Computer Networks and Internets

by Comer, Douglas E.; Droms, Ralph E.

• ISBN13: 9780130914491
• ISBN10: 0130914495
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-02-01
• Publisher: PRENTICE HALL

Summary

If you really want to understand how the Internet and other computer networks operate, start with Computer Networks and Internets, Third Edition. Douglas E. Comer, who helped build the Internet, presents an up-to-the-minute tour of the Internet and internetworking, from low-level data transmission wiring all the way up to Web services and Internet application software. The new edition contains extensive coverage of network programming, plus authoritative introductions to many new Internet protocols and technologies, from CIDR addressing to Network Address Translation (NAT). Comer explains every networking layer, showing how facilities and services provided by one layer are used and extended in the next. Discover how networking hardware utilizes carrier signals, modulation and encoding; why internets use packet switching; how LANs, local loops, WANs, public and private networks work; and how protocols like TCP support internetworking. Understand the client/server model at the heart of most network applications, and master key Internet technologies such as CGI, DNS, E-mail, ADSL, and cable modems. This new edition includes a complete new chapter on static and automatic Internet routing, introducing key concepts such as Autonomous Systems and hop metrics; as well as detailed coverage of label switching and virtual circuits.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxv
Introduction	1	(6)
Growth Of Computer Networking	1	(1)
Complexity In Network Systems	2	(1)
Mastering The Complexity	2	(1)
Concepts And Terminology	3	(1)
Organization Of the Text	3	(1)
Summary	4	(3)
Motivation And Tools	7	(10)
Introduction	7	(1)
Resource Sharing	7	(1)
Growth Of The Internet	8	(3)
Probing The Internet	11	(1)
Interpreting A Ping Response	12	(2)
Tracing A Route	14	(1)
Summary	15	(2)
Network Programming And Applications	17	(28)
Introduction	17	(1)
Network Communication	18	(1)
Client-Server Computing	18	(1)
Communication Paradigm	19	(1)
An Example Application Program Interface	19	(1)
An Intuitive Look At The API	20	(1)
Definition Of The API	20	(3)
Code For An Echo Application	23	(6)
Code For A Chat Application	29	(4)
Code For A Web Application	33	(8)
Summary	41	(4)
PART I Data Transmission
Transmission Media	45	(10)
Introduction	45	(1)
Copper Wires	45	(2)
Glass Fibers	47	(1)
Radio	48	(1)
Satellites	48	(1)
Geosynchronous Satellites	49	(1)
Low Earth Orbit Satellites	50	(1)
Low Earth Orbit Satellite Arrays	50	(1)
Microwave	51	(1)
Infrared	51	(1)
Light From A Laser	52	(1)
Summary	52	(3)
Local Asynchronous Communication (RS-232)	55	(12)
Introduction	55	(1)
The Need For Asynchronous Communication	56	(1)
Using Electric Current To Send Bits	56	(1)
Standards For Communication	57	(2)
Baud Rate, Framing, And Errors	59	(1)
Full Duplex Asynchronous Communication	60	(1)
Limitations Of Real Hardware	61	(1)
Hardware Bandwidth And The Transmission Of Bits	62	(1)
The Effect Of Noise On Communication	62	(1)
Significance For Data Networking	63	(1)
Summary	64	(3)
Long-Distance Communication (Carriers, Modulation, And Modems)	67	(14)
Introduction	67	(1)
Sending Signals Across Long Distances	67	(3)
Modem Hardware Used For Modulation And Demodulation	70	(1)
Leased Analog Data Circuits	71	(1)
Optical, Radio Frequency, And Dialup Modems	72	(1)
Carrier Frequencies And Multiplexing	73	(2)
Baseband And Broadband Technologies	75	(1)
Wave Division Multiplexing	75	(1)
Spread Spectrum	76	(1)
Time Division Multiplexing	76	(1)
Summary	77	(4)
PART II Packet Transmission
Packets, Frames, And Error Detection	81	(18)
Introduction	81	(1)
The Concept Of Packets	81	(2)
Packets And Time-Division Multiplexing	83	(1)
Packets And Hardware Frames	84	(1)
Byte Stuffing	85	(2)
Transmission Errors	87	(1)
Parity Bits And Parity Checking	87	(1)
Probability, Mathematics, And Error Detection	88	(1)
Detecting Errors With Checksums	89	(1)
Detecting Errors With Cyclic Redundancy Checks	90	(2)
Combining Building Blocks	92	(1)
Burst Errors	93	(1)
Frame Format And Error Detection Mechanisms	93	(1)
Summary	94	(5)
LAN Technologies And Network Topology	99	(22)
Introduction	99	(1)
Direct Point-to-Point Communication	100	(2)
Shared Communication Channels	102	(1)
Significance Of LANs And Locality Of Reference	102	(1)
LAN Topologies	103	(3)
Example Bus Network: Ethernet	106	(2)
Carrier Sense On Multi-Access Networks (CSMA)	108	(1)
Collision Detection And Backoff With CSMA/CD	108	(2)
802.11 Wireless LANs And CSMA/CA	110	(1)
Another Example Bus Network: LocalTalk	111	(1)
Example Ring Network: IBM Token Ring	112	(2)
Another Example Ring Network: FDDI	114	(1)
Example Star Network: ATM	115	(2)
Summary	117	(4)
Hardware Addressing And Frame Type Identification	121	(18)
Introduction	121	(1)
Specifying A Recipient	122	(1)
How LAN Hardware Uses Addresses To Filter Packets	122	(2)
Format Of A Physical Address	124	(1)
Broadcasting	125	(1)
Multicasting	126	(1)
Multicast Addressing	127	(1)
Identifying Packet Contents	128	(1)
Frame Headers And Frame Format	128	(1)
An Example Frame Format	129	(2)
Using Networks That Do Not Have Self-Identifying Frames	131	(2)
Network Analyzers, Physical Addresses, Frame Types	133	(1)
Summary	134	(2)
Ethernet Address Assignment	136	(3)
LAN Wiring, Physical Topology, And Interface Hardware	139	(16)
Introduction	139	(1)
Speeds Of LANs And Computers	139	(1)
Network Interface Hardware	140	(2)
The Connection Between A NIC And A Network	142	(1)
Original Thick Ethernet Wiring	142	(2)
Connection Multiplexing	144	(1)
Thin Ethernet Wiring	145	(1)
Twisted Pair Ethernet	146	(2)
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wiring Schemes	148	(2)
The Topology Paradox	150	(1)
Network Interface Cards And Wiring Schemes	150	(2)
Wiring Schemes And Other Network Technologies	152	(1)
Summary	153	(2)
Extending LANs: Fiber Modems, Repeaters, Bridges, and Switches	155	(18)
Introduction	155	(1)
Distance Limitation And LAN Design	155	(1)
Fiber Optic Extensions	156	(1)
Repeaters	157	(3)
Bridges	160	(1)
Frame Filtering	161	(1)
Startup And Steady State Behavior Of Bridged Networks	162	(1)
Planning A Bridged Network	162	(1)
Bridging Between Buildings	163	(1)
Bridging Across Longer Distances	164	(2)
A Cycle Of Bridges	166	(1)
Distributed Spanning Tree	167	(1)
Switching	168	(1)
Combining Switches And Hubs	169	(1)
Bridging And Switching With Other Technologies	169	(1)
Summary	170	(3)
Long-Distance Digital Connection Technologies	173	(24)
Introduction	173	(1)
Digital Telephony	173	(2)
Synchronous Communication	175	(1)
Digital Circuits And DSU/CSUs	176	(1)
Telephone Standards	177	(1)
DS Terminology And Data Rates	178	(1)
Lower Capacity Circuits	179	(1)
Intermediate Capacity Digital Circuits	179	(1)
Highest Capacity Circuits	180	(1)
Optical Carrier Standards	181	(1)
The C Suffix	181	(1)
Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET)	181	(2)
The Local Subscriber Loop	183	(1)
ISDN	183	(1)
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Technology	184	(3)
Other DSL Technologies	187	(1)
Cable Modem Technology	188	(1)
Upstream Communication	189	(1)
Hybrid Fiber Coax	190	(1)
Fiber To The Curb	191	(1)
Alternatives For Special Cases	191	(1)
Broadcast Satellite Systems	192	(1)
Summary	193	(4)
WAN Technologies And Routing	197	(20)
Introduction	197	(1)
Large Networks And Wide Areas	197	(1)
Packet Switches	198	(1)
Forming A WAN	199	(1)
Store And Forward	200	(1)
Physical Addressing In A WAN	201	(1)
Next-Hop Forwarding	201	(2)
Source Independence	203	(1)
Relationship Of Hierarchical Addresses To Routing	203	(1)
Routing In A WAN	204	(2)
Use Of Default Routes	206	(1)
Routing Table Computation	207	(1)
Shortest Path Computation In A Graph	207	(2)
Distributed Route Computation	209	(1)
Distance Vector Routing	209	(3)
Link-State Routing (SPF)	212	(1)
Example WAN Technologies	212	(2)
Summary	214	(3)
Connection-Oriented Networking And ATM	217	(14)
Introduction	217	(1)
A Single, Global Network	217	(1)
ISDN And ATM	218	(1)
ATM Design And Cells	218	(2)
Connection-Oriented Service	220	(1)
VPI/VCI	220	(1)
Labels And Label Switching	221	(1)
An Example Trip Through An ATM Network	222	(1)
Permanent Virtual Circuits	223	(1)
Switched Virtual Circuits	224	(1)
Quality Of Service	225	(1)
The Motivation For Cells And Label Switching	225	(1)
ATM Data Transmission And AAL5	226	(1)
Critique Of ATM	227	(1)
Summary	228	(3)
Network Characteristics: Ownership, Service Paradigm, And Performance	231	(16)
Introduction	231	(1)
Network Ownership	232	(1)
Privacy And Public Networks	233	(1)
Advantages And Disadvantages	233	(1)
Virtual Private Networks	234	(1)
Guaranteeing Absolute Privacy	235	(1)
Service Paradigm	235	(1)
Connection-Oriented Service Paradigm	236	(1)
Connectionless Service Paradigm	237	(1)
Interior And Exterior Service Paradigms	237	(1)
Comparison Of Service Paradigms	238	(1)
Examples Of Service Paradigms	238	(1)
Addresses And Connection Identifiers	239	(1)
Network Performance Characteristics	240	(4)
Jitter	244	(1)
Summary	244	(3)
Protocols And Layering	247	(22)
Introduction	247	(1)
The Need For Protocols	247	(1)
Protocol Suites	248	(1)
A Plan For Protocol Design	249	(1)
The Seven Layers	249	(2)
Stacks: Layered Software	251	(2)
How Layered Software Works	253	(1)
Multiple, Nested Headers	254	(1)
The Scientific Basis For Layering	254	(1)
Techniques Protocols Use	255	(9)
The Art Of Protocol Design	264	(1)
Summary	264	(5)
PART III Internetworking
Internetworking: Concepts, Architecture, and Protocols	269	(12)
Introduction	269	(1)
The Motivation For Internetworking	269	(1)
The Concept Of Universal Service	270	(1)
Universal Service In A Heterogeneous World	270	(1)
Internetworking	271	(1)
Physical Network Connection With Routers	271	(1)
Internet Architecture	272	(1)
Achieving Universal Service	273	(1)
A Virtual Network	273	(2)
Protocols For Internetworking	275	(1)
Significance Of Internetworking And TCP/IP	275	(1)
Layering And TCP/IP Protocols	276	(1)
Host Computers, Routers, And Protocol Layers	277	(1)
Summary	278	(3)
IP: Internet Protocol Addresses	281	(20)
Introduction	281	(1)
Addresses For The Virtual Internet	281	(1)
The IP Addressing Scheme	282	(1)
The IP Address Hierarchy	283	(1)
Original Classes Of IP Addresses	283	(2)
Computing The Class of An Address	285	(1)
Dotted Decimal Notation	286	(1)
Classes And Dotted Decimal Notation	287	(1)
Division Of The Address Space	287	(1)
Authority For Addresses	288	(1)
A Classful Addressing Example	288	(1)
Subnet And Classless Addressing	289	(1)
Address Masks	290	(1)
CIDR Notation	291	(1)
A CIDR Address Block Example	291	(1)
CIDR Host Addresses	292	(1)
Special IP Addresses	293	(1)
Summary Of Special IP Addresses	294	(1)
The Berkeley Broadcast Address Form	295	(1)
Routers And The IP Addressing Principle	295	(2)
Multi-Homed Hosts	297	(1)
Summary	297	(4)
Binding Protocol Addresses (ARP)	301	(16)
Introduction	301	(1)
Protocol Addresses And Packet Delivery	302	(1)
Address Resolution	302	(1)
Address Resolution Techniques	303	(1)
Address Resolution With Table Lookup	304	(1)
Address Resolution With Closed-Form Computation	305	(1)
Address Resolution With Message Exchange	306	(1)
Address Resolution Protocol	307	(1)
ARP Message Delivery	308	(1)
ARP Message Format	309	(1)
Sending An ARP Message	310	(1)
Identifying ARP Frames	311	(1)
Caching ARP Responses	311	(1)
Processing An Incoming ARP Message	312	(1)
Layering, Address Resolution, Protocol Addresses	313	(1)
Summary	314	(3)
IP Datagrams And Datagram Forwarding	317	(12)
Introduction	317	(1)
Connectionless Service	317	(1)
Virtual Packets	318	(1)
The IP Datagram	319	(1)
Forwarding An IP Datagram	320	(1)
IP Addresses And Routing Table Entries	321	(1)
The Mask Field And Datagram Forwarding	322	(1)
Destination And Next-Hop Addresses	322	(1)
Best-Effort Delivery	323	(1)
The IP Datagram Header Format	324	(1)
Summary	325	(4)
IP Encapsulation, Fragmentation, And Reassembly	329	(10)
Introduction	329	(1)
Datagram Transmission And Frames	329	(1)
Encapsulation	330	(1)
Transmission Across An Internet	331	(1)
MTU, Datagram Size, And Encapsulation	332	(2)
Reassembly	334	(1)
Identifying A Datagram	334	(1)
Fragment Loss	335	(1)
Fragmenting A Fragment	335	(1)
Summary	336	(3)
The Future IP (IPv6)	339	(12)
Introduction	339	(1)
The Success Of IP	339	(1)
The Motivation For Change	340	(1)
A Name And A Version Number	341	(1)
IPv6 Features	341	(1)
IPv6 Datagram Format	342	(1)
IPv6 Base Header Format	342	(2)
How IPv6 Handles Multiple Headers	344	(1)
Fragmentation, Reassembly, And Path MTU	345	(1)
The Purpose Of Multiple Headers	346	(1)
IPv6 Addressing	347	(1)
IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation	348	(1)
Summary	349	(2)
An Error Reporting Mechanism (ICMP)	351	(10)
Introduction	351	(1)
Best-Effort Semantics And Error Detection	351	(1)
Internet Control Message Protocol	352	(3)
ICMP Message Transport	355	(1)
Using ICMP Messages To Test Reachability	356	(1)
Using ICMP To Trace A Route	356	(1)
The Last Address Printed By Traceroute	357	(1)
Using ICMP For Path MTU Discovery	358	(1)
Summary	359	(2)
TCP: Reliable Transport Service	361	(14)
Introduction	361	(1)
The Need For Reliable Transport	361	(1)
The Transmission Control Protocol	362	(1)
The Service TCP Provides To Applications	362	(1)
End-To-End Service And Datagrams	363	(1)
Achieving Reliability	364	(1)
Packet Loss And Retransmission	365	(1)
Adaptive Retransmission	366	(1)
Comparison Of Retransmission Times	367	(1)
Buffers, Flow Control, And Windows	367	(2)
Three-Way Handshake	369	(1)
Congestion Control	370	(1)
TCP Segment Format	370	(1)
Summary	371	(4)
Internet Routing	375	(22)
Introduction	375	(1)
Static Vs. Dynamic Routing	375	(1)
Static Routing In Hosts And A Default Route	376	(1)
Dynamic Routing And Routers	377	(1)
Routing In The Global Internet	378	(1)
Autonomous System Concept	379	(1)
The Two Types Of Internet Routing Protocols	380	(2)
Routes And Data Traffic	382	(1)
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)	382	(2)
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP)	384	(1)
RIP Packet Format	385	(1)
The Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF)	386	(1)
An Example OSPF Graph	387	(1)
OSPF Areas	388	(1)
Multicast Routing	388	(4)
Summary	392	(5)
PART IV Network Applications
Client-Server Interaction	397	(14)
Introduction	397	(1)
The Functionality Application Software Provides	398	(1)
The Functionality An Internet Provides	398	(1)
Making Contact	399	(1)
The Client-Server Paradigm	399	(1)
Characteristics Of Clients And Servers	400	(1)
Server Programs And Server-Class Computers	400	(1)
Requests, Responses, And Direction Of Data Flow	401	(1)
Transport Protocols and Client-Server Interaction	401	(1)
Multiple Services On One Computer	402	(1)
Identifying A Particular Service	403	(1)
Multiple Copies Of A Server For A Single Service	403	(1)
Dynamic Server Creation	404	(1)
Transport Protocols And Unambiguous Communication	404	(1)
Connection-Oriented And Connectionless Transport	405	(1)
A Service Reachable Through Multiple Protocols	406	(1)
Complex Client-Server Interactions	406	(1)
Interactions And Circular Dependencies	407	(1)
Summary	407	(4)
The Socket Interface	411	(14)
Introduction	411	(1)
Application Program Interface	411	(1)
The Socket API	412	(1)
Sockets And Socket Libraries	412	(1)
Socket Communication And UNIX I/O	413	(1)
Sockets, Descriptors, And Network I/O	414	(1)
Parameters And The Socket API	414	(1)
Procedures That Implement The Socket API	415	(6)
Read And Write With Sockets	421	(1)
Other Socket Procedures	421	(1)
Sockets, Threads, And Inheritance	422	(1)
Summary	422	(3)
Example Of A Client And A Server	425	(14)
Introduction	425	(1)
Connection-Oriented Communication	425	(1)
An Example Service	426	(1)
Command-Line Arguments For The Example Programs	426	(1)
Sequence Of Socket Procedure Calls	426	(2)
Code For Example Client	428	(3)
Code For Example Server	431	(2)
Stream Service And Multiple Recv Calls	433	(1)
Socket Procedures And Blocking	434	(1)
Size Of The Code And Error Reporting	434	(1)
Using The Example Client With Another Service	435	(1)
Using Another Client To Test The Server	435	(1)
Summary	436	(3)
Naming With The Domain Name System	439	(16)
Introduction	439	(1)
Structure Of Computer Names	440	(2)
Geographic Structure	442	(1)
Domain Names Within An Organization	442	(2)
The DNS Client-Server Model	444	(1)
The DNS Server Hierarchy	444	(1)
Server Architectures	445	(2)
Locality Of Reference And Multiple Servers	447	(1)
Links Among Servers	447	(1)
Resolving A Name	447	(2)
Optimization Of DNS Performance	449	(1)
Types Of DNS Entries	450	(1)
Aliases Using The CNAME Type	450	(1)
An Important Consequence Of Multiple Types	451	(1)
Abbreviations And The DNS	451	(1)
Summary	452	(3)
Electronic Mail Representation And Transfer	455	(16)
Introduction	455	(1)
The Electronic Mail Paradigm	455	(1)
Electronic Mailboxes And Addresses	456	(1)
Electronic Mail Message Format	457	(2)
Carbon Copies	459	(1)
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions	459	(2)
E-mail And Application Programs	461	(1)
Mail Transfer	461	(1)
The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol	462	(1)
Optimizing For Multiple Recipients On A Computer	462	(1)
Mail Exploders, Lists, And Forwarders	462	(1)
Mail Gateways	463	(1)
Automated Mailing Lists	464	(1)
Mail Relays And E-mail Addresses	465	(1)
Mailbox Access	466	(2)
Dialup Connections And POP	468	(1)
Summary	468	(3)
File Transfer And Remote File Access	471	(18)
Introduction	471	(1)
Data Transfer And Distributed Computation	471	(1)
Saving Intermediate Results	472	(1)
Generalized File Transfer	472	(1)
Interactive And Batch Transfer Paradigms	473	(1)
The File Transfer Protocol	474	(1)
FTP General Model And User Interface	474	(1)
FTP Commands	475	(1)
Connections, Authorization, And File Permissions	476	(1)
Anonymous File Access	477	(1)
File Transfer In Either Direction	477	(1)
Wildcard Expansion In File Names	478	(1)
File Name Translation	478	(1)
Changing Directories And Listing Contents	478	(1)
File Types And Transfer Modes	479	(1)
Example Of Using FTP	480	(2)
Verbose Output	482	(1)
Client-Server Interaction In FTP	482	(1)
Control And Data Connections	483	(1)
Data Connections And End Of File	484	(1)
Trivial File Transfer Protocol	484	(1)
Network File System	485	(1)
Summary	486	(3)
World Wide Web Pages And Browsing	489	(20)
Introduction	489	(1)
Browser Interface	489	(1)
Hypertext And Hypermedia	490	(1)
Document Representation	490	(1)
HTML Format And Representation	491	(2)
Example HTML Formatting Tags	493	(1)
Headings	493	(1)
Lists	494	(1)
Embedding Graphics Images In A Web Page	494	(1)
Identifying A Page	495	(1)
Hypertext Links From One Document To Another	496	(1)
Client-Server Interaction	497	(1)
Web Document Transfer And HTTP	498	(1)
Browser Architecture	499	(1)
Optional Clients	500	(1)
Caching In Web Browsers	501	(1)
HTTP Support For Caching	502	(1)
Alternative Transfer Protocols	503	(1)
Other Markup Languages	503	(1)
Summary	504	(5)
Dynamic Web Document Technologies (CGI, ASP, JSP, PHP, ColdFusion)	509	(18)
Introduction	509	(1)
Three Basic Types of Web Documents	510	(1)
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Document Type	510	(2)
Implementation Of Dynamic Documents	512	(1)
The CGI Standard	513	(1)
Output From A CGI Program	513	(1)
An Example CGI Program	514	(2)
Parameters And Environment Variables	516	(1)
State Information And Cookies	517	(1)
A CGI Script With Long-Term State Information	517	(2)
A CGI Script With Short-Term State Information	519	(3)
Forms And Interaction	522	(1)
Server-Side Scripting Technologies	523	(1)
Summary	524	(3)
Technology For Active Web Documents (Java, JavaScript)	527	(22)
Introduction	527	(1)
An Early Form Of Continuous Update	528	(1)
Active Documents And Server Overhead	529	(1)
Active Document Representation And Translation	529	(2)
Java Technology	531	(1)
The Java Programming Language	531	(2)
The Java Run-Time Environment	533	(1)
The Java Library	534	(1)
A Graphics Toolkit	535	(1)
Using Java Graphics On A Particular Computer	536	(1)
Java Interpreters And Browsers	537	(1)
Compiling A Java Program	537	(1)
An Example Applet	538	(2)
Invoking An Applet	540	(1)
Example Of Interaction With A Browser	541	(2)
Errors And Exception Handling	543	(1)
JavaScript Technology	543	(2)
Alternatives	545	(1)
Summary	546	(3)
RPC and Middleware	549	(12)
Introduction	549	(1)
Programming Clients And Servers	549	(1)
Remote Procedure Call Paradigm	550	(2)
RPC Paradigm	552	(2)
Communication Stubs	554	(1)
External Data Representation	555	(1)
Middleware And Object-Oriented Middleware	556	(2)
Summary	558	(3)
Network Management (SNMP)	561	(8)
Introduction	561	(1)
Managing An Internet	561	(1)
The Danger Of Hidden Failures	562	(1)
Network Management Software	563	(1)
Clients, Servers, Managers, And Agents	563	(1)
Simple Network Management Protocol	564	(1)
Fetch-Store Paradigm	564	(1)
The MIB And Object Names	565	(1)
The Variety Of MIB Variables	566	(1)
MIB Variables That Correspond To Arrays	566	(1)
Summary	567	(2)
Network Security	569	(14)
Introduction	569	(1)
Secure Networks And Policies	569	(1)
Aspects Of Security	570	(1)
Responsibility And Control	571	(1)
Integrity Mechanisms	571	(1)
Access Control And Passwords	572	(1)
Encryption And Confidentiality	572	(1)
Public Key Encryption	573	(1)
Authentication With Digital Signatures	573	(1)
Internet Firewall Concept	574	(2)
Packet Filtering	576	(1)
Using Packet Filters To Create A Firewall	577	(1)
Virtual Private Networks	578	(1)
Tunneling	579	(1)
Summary	580	(3)
Initialization (Configuration)	583	(14)
Introduction	583	(1)
Bootstrapping	583	(1)
Starting Protocol Software	584	(1)
Protocol Parameters	584	(1)
Protocol Configuration	585	(1)
Examples Of Items That Need To Be Configured	585	(1)
Example Configuration: Using A Disk File	586	(1)
The Need To Automate Protocol Configuration	587	(1)
Methods For Automated Protocol Configuration	587	(1)
The Address Used To Find An Address	588	(1)
A Sequence Of Protocols Used During Bootstrap	589	(1)
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP)	589	(2)
Automatic Address Assignment	591	(1)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)	592	(1)
Optimizations In DHCP	593	(1)
DHCP Message Format	593	(1)
DHCP And Domain Names	594	(1)
Summary	595	(2)
Appendix 1 Glossary Of Networking Terms And Abbreviations	597	(40)
Appendix 2 The ASCII Character Set	637	(2)
Appendix 3 Address Masks In Dotted Decimal	639	(2)
Appendix 4 How To Use The CD-ROM Included With This Book	641	(6)
Appendix 5 Building A Network At Home With NAT	647	(6)
Appendix 6 The Undergrad Networking Lab At Purdue	653	(6)
Bibliography	659	(8)
Index	667