(1)
Immunoglobulin M	240	(1)
Immunoglobulin D	240	(1)
Immunoglobulin E	240	(1)
Vaccinations	240	(1)
Adverse Reactions after Vaccination	241	(1)
Contraindication and Precautions	241	(1)
Hepatitis	241	(5)
Hepatitis A	241	(1)
Hepatitis B	241	(1)
Hepatitis C	241	(5)
Pneumonia	246	(1)
Pneumococcal Vaccines	246	(1)
Meningitis	246	(1)
Meningococcal Vaccines	246	(1)
Rabies	246	(1)
Indications for Immune Globulins and Antitoxins	247	(1)
Tuberculosis	247	(1)
BCG Vaccine	247	(1)
Tuberculin Test	247	(1)
Smallpox	247	(1)
Smallpox Vaccine	248	(1)
Anthrax	248	(1)
Anthrax Vaccine	248	(1)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome	249	(1)
Vaccine Handling Rules and Storage Requirements	249	(1)
Administration of Vaccines and Toxoids	249	(2)
Poisons and Antidotes	251	(8)
Poisoning	252	(1)
Detection of Poisons	252	(1)
Common Poisons	253	(3)
Acetaminophen	253	(1)
Acids	253	(1)
Alkalies	253	(1)
Antihistamines	253	(1)
Atropine	253	(1)
Benzene and Toluene	253	(1)
Bleaches	253	(1)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)	253	(1)
Cyanide	254	(1)
Detergents and Soaps	254	(1)
Ethylene Glycol	254	(1)
Fluorides	254	(1)
Formaldehyde	254	(1)
Iodine	254	(1)
Isopropyl Alcohol	255	(1)
Lead	255	(1)
Magnesium	255	(1)
Mercury	255	(1)
Methyl Alcohol	255	(1)
Opioids	255	(1)
Petroleum Distillates	256	(1)
Phenol	256	(1)
Phosphorus	256	(1)
Salicylates	256	(1)
Antidotes	256	(1)
Cyanide Antidote Kit	257	(1)
Poison Control Centers	257	(2)
Nutrition	259	(9)
Nutrition	261	(1)
Protein	261	(1)
Carbohydrates	261	(1)
Lipids (Fats)	262	(1)
Vitamins	262	(2)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins	262	(1)
Water-Soluble Vitamins	263	(1)
Minerals and Electrolytes	264	(2)
Calcium	264	(1)
Phosphorus	264	(1)
Chloride	264	(1)
Sodium	264	(1)
Potassium	264	(1)
Magnesium	265	(1)
Iron	265	(1)
Iodine	265	(1)
Zinc	265	(1)
Fluoride	265	(1)
Copper	265	(1)
Mineral Deficiencies	265	(1)
Hyperalimentation or Total Parenteral Nutrition	266	(1)
Malnutrition	266	(2)
Marasmus	266	(1)
Kwashiorkor	266	(1)
Obesity	266	(2)
Special Considerations for the Pediatric and Neonatal Patient	268	(7)
Special Considerations for the Pediatric Patient	269	(1)
Defining the Neonatal and Pediatric Population	269	(1)
Childhood Respiratory Disorders	269	(1)
Respiratory Syncytial Virus	269	(1)
Asthma	270	(1)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome	270	(1)
Fever	270	(1)
Treatment for Fever	271	(1)
Cardiovascular Disorders	271	(1)
Patent Ductus Arteriosus	271	(1)
Infectious Diseases	272	(3)
Diarrhea	272	(1)
Bacteremia and Septicemia	272	(1)
Acute Bacterial Meningitis	272	(1)
Streptococcal Infections	273	(2)
Drug Therapy for Aging Patients	275	(4)
Aging Patients	276	(1)
Principles of Drug Therapy in Elderly Patients	276	(1)
Drug Interactions	276	(1)
Specific Drug Considerations for Elderly Patients	277	(2)
Anticoagulants	277	(1)
Glaucoma Medications	277	(1)
Analgesics	277	(1)
Antihypertensives	277	(1)
Cold Remedies	277	(1)
Antiemetics	277	(1)
Benzodiazepines	277	(2)
SECTION V PHARMACEUTICAL CALCULATIONS	279	(24)
Basic Mathematics	280	(7)
Basic Math	281	(1)
Arabic Numbers and Roman Numerals	281	(1)
Fractions	281	(2)
Classification of Fractions	281	(1)
Comparing Fractions	282	(1)
Adding Fractions	282	(1)
Subtracting Fractions	282	(1)
Multiplying Fractions	283	(1)
Dividing Fractions	283	(1)
Decimals	283	(1)
Multiplying Decimals	283	(1)
Dividing Decimals	284	(1)
Adding Decimals	284	(1)
Subtracting Decimals	284	(1)
Ratios	284	(1)
Proportions	285	(1)
Percentages	285	(2)
Measurement Systems	287	(5)
Measurement Systems	288	(1)
The Metric System	288	(1)
Gram	288	(1)
Liter	288	(1)
Meter	288	(1)
Household Measurements	288	(1)
The Apothecary System	289	(1)
Weight	289	(1)
Volume	289	(1)
Converting within and between Systems	289	(3)
Conversion of Weights	289	(1)
Conversion of Liquids	290	(2)
Calculation of Dosages	292	(11)
Calculation of Dosages	293	(1)
Calculation of Oral Drugs	293	(1)
Dosing of Tablets and Capsules	293	(1)
Dosing of Oral Liquids	293	(1)
Calculation of Parenteral Drugs	294	(4)
Drug Dosage in Standardized Units	295	(1)
Dosing of Intravenous Medications	296	(2)
Dosing of Total Parenteral Nutrition	298	(1)
Pediatric Dosage Calculations	298	(5)
Clark's Rule	299	(1)
Young's Rule	299	(1)
Fried's Rule	299	(4)
Appendix A Additional Questions	303	(11)
Appendix B Case Studies	314	(4)
Appendix C Answers to Review Questions	318	(3)
Glossary	321