Confined Space Entry and Emergency Response

by Veasey, D. Alan; Craft McCormick, Lisa; Hilyer, Barbara M.; Oldfield, Kenneth W.; Hansen, Sam; Krayer, Theodore H.

• ISBN13: 9780471778455
• ISBN10: 0471778451
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-12-02
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

EVERY SECOND COUNTS WHEN YOU'RE RESPONDING TO AN EMERGENCY INVOLVINGCONFINED SPACE-HERE'S THE DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO PERFORMING FLAWLESS RESCUES! Confined Space Entry and Emergency Response utilizes a realistic, scenario-based approach to teach you-and your staff-the right way to respond to an incident involving a confined space. The authors provide intensive, step-by-step guidance through the challenging maze of training regulations, equipment needs, and procedures to keep your response team finely tuned and ready to go under any conditions. You'll find expert, detailed coverage of complex-and often confusing-topics such as: * The basic components of rescue * OSHA's regulations for confined space entry and rescue * Confined space entry permitting * Assessing confined space hazards * Hazardous atmospheres and how to protect entrants from them * Air monitoring in confined spaces * Selection and use of personal protective equipment * The use of ropes and rigging The CD-ROM includes the Instructor's Guide along with lesson plans and useful practice tools such as worksheets, exercise handouts, performance checklists, diagrams and equipment lists for field exercises, instructions for building field training simulators, and guidelines for identifying rescue trainers and evaluating their competency as well as that of outside rescue teams. Everything you need to effectively train those working in a confined space can truly be found within these pages and on the CD-ROM.

Author Biography

This book was written by the staff of the Workplace Safety Training Program as a part of the Center for Labor Education and Research at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. The program is committed to advancing the health and safety of workers and emergency responders.

D. Alan Veasey is Director of the Workplace Safety Training Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He is a firefighter/EMT and a certified confined space and rope rescue technician. His specialty training areas are chemical safety, hazardous materials emergency response, and confined space entry and rescue.

Lisa Craft McCormick is the former curriculum coordinator for the Workplace Safety Training Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. She is a confined space and rope rescue technician. Her speciality training areas include hazardous materials chemistry, hazardous materials emergency response, and confined space entry and rescue.

Barbara M. Hilyer was the former director of the Workplace Safety Training Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. She was a leading authority on training techniques for effective safety and health training. Her specialty training areas included toxicology, hazard and risk assessment, andtraining methods.

Kenneth W. Oldfield is the Industrial Hygiene Services Manager at the Workplace Safety Training Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He is a certified industrial hygienist. His specialty training areas include computer applications, hazardous materials air monitoring, personal protective equipment, and respirator facepiece fit-testing.

Sam Hansen is an instructor at the Workplace Safety Training Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He holds the rank of Battalion Chief in the fire service and is a certified confined space and rope rescue technician. His specialty training areas include hazardous materials emergency response, confined space entry and rescue, and incident management systems.

Theodore H. Krayer is the Training Manager at the Workplace Safety Training Program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He is a firefighter/EMT and a certified confined space and rope rescue technician. His specialty training areas include hazardous materials emergency response, confined space entry and rescue, and incident management.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Acknowledgments	xxi
Part I Basic Confined Space
Introduction to Confined Spaces	3	(8)
Why All The Concern about Confined Spaces?	3	(2)
OSHA's Response: The Permit-Required Confined Spaces Standard	5	(1)
What are Confined Spaces?	5	(1)
Size and Configuration Make Entry Possible	5	(1)
Spaces Not Designed for Continuous Worker Occupancy	6	(1)
Restricted Means for Entry and Exit	6	(1)
Nonpermit versus Permit-Required Confined Spaces	6	(1)
What Hazards Make a Confined Space Permit-Required?	6	(3)
Hazardous Atmospheres	7	(1)
Engulfment Hazards	8	(1)
Entrapping Configurations	8	(1)
Other Significant Safety or Health Hazards	8	(1)
The Importance of Confined Space Recognition	9	(1)
The Intent of OSHA's Permit-Required Confined Spaces Standard	9	(1)
Summary	10	(1)
Regulatory and Administrative Aspects of Confined Space Entry and Rescue	11	(18)
State and Federal Regulations	11	(8)
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration	12	(5)
Permit Program Requirements	17	(2)
Personnel Roles and Training Requirements	19	(5)
Training and Duties of Authorized Entrants	19	(1)
Training and Duties of Attendants	20	(1)
Training and Duties of Entry Supervisors	21	(1)
Requirements for Rescue and Emergency Services Personnel	21	(3)
National Fire Protection Association Standards	24	(2)
NFPA 1670, Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents	24	(1)
NFPA 1006, Standard for Rescue Technician Professional Qualifications	25	(1)
NFPA 1983, Standard on Fire Service Life Safety Rope and System Components	25	(1)
NFPA 1404, Standard for a Fire Department Self-Controlled Breathing Apparatus Program	26	(1)
Additional Standards and Guidelines	26	(1)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)	26	(1)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)	27	(1)
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)	27	(1)
Summary	27	(2)
Identifying Confined Space Hazards	29	(26)
Physical Hazards	30	(6)
Energy	30	(1)
Engulfment	31	(1)
Entrapment	32	(1)
Gravity	32	(1)
Noise	33	(1)
Temperature Extremes	33	(2)
Musculoskeletal Injuries	35	(1)
Physical Hazards Safety Analysis	35	(1)
Hazardous Atmospheres	36	(10)
Oxygen Concentration	37	(1)
Toxic and Asphyxiating Chemicals	38	(8)
Fire and Explosion Hazards	46	(4)
Oxygen	46	(1)
Ignition Source	46	(1)
Fuel	47	(1)
Chemical Properties	47	(3)
Special Hazards	50	(1)
Radioactivity	50	(1)
Biological Hazards	50	(1)
Label and Placard Hazard Recognition	51	(2)
DOT Hazard Classification System	51	(1)
NFPA Hazard Ranking System	52	(1)
HMIS Hazard Labeling System	53	(1)
Summary: Prevention through Assessment	53	(2)
Air Monitoring in Confined Spaces	55	(24)
Regulatory Requirements	55	(6)
Normal Permit-Required Entry	55	(2)
Entry Using Alternate Procedures	57	(1)
Reclassifying a Space as a Non-Permit-Required Confined Space	58	(1)
Employee Observation of Monitoring and Results	58	(1)
Nonmandatory Appendix B	58	(2)
Appendix E: ``Sewer System Entry''	60	(1)
Special Industries	61	(1)
Air Sampling in Confined Spaces	61	(3)
Using Air Sampling Data	61	(1)
Limitations	62	(1)
General Procedures	62	(1)
Active Sampling	62	(2)
Passive Sampling	64	(1)
Real-Time Monitoring with Direct-Reading Instruments	64	(10)
Basic Operation	64	(1)
Measuring Oxygen	65	(1)
Measuring Combustible Gases and Vapors	66	(1)
Measuring Toxic Atmospheres	67	(2)
Instrument Calibration	69	(2)
Common Features of DRIs	71	(3)
Detector Tubes	74	(2)
Modes of Operation of Detector Tubes	74	(1)
Pumps for Use with Detector Tubes	74	(1)
Limitations of Detector Tubes	75	(1)
Challenges to Interpreting Air Monitoring Results	76	(1)
Relative Response	76	(1)
Unidentified Contaminants	76	(1)
Mixtures	77	(1)
Summary	77	(2)
The Entry Permit	79	(12)
Summary of the Permit Program	79	(1)
The Permit System	80	(1)
The Entry Permit	80	(8)
Written Information on the Permit	81	(7)
Posting the Permit	88	(1)
Summary	88	(3)
Part II Protective Measures
Controlling Confined Space Hazards	91	(28)
The Role of Hazard Control in Confined Space Operations	91	(1)
Controlling Atmospheric Hazards	92	(17)
Basic Concepts of Purging and Ventilation	92	(1)
Strategies and Techniques of Purging and Ventilation	93	(1)
Natural Ventilation	93	(2)
Mechanical Ventilation	95	(4)
Considerations for Conducting Confined Space Ventilation	99	(7)
Pitfalls and Problems of Ventilation	106	(3)
Isolation Procedures	109	(4)
The Role of Isolation in Preventing Confined Space Incidents	109	(1)
Lockout/Tagout and Other Isolation Procedures	109	(2)
Tagout Alone as an Isolation Procedure	111	(1)
Other Forms of Isolation	111	(1)
Problems in Achieving a True Zero-Energy State	112	(1)
Special Considerations for Isolation Procedures during Rescue Operations	112	(1)
Other Hazard Control Procedures	113	(4)
Controlling Hazards of the Work Area and Incident Scene	113	(1)
Using Barricades and Barriers	114	(1)
Zoning the Work Area or Incident Scene	114	(1)
Isolating a Particular Location from the Rest of the Space	115	(1)
Hot-Work Permitting	115	(1)
Controlling Ignition Sources	115	(1)
Controlling Electrical Hazards	116	(1)
Controlling General Hazards of the Working Environment	116	(1)
Summary	117	(2)
Respiratory Protection	119	(28)
Relevant Standards	119	(5)
OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard	119	(3)
NFPA Standards	122	(1)
ANSI Standard	123	(1)
Basic Operation of Respirators	124	(7)
Facepiece Design	124	(1)
Source of Breathable Air	125	(5)
Mode of Operation	130	(1)
Selection and Use Considerations for Confined Space Entry	131	(4)
Selection Considerations for APRs	131	(2)
Selection Considerations for Supplied-Air Respirators	133	(1)
Selection Considerations for SCBAs	134	(1)
Special Considerations for Using SCBAs and SARs During Confined Space Emergencies	135	(3)
Emergency Breathing Procedures	135	(2)
Reduced Profile Maneuvers	137	(1)
Fit Testing and Assigned Protection Factors	138	(4)
Terminology	138	(1)
OSHA Regulation	139	(1)
Respirator Fit Checks	139	(1)
Approved Fit Test Protocols	140	(2)
Care and Maintenance of Respirators	142	(2)
Inspection	142	(1)
Repairs	143	(1)
Cleaning	143	(1)
Storage	144	(1)
Summary	144	(3)
Chemical Protective Clothing	147	(16)
Selection of Chemical Protective Clothing	147	(7)
Chemical Attacks on CPC	148	(1)
Measurement of Chemical Attack	149	(1)
CPC Material Selection Information	149	(2)
Using CPC Material Selection Information	151	(2)
Selection Considerations for Confined Spaces	153	(1)
Types of Protective Clothing	154	(3)
Chemical Protective Garments	154	(1)
Protective Clothing for Nonchemical Hazards	155	(2)
Safe Use of CPC	157	(2)
Inspection	157	(1)
Donning CPC	158	(1)
In-Use Monitoring	158	(1)
CPC Change Schedules	159	(1)
Reducing Permeation	159	(1)
Care and Maintenance of CPC	159	(2)
Decontamination	159	(1)
Reuse of CPC	160	(1)
Maintenance	160	(1)
Storage	161	(1)
Summary	161	(2)
Personal Safety Equipment	163	(16)
Head Protection	163	(4)
Standards and Regulations	163	(2)
Head Protection Types	165	(1)
Head Protection in Confined Spaces	166	(1)
Proper Use of Head Protection	167	(1)
Eye and Face Protection	167	(4)
Standards	168	(1)
Types of Face and Eye Protection	169	(2)
Special Features of Eye Protectors	171	(1)
Proper Use of Face and Eye Protection	171	(1)
Hearing Protection	171	(3)
OSHA's Hearing Conservation Standard	171	(1)
Types of Personal Hearing Protective Devices	172	(1)
Noise Reduction Rating	173	(1)
Use of Hearing Protectors	173	(1)
Hand Protection	174	(2)
Types of Protective Gloves	174	(1)
Use of Gloves	175	(1)
Foot Protection	176	(1)
Standards	176	(1)
Features of Protective Footwear	177	(1)
Summary	177	(2)
Safe Use of Personal Protective Equipment	179	(12)
OSHA's PPE Standards	179	(3)
General Requirements Standard	179	(1)
Appendix B to Subpart I	180	(2)
Comprehensive Written PPE Program	182	(1)
Levels of Protection	182	(5)
EPA Levels of Protection	183	(1)
NFPA Standards	184	(3)
Summary	187	(4)
Part III Equipment and Entry
Ropes, Webbing, Harnesses, and Hardware	191	(56)
Standards Related to Equipment	191	(3)
Overview of NFPA 1983	191	(2)
Overview of OSHA Requirements	193	(1)
Ropes	194	(11)
NFPA 1983 Requirements for Rope	194	(1)
OSHA Rope Requirements	194	(1)
Construction Materials	195	(2)
Methods of Rope Construction	197	(2)
Selection and Use Considerations for Rope	199	(6)
Accessory Cord	205	(1)
Webbing	205	(3)
NFPA 1983 Requirements for Webbing	205	(1)
OSHA Requirements for Webbing	206	(1)
Materials and Methods of Webbing Construction	206	(2)
Care and Maintenance of Webbing	208	(1)
Harnesses and Belts	208	(4)
ANSI Classification of Harnesses and Belts	208	(1)
NFPA 1983 Classification of Harnesses and Belts	209	(2)
OSHA Classification of Belts and Harnesses	211	(1)
Harness Use in Confined Space Operations	211	(1)
Inspection and Care of Harnesses	212	(1)
Shock Absorbers and Lanyards	212	(3)
NFPA 1983 Requirements for Lanyards and Shock Absorbers	212	(1)
OSHA Requirements for Lanyards and Shock Absorbers	212	(1)
Shock Absorber Designs and Ratings	212	(3)
Use Considerations for Shock Absorbers	215	(1)
Inspection and Care of Lanyards and Shock Absorbers	215	(1)
Hardware and Accessories	215	(24)
General Procedures for Inspection, Care, and Maintenance of Hardware	215	(1)
General Considerations for Using Hardware	216	(1)
Carabiners	216	(10)
Quick Links	226	(1)
Pulleys	226	(4)
Descent Control Devices	230	(3)
Rope-Grabbing Devices	233	(6)
Miscellaneous Equipment	239	(1)
Anchor Plates	239	(1)
Swivels	240	(1)
Edge Pads, Rollers, and Sliders	240	(1)
Rigging Rings	240	(1)
Portable Anchor Systems	240	(5)
NFPA Requirements for Portable Anchor Systems	242	(3)
Summary	245	(2)
Tying Knots	247	(18)
Strength Reduction Due to Knots	247	(1)
Common Terminology	248	(1)
Tying Procedure	249	(15)
The Figure 8 Family of Knots	249	(4)
Safety Knots	253	(1)
Other Knots	253	(3)
Hitches	256	(8)
Summary	264	(1)
Rigging and Using Basic Systems for Confined Space Operations	265	(58)
Overview of Basic Rigging	265	(1)
Establishing Anchors	266	(23)
Types of Anchor Points	266	(2)
Selection and Designation of Anchor Points	268	(2)
Anchor Systems	270	(15)
General Rules for Rigging Anchor Systems	285	(4)
Rigging Basic Systems for Hauling or Lowering a Load	289	(15)
Block-and-Tackle Systems	289	(15)
Rigging for Change of Direction	304	(3)
Applications for Directional Pulleys	304	(1)
Rigging Directional Pulleys	304	(3)
Portable Anchor Systems and Winch Operations	307	(2)
Tripod Operations	307	(1)
Other Portable Anchor Systems	308	(1)
Using Winches in Confined Space Operations	308	(1)
Rigging and Using Safety Belay Systems	309	(11)
Basic Rigging for Safety Belays	310	(1)
General Belay Procedures	310	(1)
Using the Munter Hitch Belay	310	(3)
Using the Tandem Prusik Belay	313	(4)
Manufactured Safety Belay Devices	317	(1)
Other Options for Using Safety Belay Systems	318	(2)
General Rules of Rigging	320	(1)
Summary	321	(2)
Making Entry Safely	323	(20)
Basic Considerations for Safe Entry	323	(1)
The Role of the Entry Permit	323	(1)
Interaction of Personnel Involved	324	(1)
The Entry Supervisor	324	(1)
The Attendant	324	(1)
The Entrant	325	(1)
The Rescuer	325	(1)
Assessing the Hazards	325	(1)
The Role of Air Monitoring Equipment	326	(1)
Controlling the Hazards	326	(1)
Using Personal Protective Equipment and Related Gear Respirators	326	(3)
Chemical Protective Clothing	327	(1)
Personal Safety Equipment	327	(1)
Other Safety-Related Gear	327	(1)
Personal Alarm Safety Systems	327	(1)
Personal Lights	328	(1)
Communication Equipment	328	(1)
General Safe Work Practices	329	(1)
Considerations for Tool and Equipment Use	330	(1)
Emergency Retrieval and Fall Protection	331	(3)
Fall Prevention	331	(1)
Fall Arrest	331	(1)
Special Considerations for Vertical Ascents and Descents	331	(2)
Backup Fall Protection	333	(1)
Communication Procedures	334	(3)
Role of Internal Attendant	334	(2)
Hand Signals	336	(1)
OATH System	336	(1)
Radios	336	(1)
Intercom Systems	337	(1)
Dealing with Loss of Communication during Entry	337	(1)
Emergency Alarms	337	(1)
Dealing with Claustrophobia	337	(2)
Signs and Symptoms	337	(1)
Triggering Events	338	(1)
Coping with Claustrophobia	338	(1)
Emergency Provisions	339	(1)
Concluding the Entry	339	(1)
Summary	339	(4)
Part IV Rescue
Overview of Confined Space Rescue	343	(20)
Basic Considerations for Rescue	343	(1)
Rescue Psychology 101	344	(2)
Pyramid of Survivability	344	(1)
Pyramid of Priority	344	(1)
Risk-versus-Benefit Analysis	345	(1)
Types of Rescue	346	(1)
Self-Rescue	346	(1)
Nonentry Rescue	347	(1)
Entry or Internal Rescue	347	(1)
Putting It All Together: The Rescue Quad	347	(4)
Time	347	(1)
The Victim	348	(1)
The Space	349	(1)
The Rescuer	349	(2)
Steps in the Confined Space Rescue Process	351	(10)
Step 1: Preemergency Preparation and Planning	351	(2)
Step 2: Size-up	353	(6)
Step 3: Developing a Plan of Action for Entry and Rescue	359	(1)
Step 4: Initiating Hazard Control and Protective Provisions	360	(1)
Step 5: Deploying and Rigging Rescue Equipment	360	(1)
Step 6: Performing Rescue	360	(1)
Step 7: Terminating the Rescue Operation	360	(1)
Summary	361	(2)
Rescue Team Organization and Management	363	(12)
Origins of the Incident Management System	363	(1)
Incident Management System Overview	363	(3)
Unity of Command	364	(1)
Span of Control	364	(1)
Division of Labor	364	(1)
Accountability	364	(1)
Common Terminology	364	(1)
Modular Organization	365	(1)
Integrated Communications	365	(1)
Unified Command Structure	365	(1)
Consolidated Action Plans	365	(1)
Predesignated Incident Facilities	366	(1)
Comprehensive Resource Management	366	(1)
Functional Areas of the IMS	366	(2)
Command and Command Staff Roles	366	(1)
Planning	367	(1)
Logistics	367	(1)
Finance	367	(1)
Operations	367	(1)
Deployment and Operation of the IMS	368	(1)
Incident Management System in Confined Space Rescue	369	(4)
Scenario 1: A Simple Single-Agency Response	369	(1)
Scenario 2: A Complex Single-Agency Response	370	(1)
Scenario 3: A Complex Multiagency Response	371	(2)
Summary	373	(2)
Rigging and Using Rescue Systems	375	(38)
Establishing Anchor Points for Rescue Systems	375	(6)
Aerial Apparatus	375	(1)
Cranes and Other Powered Industrial Equipment	376	(1)
A-Framed Ladders	376	(4)
Gin Ladders	380	(1)
Rappelling	381	(13)
Rigging a Rappel Station	381	(1)
Personnel Involved in Rappelling Operations	382	(1)
Preparing to Rappel	382	(1)
Rappelling Using the Brake Bar Rack for Descent Control	382	(6)
Rappelling Using the Figure 8 Descender for Descent Control	388	(3)
Team Member Functions during Rappels	391	(1)
Rapeller Self-Rescue during Emergencies	392	(2)
Lowering Systems	394	(6)
Rigging for Lowering Operations	395	(1)
Personnel Roles in Lowering Operations	395	(1)
Preparing to Lower	395	(3)
Operating the Lowering System	398	(2)
Using Rescue Systems in Hauling and Lowering Operations	400	(11)
MA System Piggybacked onto a Mainline	401	(2)
Using Inchworm Systems	403	(1)
Converting a Lowering System to a Z Rig under Load	403	(2)
Converting a Z Rig to a Lowering System under Load	405	(1)
Load-Releasing Devices	406	(5)
Summary	411	(2)
Packaging and Transferring Patients for Confined Space Rescue	413	(46)
Patient Packaging and Litter Rigging	413	(26)
Considerations for Spinal Immobilization	413	(1)
Using Harnesses in Victim Removal	414	(1)
Using Improvised Harnesses in Rescue Operations	414	(4)
Using the Long Backboard	418	(7)
Using Short Immobilization Devices	425	(3)
Using the SKED Litter	428	(4)
Using Basket Litters	432	(7)
Litter Lowering Operations	439	(19)
Basic Considerations and Assumptions Regarding Litter Lowers	439	(5)
Conducting Horizontal Single-Line High-Point Lowers	444	(4)
Conducting Horizontal Double-Line High-Point Lowers	448	(3)
Conducting Horizontal Low-Point Litter Lowers	451	(2)
Conducting Vertical Litter Lowers	453	(3)
Stairwell Lowering Systems	456	(2)
Summary	458	(1)
Appendix I. Permit-Required Confined Space Decision Flowchart	459	(2)
Appendix II. Examples of Permit-Required Confined Space Programs	461	(6)
Appendix III. Rescue Team or Rescue Service Evaluation Criteria	467	(4)
References	471	(2)
Index	473