Todd Lammle, Network+, CCSI, CCNA, is the authority on networking. He has been involved in computers and networking with Fortune 500 companies for over 27 years. Todd is President of GlobalNet Training, Inc., a networking integration and training firm based in Dallas. He is also the bestselling author of numerous networking and certification books, including the previous version of the CompTIA Network+ Study Guide and the popular CCNA: Cisco Certified Network Associate Study Guide, with over 600,000 copies in print. You can reach him through his website at www.lammle.com.
Introduction xxix
Assessment Test li
Chapter 1 Introduction to Networks 1
First Things First: What’s a Network? 2
The Local Area Network (LAN) 3
Common Network Components 5
Wide Area Network (WAN) 7
Network Architecture: Peer-to-Peer or Client-Server? 9
Physical Network Topologies 12
Bus Topology 12
Star Topology 13
Ring Topology 14
Mesh Topology 15
Point-to-Point Topology 16
Point-to-Multipoint Topology 17
Hybrid Topology 18
Topology Selection, Backbones, and Segments 18
Selecting the Right Topology 19
The Network Backbone 20
Network Segments 21
Summary 21
Exam Essentials 21
Written Labs 22
Review Questions 23
Chapter 2 The Open Systems Interconnection Specifications 27
Internetworking Models 28
The Layered Approach 28
Advantages of Reference Models 29
The OSI Reference Model 30
The Application Layer 31
The Presentation Layer 33
The Session Layer 33
The Transport Layer 33
The Network Layer 39
The Data Link Layer 42
The Physical Layer 44
Introduction to Encapsulation 45
Summary 46
Exam Essentials 46
Written Lab 47
Review Questions 48
Chapter 3 Networking Topologies, Connectors, and Wiring Standards 53
Physical Media 55
Coaxial Cable 55
Twisted-Pair Cable 58
Fiber-Optic Cable 61
Media Converters 66
Broadband over Power Line 67
Serial Cables 68
Cable Properties 71
Transmission Speeds 71
Distance 71
Duplex 71
Noise Immunity (Security, EMI) 71
Frequency 72
Wiring Standards 72
568A vs. 568B 73
Straight-Through Cable 75
Crossover Cable 75
T1 Crossover Cable 76
Installing Wiring Distributions 79
Summary 80
Exam Essentials 81
Written Lab 81
Review Questions 83
Chapter 4 The Current Ethernet Specifications 87
Network Basics 88
Ethernet Basics 90
Collision Domain 90
Broadcast Domain 90
CSMA/CD 91
Half- and Full-Duplex Ethernet 92
Ethernet at the Data Link Layer 94
Binary to Decimal and Hexadecimal Conversion 94
Ethernet Addressing 98
Ethernet Frames 98
Channel Bonding 101
Ethernet at the Physical Layer 101
Summary 106
Exam Essentials 107
Written Lab 107
Review Questions 111
Chapter 5 Networking Devices 115
Common Network Connectivity Devices 117
Hub 118
Network Interface Card 118
Bridge 120
Switch 120
Router 121
Firewall 125
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server 126
Other Specialized Devices 129
Multilayer Switch 130
Load Balancer 130
Domain Name Service Server 130
Proxy Server 135
Encryption Devices 136
VPN Concentrator 137
Planning and Implementing a Basic SOHO Network Using Network Segmentation 137
Determining Requirements 138
Switches and Bridges at the Data Link Layer 144
Hubs at the Physical Layer 146
Environmental Considerations 147
Summary 147
Exam Essentials 148
Written Lab 149
Review Questions 150
Chapter 6 Introduction to the Internet Protocol 155
Introducing TCP/IP 157
A Brief History of TCP/IP 157
TCP/IP and the DoD Model 158
The Process/Application Layer Protocols 159
The Host-to-Host Layer Protocols 168
The Internet Layer Protocols 173
Data Encapsulation 178
Summary 182
Exam Essentials 182
Written Lab 183
Review Questions 184
Chapter 7 IP Addressing 189
IP Terminology 190
The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme 191
Network Addressing 192
Private IP Addresses 196
IPv4 Address Types 198
Layer 2 Broadcasts 198
Layer 3 Broadcasts 198
Unicast Address 199
Multicast Address 199
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 200
Why Do We Need IPv6? 200
The Benefits of and Uses for IPv6 201
IPv6 Addressing and Expressions 202
Shortened Expression 203
Address Types 203
Special Addresses 204
Summary 205
Exam Essentials 205
Written Lab 206
Review Questions 207
Chapter 8 IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and Introduction to NAT 211
Subnetting Basics 212
How to Create Subnets 213
Subnet Masks 214
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) 215
Subnetting Class C Addresses 217
Subnetting Class B Addresses 226
Troubleshooting IP Addressing 234
Determining IP Address Problems 237
Introduction to Network Address Translation (NAT) 241
Types of Network Address Translation 243
NAT Names 243
How NAT Works 244
Summary 245
Exam Essentials 246
Written Labs 246
Review Questions 247
Chapter 9 Introduction to IP Routing 253
Routing Basics 254
The IP Routing Process 257
Testing Your IP Routing Understanding 263
Static and Dynamic Routing 264
Summary 267
Exam Essentials 267
Written Lab 267
Review Questions 269
Chapter 10 Routing Protocols 273
Routing Protocol Basics 274
Administrative Distances 275
Classes of Routing Protocols 277
Distance Vector Routing Protocols 278
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 279
RIP Version 2 (RIPv2) 280
VLSM and Discontiguous Networks 280
EIGRP 282
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 285
Link State Routing Protocols 286
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 287
Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) 289
IPv6 Routing Protocols 290
RIPng 290
EIGRPv6 291
OSPFv3 291
Summary 291
Exam Essentials 292
Written Lab 292
Review Questions 293
Chapter 11 Switching and Virtual LANs 297
Networking Before Layer 2 Switching 298
Switching Services 302
Limitations of Layer 2 Switching 303
Bridging vs. LAN Switching 303
Three Switch Functions at Layer 2 304
Spanning Tree Protocol 309
Spanning-Tree Port States 310
STP Convergence 311
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 802.1w 311
Virtual LANs 313
VLAN Basics 313
Quality of Service 316
VLAN Memberships 317
Static VLANs 317
Dynamic VLANs 318
Identifying VLANs 318
VLAN Identification Methods 320
VLAN Trunking Protocol 321
VTP Modes of Operation 322
Configuring VTP 323
Two Additional Advanced Features of Switches 324
Power over Ethernet 324
Port Mirroring/Spanning 326
Summary 328
Exam Essentials 328
Written Lab 329
Review Questions 330
Chapter 12 Wireless Networking 335
Introduction to Wireless Technology 337
The 802.11 Standards 340
2.4GHz (802.11b) 341
2.4GHz (802.11g) 342
5GHz (802.11a) 343
5GHz (802.11h) 344
2.4GHz/5GHz (802.11n) 345
Comparing 802.11 Standards 346
Range Comparisons 346
Wireless Network Components 347
Wireless Access Points 347
Wireless Network Interface Card 348
Wireless Antennas 349
Installing a Wireless Network 351
Ad Hoc Mode: Independent Basic Service Set 351
Infrastructure Mode: Basic Service Set 352
Signal Degradation 354
Installing and Configuring Hardware 355
Wireless Security 362
Open Access 363
Service Set Identifiers, Wired Equivalent Privacy, and Media Access Control Address Authentication 364
Remote Authentication Dial In User Service 365
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol 366
Wi-Fi Protected Access or WPA 2 Pre-Shared Key 367
Summary 368
Exam Essentials 369
Written Lab 369
Review Questions 370
Chapter 13 Authentication and Access Control 375
Security Filtering 377
Access Control Lists 378
Tunneling 379
Encryption 386
Remote Access 390
Managing User Account and Password Security 393
Managing User Accounts 393
Managing Passwords 396
Single Sign-On 400
Multifactor Authentication 400
User-Authentication Methods 400
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) 401
Kerberos 402
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) 402
Network Access Control (NAC) 405
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) 405
MS-CHAP 405
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) 406
Summary 406
Exam Essentials 407
Written Lab 407
Review Questions 409
Chapter 14 Network Threats and Mitigation 413
Recognizing Security Threats 414
Denial of Service 415
Viruses 417
Worms 421
Buffer Overflow 421
Wireless Threats 421
Attackers and Their Tools 424
Social Engineering (Phishing) 427
Understanding Mitigation Techniques 428
Active Detection 429
Passive Detection 429
Proactive Defense 429
Policies and Procedures 430
Security Policies 431
Security Training 436
Patches and Upgrades 437
Updating Antivirus Components 439
Fixing an Infected Computer 441
Summary 441
Exam Essentials 442
Written Lab 442
Review Questions 444
Chapter 15 Physical and Hardware Security 449
Using Hardware and Software Security Devices 450
Defining Firewalls 452
Network-Based Firewalls 453
Host-Based Firewalls 453
Firewall Technologies 453
Access Control Lists 453
Port Security 456
Demilitarized Zone 456
Protocol Switching 457
Dynamic Packet Filtering 459
Proxy Services 460
Firewalls at the Application Layer vs. the Network Layer 461
Stateful vs. Stateless Network Layer Firewalls 462
Application Layer Firewalls 463
Scanning Services and Other Firewall Features 464
Content Filtering 465
Signature Identification 466
Zones 466
Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems 468
Network-Based IDS 469
Host-Based IDS 471
Vulnerability Scanners 472
VPN Concentrators 473
Understanding Problems Affecting Device Security 474
Physical Security 474
Logical Security Configurations 476
Summary 478
Exam Essentials 479
Written Lab 480
Review Questions 481
Chapter 16 Wide Area Networks 485
What’s a WAN? 488
Defining WAN Terms 488
The Public Switched Telephone Network 489
WAN Connection Types 490
Bandwidth or Speed 492
T-Series Connections 492
The T1 Connection 494
The T3 Connection 494
Transmission Media 495
Wired Connections 495
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing 496
Passive Optical Network 496
Wireless Technologies 497
Broadband Services 498
DSL Technology and xDSL 500
Cable Modem 501
Wireless WAN Technologies 503
Cellular WAN 503
WAN Protocols 504
Integrated Services Digital Network 504
Frame Relay Technology 506
Asynchronous Transfer Mode 508
Summary 509
Exam Essentials 509
Written Lab 510
Review Questions 511
Chapter 17 Troubleshooting Tools 515
Protocol Analyzers 517
Throughput Testers 518
Connectivity Software 519
Using Traceroute 520
Using ipconfig and ifconfig 521
Using the ipconfig Utility 521
Using the ifconfig Utility 525
Using the ping Utility 526
Using the Address Resolution Protocol 529
The Windows ARP Table 529
Using the arp Utility 530
Using the nslookup Utility 533
Resolving Names with the Hosts Table 535
Using the Mtr Command 536
Using the route Command 537
Using the route Command Options 538
Some Examples of the route Command 540
Using the nbtstat Utility 540
The –a Switch 541
The –A Switch 543
The –c Switch 543
The –n Switch 544
The –r Switch 544
The –R Switch 545
The –S Switch 545
The –s Switch 546
Using the netstat Utility 546
The –a Switch 549
The –e Switch 550
The –r Switch 551
The –s Switch 551
The –p Switch 551
The –n Switch 553
Using the File Transfer Protocol 554
Starting FTP and Logging In to an FTP Server 555
Downloading Files 557
Uploading Files 559
Using the Telnet Utility 560
How to Enable Telnet in Vista 560
Don’t Use Telnet, Use Secure Shell 561
Summary 562
Exam Essentials 562
Written Lab 563
Review Questions 564
Chapter 18 Software and Hardware Tools 569
Understanding Network Scanners 570
Packet Sniffers 570
Intrusion Detection and Prevention Software 572
Port Scanners 574
Identifying Hardware Tools 576
Cable Testers 577
Protocol Analyzer 579
Certifiers 580
Time-Domain Reflectometer 581
Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer 581
Multimeter 582
Toner Probe 582
Butt Set 584
Punch-Down Tool 585
Cable Stripper/Snips 586
Voltage Event Recorder 587
Environmental Monitors 588
Summary 589
Exam Essentials 589
Written Lab 590
Review Questions 591
Chapter 19 Network Troubleshooting 595
Narrowing Down the Problem 598
Are There Any Cabling Issues? Did You Check
the Super Simple Stuff? 599
Is Hardware or Software Causing the Problem? 603
Is It a Workstation or a Server Problem? 604
Which Segments of the Network Are Affected? 604
Is It Bad Cabling? 604
Troubleshooting Steps 609
Step 1: Identify the Problem 610
Step 2: Establish a Theory of Probable Cause 613
Step 3: Test the Theory to Determine Cause 616
Step 4: Establish a Plan of Action to Resolve the Problem and Identify Potential Effects 618
Step 5: Implement the Solution or Escalate as Necessary 620
Step 6: Verify Full System Functionality and If Applicable Implement Preventative Measures 622
Step 7: Document Findings, Actions, and Outcomes 623
Troubleshooting Tips 623
Don’t Overlook the Small Stuff 624
Prioritize Your Problems 624
Check the Software Configuration 625
Don’t Overlook Physical Conditions 625
Don’t Overlook Cable Problems 626
Check for Viruses 626
Summary 626
Exam Essentials 627
Written Lab 628
Review Questions 629
Chapter 20 Management, Monitoring, and Optimization 635
Managing Network Documentation 638
Using SNMP 638
Schematics and Diagrams 639
Baselines 645
Policies, Procedures, and Regulations 647
Monitoring the Network and Optimizing Its Performance 649
Network Monitoring and Logging 650
Reasons to Optimize Your Network’s Performance 652
How to Optimize Performance 654
Virtual Networking 658
Summary 661
Exam Essentials 662
Written Lab 663
Review Questions 664
Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 669
Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks 670
Chapter 2: The Open Systems Interconnection Specifications 672
Chapter 3: Networking Topologies, Connectors, and Wiring Standards 673
Chapter 4: The Current Ethernet Specifications 675
Chapter 5: Networking Devices 676
Chapter 6: Introduction to the Internet Protocol 677
Chapter 7: IP Addressing 679
Chapter 8: IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and Introduction to NAT 681
Chapter 9: Introduction to IP Routing 683
Chapter 10: Routing Protocols 684
Chapter 11: Switching and Virtual LANs 686
Chapter 12: Wireless Networking 688
Chapter 13: Authentication and Access Control 689
Chapter 14: Network Threats and Mitigation 691
Chapter 15: Physical and Hardware Security 692
Chapter 16: Wide Area Networks 694
Chapter 17: Troubleshooting Tools 695
Chapter 18: Software and Hardware Tools 697
Chapter 19: Network Troubleshooting 699
Chapter 20: Management, Monitoring, and Optimization 700
Appendix B Answers to Written Labs 703
Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks 704
Chapter 2: The Open Systems Interconnection Specifications 704
Chapter 3: Networking Topologies, Connectors, and Wiring Standards 705
Chapter 4: The Current Ethernet Specifications 705
Chapter 5: Networking Devices 708
Chapter 6: Introduction to the Internet Protocol 708
Chapter 7: IP Addressing 709
Chapter 8: IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and Introduction to NAT 710
Chapter 9: Introduction to IP Routing 710
Chapter 10: Routing Protocols 711
Chapter 11: Switching and Virtual LANs 711
Chapter 12: Wireless Networking 712
Chapter 13: Authentication and Access Control 712
Chapter 14: Network Threats and Mitigation 712
Chapter 15: Physical and Hardware Security 713
Chapter 16: Wide Area Networks 713
Chapter 17: Troubleshooting Tools 714
Chapter 18: Software and Hardware Tools 714
Chapter 19: Network Troubleshooting 715
Chapter 20: Management, Monitoring, and Optimization 715
Appendix C Subnetting Class A 717
Subnetting Practice Examples: Class A Addresses 718
Practice Example #1A: 255.255.0.0 (/16) 719
Practice Example #2A: 255.255.240.0 (/20) 719
Practice Example #3A: 255.255.255.192 (/26) 720
Subnetting in Your Head: Class A Addresses 720
Written Lab 1 721
Written Lab 2 722
Answers to Written Lab 1 722
Answers to Written Lab 2 723
Appendix D About the Companion CD 725
What You’ll Find on the CD 726
Sybex Test Engine 726
Electronic Flashcards 726
E-book in All Formats 726
CompTIA Network+ Virtual Lab 727
PDF of Glossary of Terms 727
Adobe Reader 727
System Requirements 727
Using CD 728
Troubleshooting 728
Customer Care 728
Index 729
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