Constitutional Law

by Choper, Jesse H.; Fallon, Richard H.; Kamisar, Yale; Shiffrin, Steven H.

• ISBN13: 9780314162632
• ISBN10: 0314162631
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-06-13
• Publisher: West Academic

Summary

The new 10th edition--and the best edition ever--of this long-popular constitutional law casebook is designed to stimulate critical examination of present and potential developments in constitutional law. The many provocative and insightful notes, comments and questions, which have long been a hallmark of the book, have been thoroughly updated and greatly enriched. Every part of the book has been extensively revised--even the sections on the origins of substantive due process and the Lochner era. The current edition accords special recognition to the abortion and homosexual sodomy cases, probably more criticized and more praised than any Supreme Court rulings in the last half century, by including fuller commentary from every direction on these issues than any other casebook in the field. Finally, this edition continues to be one of the very few that contains a substantial section on the death penalty, important most recently not only because of the connection to substantive due process but also because, like the homosexual sodomy cases, of the opinions' use of foreign and international law.

Table of Contents

Preface	iii
Acknowledgments	v
Table of Cases	xli
Table of Authorities	lxxi
Nature and Scope of Judicial Review	1	(54)
Origins, Early Challenges, and Continuing Controversy	1	(25)
Marbury v. Madison	1	(7)
Further Historical Context	8	(1)
Barnett---Restoring the Lost Constitution	8	(1)
Warren---The Supreme Court in United States History	9	(1)
Cohen---The Faith of a Liberal	9	(1)
The Three Faces of Marbury	10	(1)
Fallon---Marbury and the Constitutional Mind	10	(1)
Text of the Constitution	11	(1)
Van Alstyne---A Critical Guide to Marbury v. Madison	11	(1)
Gibson---Eakin v. Raub	12	(1)
Bickel---The Least Dangerous Branch	12	(1)
Barnett---Restoring the Lost Constitution	12	(1)
Wechsler---Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law	13	(1)
Van Alstyne---A Critical Guide to Marbury v. Madison	14	(1)
The Court as ``Final'' Arbiter	15	(1)
Jefferson---Writings	15	(1)
Jackson---Veto Message	16	(1)
Lincoln---Inaugural Address	16	(1)
Hand---The Bill of Rights	17	(1)
Cooper v. Aaron	18	(1)
Tribe---American Constitutional Law	19	(1)
Judicial Review and Democracy	20	(1)
Bickel---The Least Dangerous Branch	20	(1)
Choper---The Supreme Court and the Political Branches	21	(1)
A ``Double Standard'' of Judicial Review?	22	(1)
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee	22	(4)
Cohens v. Virginia	26	(1)
Political Questions	26	(15)
Nixon v. United States	26	(8)
Coleman v. Miller	34	(1)
Gilligan v. Morgan	35	(1)
Vieth v. Jubelirer	35	(1)
Coleman v. Miller	36	(1)
Pacific States Tel. & T. Co. v. Oregon	37	(1)
Baker v. Carr	38	(1)
Baker v. Carr	39	(1)
Goldwater v. Carter	39	(2)
Congressional Regulation of Judicial Power	41	(7)
Ex parte McCardle	42	(3)
United States v. Klein	45	(2)
INS v. St. Cyr	47	(1)
Discretionary Review	48	(3)
United States Supreme Court Rule 10	48	(1)
Maryland v. Baltimore Radio Show, Inc.	48	(3)
Prerequisites to Federal Jurisdiction and Judicial Review: An Introduction	51	(4)
Final Judgments or Decrees	52	(1)
Review Limited to Issues of Federal Law	52	(1)
Issues Duly Raised in State Court	52	(1)
Adequate and Independent State Grounds	53	(2)
National Legislative Power	55	(96)
Sources and Nature	55	(10)
Introduction	55	(3)
McCulloch v. Maryland	58	(4)
U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton	62	(1)
Specified Powers as the Only Sources of Federal Legislative Power	63	(1)
Kansas v. Colorado	64	(1)
Panama R.R. v. Johnson	64	(1)
Erie R.R. v. Tompkins	65	(1)
The National Commerce Power	65	(46)
Development of Basic Concepts	65	(1)
Gibbons v. Ogden	65	(2)
Paul v. Virginia	67	(1)
Kidd v. Pearson	67	(1)
The Daniel Ball	68	(1)
Foundations for Extending the Reach of Congressional Power	69	(1)
Lottery Case (Champion v. Ames)	69	(2)
Hoke v. United States	71	(1)
Houston, East & West Texas Ry. v. U.S. (Shreveport Case)	71	(2)
Wisconsin R.R. Comm'n v. Chicago B. & Q.R.R.	73	(1)
Stafford v. Wallace	73	(1)
Regulation of National Economic Problems	73	(1)
Limitations on Commerce Power Through 1936	73	(1)
Hammer v. Dagenhart	73	(2)
The New Deal vs. The Great Depression	75	(1)
Stern---The Commerce Clause and the National Economy	75	(1)
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States	75	(1)
Carter v. Carter Coal	76	(1)
Expansion of Commerce Power After 1936	77	(1)
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.	78	(1)
United States v. Darby	79	(3)
Power to exclude from interstate commerce	82	(1)
United States v. Sullivan	83	(1)
Scarborough v. United States	83	(1)
Power over local activities affecting commerce	83	(1)
Wickard v. Filburn	83	(2)
Maryland v. Wirtz	85	(1)
Perez v. United States	86	(1)
Analogous rationale for war powers	86	(1)
Woods v. Cloyd W. Miller Co.	86	(1)
Protection of Other Interests Through the Commerce Clause	87	(1)
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States	87	(1)
Katzenbach v. McClung	88	(2)
Hamm v. Rock Hill	90	(1)
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Ass'n	91	(1)
New Limitations at the End of the 20th Century	91	(1)
United States v. Morrison	91	(1)
United States v. Lopez	92	(10)
Gonzalez v. Raich	102	(4)
Nelson & Pushaw---Rethinking the Commerce Clause: Applying First Principles to Uphold Federal Commercial Regulations but Preserve State Control Over Social Issues	106	(1)
Choper & Yoo---The Scope of the Commerce Clause After Morrison	107	(1)
Jones v. United States	108	(1)
Pierce County v. Guillen	109	(1)
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. United States Army Corps of Engineers	110	(1)
The National Taxing and Spending Powers	111	(14)
Regulation Through Taxing	112	(1)
Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. (Child Labor Tax Case)	112	(2)
United States v. Constantine	114	(1)
Regulation Through Spending	115	(1)
United States v. Butler	115	(2)
Steward Machine Co. v. Davis	117	(2)
Helvering v. Davis	119	(1)
South Dakota v. Dole	120	(3)
Sabri v. United States	123	(2)
Foreign Affairs Power	125	(3)
Treaties as a Source of Legislative Power	125	(1)
Missouri v. Holland	125	(2)
Reid v. Covert	127	(1)
Other Bases for Legislative Power Over Foreign Affairs	127	(1)
Perez v. Brownell	127	(1)
Applying National Powers to State Governments: Intergovernmental Immunities	128	(23)
Origins of Immunities	128	(1)
McCulloch v. Maryland	128	(1)
Collector v. Day	129	(1)
State Immunity from Federal Taxes	130	(1)
New York v. United States	130	(1)
Massachusetts v. United States	130	(2)
Federal Immunity from State Taxes	132	(1)
State Immunity from Federal Regulation	132	(1)
Maryland v. Wirtz	132	(1)
National League of Cities v. Usery	132	(1)
Garcia v. San Antonio Metro. Transit Auth.	133	(6)
South Carolina v. Baker	139	(1)
Gregory v. Ashcroft	139	(1)
Printz v. United States	140	(8)
Reno v. Condon	148	(1)
Jinks v. Richland County	149	(2)
Distribution of Federal Powers: Separation of Powers	151	(70)
Presidential Action Affecting ``Congressional'' Powers	151	(29)
Internal Matters: Domestic Lawmaking	151	(1)
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [The Steel Seizure Case]	151	(6)
Dames & Moore v. Regan	157	(5)
External Matters: Foreign Affairs and War	162	(1)
United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.	162	(3)
Campbell v. Clinton	165	(5)
Stromseth---Understanding Constitutional War Powers Today	170	(2)
Individual Rights and the War on Terrorism	172	(1)
Hamdi v. Rumsfeld	172	(6)
Rasul v. Bush	178	(1)
Schulhofer---Checks and Balances in Wartime: American, British and Israeli Experiences	179	(1)
Note---Harvard Law Review	179	(1)
Congressional Action Affecting ``Presidential'' Powers	180	(28)
Delegation of Rulemaking Power	180	(1)
Yakus v. United States	180	(1)
Whitman v. American Trucking Assn's, Inc.	181	(1)
Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.	181	(1)
United States v. Mead Corp.	181	(4)
Legislative and Line Item Vetoes	185	(1)
Immigration and Naturalization Serv. v. Chadha	185	(3)
Process Gas Consumers Group v. Consumer Energy Council of America	188	(2)
Clinton v. New York	190	(5)
Appointment and Removal of Officers	195	(1)
Myers v. United States	195	(1)
Humphrey's Executor v. United States	195	(2)
Buckley v. Valeo	197	(1)
Bowsher v. Synar	198	(3)
Morrison v. Olson	201	(6)
Mistretta v. United States	207	(1)
Metropolitan Washington Airports Auth. v. Citizens for the Abatement of Airport Noise, Inc.	207	(1)
Edmond v. United States	208	(1)
Executive Privilege and Immunity	208	(9)
United States v. Nixon	208	(2)
Tribe---American Constitutional Law	210	(2)
Nixon v. Administrator of General Services	212	(1)
Nixon v. Fitzgerald	213	(2)
Clinton v. Jones	215	(2)
Cheney v. U.S. District Court	217	(1)
Impeachment of the President	217	(4)
Turley---Congress as Grand Jury	218	(3)
State Power to Regulate	221	(71)
Introduction	221	(1)
Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council	221	(1)
Wyoming v. Oklahoma	222	(1)
Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.	222	(1)
State Regulation When Congress' Power is ``Dormant'': History and Fundamental Issues	222	(11)
Early Views of the Implications of Federal Authority for State Power	222	(1)
Gibbons v. Ogden	222	(2)
Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.	224	(1)
Cooley v. Board of Wardens	225	(2)
Welton v. Missouri	227	(1)
Leisy v. Hardin	227	(1)
Plumley v. Massachusetts	227	(1)
Congressional Authorization of State Regulation	228	(1)
Prudential Ins. Co. v. Benjamin	228	(1)
Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Ward	229	(1)
The Basis for Judicial Action	229	(1)
Basic Questions	229	(1)
Consistency with Marbury	230	(1)
Practical Considerations	230	(1)
The Quest for an Adequate Standard	231	(1)
After Cooley	231	(1)
Toward a Balancing Standard	231	(1)
Modern Formulation of the Standared	231	(1)
Continuing Controversy and Proposed Alternatives	231	(2)
Cases and Doctrine	233	(37)
Regulations That Burden Out-of-State Suppliers Seeking In-State Markets: Basic Themes and Distinctions	233	(1)
Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.	233	(2)
Dean Milk Co. v. Madison	235	(2)
Breard v. Alexandria	237	(1)
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Comm'n	238	(1)
Bendix Autolite Corp. v. Midwesco Enterprises, Inc.	239	(2)
Granholm v. Heald	241	(1)
Subsidies and Linkages	241	(1)
New Energy Co. of Ind. v. Limbach	241	(1)
West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy	242	(5)
Regulation of Outgoing Trade and Other Commerce: Burdens on Out-of-State Interests Seeking In-State Resources	247	(1)
H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. Du Mond	247	(2)
Parker v. Brown	249	(1)
Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.	250	(1)
Regulation to Protect the Environment and Preserve Natural Resources for In-State Use	251	(1)
Philadelphia v. New Jersey	251	(3)
Maine v. Taylor	254	(1)
Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co.	255	(1)
C & A Carbone, Inc. v. Clarkstown	256	(2)
Preserving Natural Resources for In-State Use	258	(1)
Hughes v. Oklahoma	258	(1)
Sporhase v. Nebraska	259	(1)
State Regulation of Tender Offers	260	(1)
CTS Corp. v. Dynamics Corp.	260	(3)
Edgar v. MITE Corp.	263	(1)
Extraterritorial Regulation	264	(1)
Brown-Forman Distillers Corp. v. New York State Liquor Auth.	264	(1)
Regulation of Transportation	264	(1)
Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona	264	(1)
Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.	265	(5)
Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines	270	(1)
The State as a Market Participant	270	(5)
Reeves, Inc. v. Stake	270	(4)
South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke	274	(1)
Interstate Privileges and Immunities Clause	275	(7)
United Building & Construction Trades Council v. Mayor and Council of Camden	276	(4)
Lunding v. New York State Tax Appeals Tribunal	280	(1)
Hillside Dairy, Inc. v. Lyons	281	(1)
State Power to Tax	282	(10)
Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady	282	(1)
Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana	283	(3)
Camps Newfound/Owatonna, Inc. v. Harrison	286	(1)
American Trucking Assn's, Inc. v. Michigan Public Serv. Comm'n	287	(1)
Container Corp. v. Franchise Tax Bd.	287	(2)
ASARCO v. Idaho State Tax Com'n	289	(1)
Quill Corp. v. North Dakota	290	(1)
Oklahoma State Tax Comm'n v. Jefferson Lines, Inc.	290	(2)
Substantive Protection of Economic Interests	292	(69)
Introduction	292	(1)
Origins of Substantive Due Process	292	(12)
Early Expressions of the Notion that Governmental Authority Has Implied Limits	293	(1)
Colder v. Bull	293	(1)
Souter---Concurring in Washington v. Glucksberg	294	(1)
Wynehamer v. People	295	(1)
Fletcher v. Peck	295	(1)
Dred Scott v. Sandford	295	(1)
The Search for a Constitutional Basis	295	(1)
Barron v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore	296	(1)
Corwin---Liberty Against Government	296	(1)
Fourteenth Amendment	297	(1)
Slaughter-House Cases	298	(6)
The Lochner Era	304	(9)
The Road to Lochner	304	(1)
Allgeyer v. Louisiana	304	(1)
Lochner v. New York	305	(4)
Balkin---``Wrong the Day it Was Decided''	309	(1)
Leonard---Holmes on the Lochner Court	309	(1)
Bernstein---The Story of Lochner v. New York	310	(1)
Three Decades of Control over Legislative Policy	310	(1)
Muller v. Oregon	311	(1)
Adair v. United States	311	(1)
Coppage v. Kansas	311	(1)
Adkins v. Children's Hospital	312	(1)
The Abandonment of Lochner	313	(10)
Nebbia v. New York	313	(2)
West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish	315	(1)
The Impact on Lochner of the Economic Realities of the Depression	316	(1)
``The Most Celebrated Footnote in Constitutional Law'': Footnote 4 of the Carolene Products Case	316	(1)
United States v. Carolene Products Co.	316	(2)
Balkin---The Footnote	318	(1)
Ackerman---Beyond Carolene Products	318	(1)
Powell---Carolene Products Revisited	319	(2)
The 1940s, 50s, and 60s: A Far Cry from Lochner	321	(1)
Olsen v. Nebraska	321	(1)
Lincoln Federal Labor Union v. Northwestern Iron & Metal Co.	321	(1)
Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma	321	(1)
Ferguson v. Skrupa	322	(1)
A Note on Substantive Due Process and Punitive Damage Constraints	322	(1)
BMW v. Gore	322	(1)
State Farm v. Campbell	323	(1)
Other Limits on Economic Legislation: The Prohibition Against ``Taking'' ``Private Property'' Without Just Compensation	323	(30)
Introduction	323	(1)
Purpose of ``Taking''	324	(1)
Berman v. Parker	324	(1)
Hawaii Housing Auth. v. Midkiff	325	(1)
Kelo v. New London	326	(5)
Posner---Foreword: A Political Court	331	(1)
Note---Harvard Law Review	331	(1)
When Is ``Regulation'' of Property Tantamount to a ``Taking''?	332	(1)
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon	332	(2)
Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedicits	334	(1)
Penn Central Transp. Co. v. New York City	334	(4)
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council	338	(6)
Nollan v. California Coastal Com'n	344	(1)
Dolan v. Tigard	345	(1)
Palazzolo v. Rhode Island	346	(1)
Tahoe--Sierra Preservation Council v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency	347	(3)
What Constitutes ``Property'' for Purposes of the Taking Clause?	350	(1)
Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel	350	(3)
Decline and Revitalization(?) of the Contract Clause	353	(8)
Introduction	353	(1)
Home Building & Loan Assn. v. Blaisdell	354	(1)
United States Trust Co. v. New Jersey	355	(1)
Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus	356	(2)
How Far Has the Court Retreated from U.S. Trust and Allied Steel?	358	(1)
Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas Power & Light Co.	358	(1)
Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton	358	(3)
Protection of Individual Rights: Due Process, The Bill of Rights, and Nontextual Constitutional Rights	361	(226)
Nature and Scope of Fourteenth Amendment Due Process; Applicability of the Bill of Rights to the States	361	(15)
The ``Ordered Liberty---Fundamental Fairness,'' ``Total Incorporation'' and ``Selective Incorporation'' Theories	361	(1)
Cardozo---For the Court in Palko v. Connecticut	362	(1)
Black---Dissenting in Adamson v. California	363	(1)
Frankfurter---Concurring in Adamson v. California	363	(2)
White---For the Court in Duncan v. Louisiana	365	(1)
Harlan---Dissenting in Duncan v. Louisiana	366	(1)
White---For the Court in Duncan v. Louisiana	367	(1)
Should the ``Selected'' Provision Apply to the States ``Jot-for-Jot''? ``Bag and Baggage''?	368	(1)
Brennan---For the Court in Malloy v. Hogan	368	(1)
Harlan---Dissenting in Malloy v. Hogan	368	(1)
Harlan---Dissenting in Baldwin v. New York	368	(2)
Powell---Concurring in Apodaca v. Oregon	370	(1)
Brennan---Dissenting in Apodaca v. Oregon	370	(1)
Bodily Extractions: Another Look at the ``Due Process'' and ``Selective Incorporation'' Approaches	371	(1)
Rochin v. California	371	(1)
Breithaupt v. Abram	372	(1)
Schmerber v. California	373	(1)
Sacramento v. Lewis	374	(1)
A Note on the Retroactive Effect of a Holding of Unconstitutionality	375	(1)
The Right of ``Privacy'' (Or ``Autonomy'' or ``Personhood'')	376	(146)
Introductory Note	376	(1)
Lupu---Untangling the Strands of the Fourteenth Amendment	376	(1)
Tribe---American Constitutional Law	377	(2)
Griswold v. Connecticut	379	(4)
Harlan---Dissenting in Poe v. Ullman	383	(5)
Eisenstadt v. Baird	388	(3)
Carey v. Population Services Int'l	391	(1)
Oral Arguments in the Abortion Cases	392	(1)
Roe v. Wade	393	(7)
Doe v. Bolton	400	(1)
Commentary on the Abortion Cases	401	(1)
Estrich & Sullivan---Abortion Politics Writing for an Audience of One	401	(1)
Heymann & Barzelay---The Forest and the Trees: Roe v. Wade and Its Critics	402	(1)
Henkin---Privacy and Autonomy	402	(1)
McConnell---How Not to Promote Serious Deliberation about Abortion	402	(1)
MacKinnon---Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law	403	(1)
Cox---The Role of the Supreme Court	403	(1)
Dworkin---Unenumerated Rights	404	(1)
Regan---Rewriting Roe v. Wade	405	(2)
Strauss---Abortion, Toleration, and Moral Uncertainty	407	(1)
Law---Rethinking Sex and the Constitution	407	(1)
MacKinnon---Sex and the Constitution	408	(1)
Asaro---The Judicial Portrayal of the Physician in Abortion and Sterilization Decisions	409	(1)
Blasi---The Rootless Activism of the Burger Court	409	(1)
Roe v. Wade and the Debate It Stirred over ``Noninterpretivist'' or ``Nonoriginalist'' Constitutional Decisionmaking	410	(1)
Bork---The Tempting of America	411	(1)
Ely---The Wages of Crying Wolf: A Comment on Roe v. Wade	411	(1)
Tribe---The Supreme Court: Trends and Developments	412	(1)
Sunstein---The Partial Constitution	413	(1)
Dworkin---Unenumerated Rights	413	(1)
Abortion Funding	413	(1)
Maher v. Roe	413	(1)
Harris v. McRae	414	(2)
Tribe---American Constitutional Law	416	(1)
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services	417	(2)
Estrich & Sullivan---Abortion Politics: Writing for an Audience of One	419	(1)
Rubenfeld---On the Legal Status of the Proposition that ``Life Begins at Conception''	420	(1)
Hodgson v. Minnesota	420	(1)
The Court Reaffirms ``The Essential Holding of Roe''	420	(2)
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey	422	(24)
Commentary on Casey	446	(1)
Tribe---The ``Fundamental Right'' that Dare Not Speak Its Name	446	(1)
Strauss---Abortion, Toleration and Moral Uncertainty	446	(1)
Law---Abortion Compromise---Inevitable and Impossible	447	(1)
Brownstein---How Rights Are Infringed	447	(1)
Anti-Abortion Measures Post-Casey: Attempts to Outlaw Partial Birth Abortions	448	(1)
Stenberg v. Carhart	448	(6)
Family Living Arrangements, Parental Rights, and the ``Right to Marry''	454	(1)
Whalen v. Roe	454	(1)
Belle Terre v. Boraas	455	(1)
Moore v. East Cleveland	455	(2)
Grano---Judicial Review and a Written Constitution in a Democratic Society	457	(1)
Lupu---Untangling the Strands of the Fourteenth Amendment	457	(1)
Burt---The Constitution of the Family	458	(1)
Tribe---American Constitutional Law	458	(1)
Loving v. Virginia	458	(1)
Zablocki v. Redhail	459	(3)
Turner v. Safley	462	(1)
Troxel v. Granville	462	(2)
Quilloin v. Walcott	464	(1)
Michael H. v. Gerald D.	465	(4)
Determining the Appropriate Level of Generality in Defining Rights; Using Tradition as a Substitute for Value Choices: Criticism of Justice Scalia's Approach	469	(1)
Balkin---Tradition, Betrayal, and the Politics of Deconstruction	469	(1)
Tribe & Dorf---Levels of Generality in the Definition of Rights	470	(1)
Is There A ``Right to Die''? A Right to Physician-Assisted Suicide?	471	(1)
Washington v. Glucksberg	471	(12)
Vacco v. Quill	483	(2)
McConnell---The Right to Die and the Jurisprudence of Tradition	485	(1)
Sunstein---One Case at a Time: Judicial Minimalism on the Supreme Court	486	(1)
Charles Fried---Saying What the Law Is	487	(1)
Cantor & Thomas---Pain Relief, Acceleration of Death, and Criminal Law	487	(1)
Charles Baron---Pleading for Physician-Assisted Suicide in the Courts	488	(1)
The Murder Conviction of Dr. Kervorkian	488	(1)
What Shall We Call This Segment---The Right to Engage in Homosexual Sodomy? . . . The Autonomy of Private Sexual Choices? . . . Unconventional Sexual Lifestyles?	489	(1)
Bowers v. Hardwick	489	(6)
Commentary on Bowers v. Hardwick	495	(1)
Rubenfeld---The Right of Privacy	495	(1)
Easterbrook---Abstraction and Authority	495	(1)
Fried---Order and Law	495	(1)
Spindelman --- Reorienting Bowers v. Hardwick	495	(1)
Tribe---American Constitutional Law	496	(1)
Bork---The Tempting of America	497	(1)
Tribe & Dorf---Levels of Generality in the Definition of Rights	497	(1)
Lawrence v. Texas	498	(11)
Commentary on the Lawrence Case	509	(1)
Graglia---Lawrence v. Texas: Our Philosopher-Kings Adopt Libertarianism as Our Official National Philosophy	509	(1)
Post---Foreword: Fashioning the Legal Constitution: Culture, Courts and Law	510	(1)
Barnett---Justice Kennedy's Libertarian Revolution: Lawrence v. Texas	510	(1)
Tribe---Lawrence v. Texas: The ``Fundamental Right'' That Dare Not Speak Its Name	510	(1)
Barnett---Justice Kennedy's Libertarian Revolution	511	(1)
Karlan---Foreword: Loving Lawrence	512	(1)
Spindelman---Surviving Lawrence v. Texas	513	(1)
Tribe---The ``Fundamental Right'' That Dare Not Speak Its Name	513	(1)
Sunstein---Liberty after Lawrence	514	(1)
Klarman---Brown and Lawrence (and Goodridge)	515	(1)
Karlan---Loving Lawrence	515	(1)
Seidman---Out of Bounds	515	(2)
On the Court's Use of Foreign and International Law	517	(1)
Tribe---The ``Fundamental Right'' that Dare Not Speak Its Name	517	(1)
Larsen---Importing Constitutional Norms from A ``Wider Civilization''	517	(1)
Posner---Foreword: A Political Court	518	(1)
The Glucksberg Case Revisited	518	(1)
Lund & McGinnis---Lawrence v. Texas and Judicial Hubris	518	(1)
Tribe---The ``Fundamental Right'' that Dare Not Speak Its Name	519	(1)
Fried---Saying What the Law Is	520	(1)
More on Privacy and Autonomy	520	(1)
Kelley v. Johnson	520	(1)
Youngberg v. Romeo	521	(1)
The Right to Travel	522	(3)
Introduction	522	(1)
Harlan---Dissenting in Shapiro v. Thompson	522	(1)
Aptheker v. Secretary of State	522	(1)
Zemel v. Rusk	523	(1)
Haig v. Agee	524	(1)
Farber---National Security, The Right to Travel, and the Court	524	(1)
Ely---Democracy and Distrust	525	(1)
The Death Penalty and Related Problems: Cruel and Unusual Punishment	525	(30)
Introduction	525	(2)
Is the Death Penalty Always---Or Ever---``Cruel and Unusual''?	527	(1)
Furman v. Georgia	527	(5)
Polsby---The Death of Capital Punishment	532	(1)
Gregg v. Georgia	532	(4)
Black---Due Process for Death	536	(1)
Mandatory Death Sentences; Requiring Constraints on the Sentencer's Discretion to Impose the Death Penalty vs. Forbidding Restrictions on the Sentencer's Discretion to Be Merciful	537	(1)
Woodson v. North Carolina	537	(1)
Roberts (Stanislaus) v. Louisiana	537	(2)
Lockett v. Ohio	539	(1)
Eddings v. Oklahoma	539	(1)
Is the Court Faced With Two Incompatible Sets of Commands?	539	(1)
Callins v. Collins	539	(2)
Administering the Death Penalty in a Racially Discriminatory Manner	541	(1)
McCleskey v. Kemp	541	(5)
Kennedy---McCleskey v. Kemp: Race, Capital Punishment and the Supreme Court	546	(1)
Executing Mentally Retarded and Juvenile Offenders; More on the Relevance of Foreign and International Law	547	(1)
Roper v. Simmons	547	(5)
Posner---Foreword: A Political Court	552	(1)
Bradley---The Right Decision on the Juvenile Death Penalty	553	(1)
Young---Foreign Law and the Denomination Problem	554	(1)
Waldron---Foreign Law and the Modern Ius Gentium	554	(1)
Procedural Due Process in Non-Criminal Cases	555	(32)
Deprivation of ``Liberty'' and ``Property'' Interests	555	(1)
Van Alstyne---Cracks in the ``New Property''	556	(1)
Goldberg v. Kelly	556	(1)
Bell v. Burson	557	(1)
Board of Regents v. Roth	557	(2)
Castle Rock v. Gonzales	559	(5)
Arnett v. Kennedy	564	(2)
Bishop v. Wood	566	(2)
Tribe---American Constitutional Law	568	(1)
Terrell---``Property,'' ``Due Process,'' and the Distinction between Definition and Theory	569	(1)
Paul v. Davis	569	(1)
Monaghan--- Constitutional Common Law	570	(1)
Smolla---The Displacement of Federal Due Process Claims by State Tort Remedies	570	(3)
Vitek v. Jones	573	(1)
Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.	574	(1)
Easterbrook---Substance and Due Process	575	(1)
Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill	576	(1)
Tribe---American Constitutional Law	577	(1)
What Kind of a Hearing---And When?	577	(1)
Goldberg v. Kelly	577	(1)
Mashaw---Due Process in the Administrative State	578	(1)
Mathews v. Eldridge	578	(3)
Goss v. Lopez	581	(1)
Ingraham v. Wright	581	(1)
Alexander & Horton---Ingraham v. Wright: A Primer for Cruel and Unusual Jurisprudence	582	(1)
Rosenberg---Ingraham v. Wright: The Supreme Court's Whipping Boy	582	(1)
Smolla--- The Displacement of Federal Due Process Claims by State Tort Remedies	583	(1)
Board of Curators v. Horowitz	583	(1)
Parham v. J.R.	584	(1)
Nowak---Due Process Methodology in the Postincorporation World	585	(1)
Rabin---Job Security and Due Process	585	(2)
Freedom of Expression and Association	587	(474)
What Speech is Not Protected?	587	(150)
Advocacy of Illegal Action	588	(1)
Emerging Principles	588	(1)
Schenck v. United States	588	(2)
Debs v. United States	590	(1)
Stone---Perilous Times	591	(1)
Kalven---A Worthy Tradition	591	(1)
Kalven---Ernst Freund and the First Amendment Tradition	592	(1)
Solum---Freedom of Communicative Action	592	(1)
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten	593	(1)
Holmes---Dissenting in Abrams v. United States	594	(3)
White---Justice Holmes and the Modernization of Free Speech Jurisprudence: The Human Dimension	597	(1)
Schauer---Free Speech: A Philosophical Enquiry	598	(1)
Shiffrin---The First Amendment, Democracy, and Romance	599	(1)
Blasi---Reading Holmes through the Lens of Schauer: The Abrams Dissent	599	(1)
State Sedition Laws	600	(1)
Gitlow v. New York	600	(3)
Whitney v. California	603	(6)
Lahav---Holmes and Brandeis: Libertarian and Republican Justifications for Free Speech	609	(1)
Blasi---Free Speech and Good Character: From Milton to Brandeis to the Present	609	(1)
Communism and Illegal Advocacy	610	(1)
Dennis v. United States	610	(10)
Auerbach---The Communist Control Act of 1954	620	(1)
Yates v. United States	620	(1)
United States v. Spock	621	(1)
A Modern ``Restatement''	621	(1)
Brandenburg v. Ohio	621	(4)
Shiffrin---Defamatory Non-Media Speech and First Amendment Methodology	625	(1)
Hess v. Indiana	625	(2)
Smolla---Should the Brandenburg v. Ohio Incitement Test Apply in Media Violence Tort Cases?	627	(1)
Reputation and Privacy	628	(1)
Group Libel	629	(1)
Beauharnais v. Illinois	629	(2)
Kalven---The Negro and the First Amendment	631	(1)
Public Officials and Seditious Libel	632	(1)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan	632	(5)
Alexander Meiklejohn---Free Speech and its Relation to Self-Government	637	(1)
Zechariah Chafee, Jr.---Book Review	638	(2)
Balkin---Digital Speech and Democratic Culture: A Theory of Freedom of Expression for the Information Society	640	(1)
Epstein---Privacy, Publication, and the First Amendment: The Dangers of First Amendment Exceptionalism	641	(1)
Nimmer---The Right to Speak from Times to Time: First Amendment Theory Applied to Libel and Misapplied to Privacy	642	(1)
Curtis Pub. Co. v. Butts	643	(1)
Associated Press v. Walker	643	(1)
Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, Inc.	643	(1)
Private Individuals and Public Figures	643	(1)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.	643	(9)
Time, Inc. v. Firestone	652	(1)
Failinger---Five Modern Notions in Search of an Author: The Ideology of the Intimate Society in Constitutional Speech Law	652	(1)
Smolla---Suing the Press	653	(1)
Emotional Distress	653	(1)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell	653	(2)
Time, Inc. v. Hill	655	(1)
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.	655	(1)
Disclosure of Private Facts	655	(1)
Florida Star v. B.J.F.	655	(5)
Heyman---Spheres of Autonomy: Reforming the Content Neutrality Doctrine in First Amendment Jurisprudence	660	(2)
Bartnicki v. Vopper	662	(4)
Smolla---Information as Contraband: The First Amendment and Liability for Trafficking in Speech	666	(1)
Obscenity	667	(1)
The Search for a Rationale	667	(1)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton	668	(4)
Kingsley International Pictures Corp. v. Regents	672	(1)
Kalven---The Metaphysics of the Law of Obscenity	672	(2)
Kristol---Reflections of a Neoconservative	674	(1)
A Revised Standard	674	(1)
Miller v. California	674	(9)
Clor---Obscenity and the First Amendment: Round Three	683	(1)
Lockhart---Escape from the Chill of Uncertainty: Explicit Sex and the First Amendment	684	(1)
Vagueness and Overbreadth: An Overview	685	(3)
``Fighting Words,'' Offensive Words and Hostile Audiences	688	(1)
Fighting Words	688	(1)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire	688	(3)
Hostile Audiences	691	(1)
Terminiello v. Chicago	691	(1)
Feiner v. New York	692	(2)
Offensive Words	694	(1)
Cohen v. California	694	(5)
Ownership of Speech	699	(1)
Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises	699	(5)
Baker---First Amendment Limits of Copyright	704	(1)
Tushnet---Copyright as a Model for Free Speech Law: What Copyright Has in Common with Anti-Pornography Laws, Campaign Finance Reform, and Telecommunications Regulation	705	(1)
Eisgruber---Censorship, Copyright and Free Speech: Some Tentative Skepticism About the Campaign to Impose First Amendment Restrictions on Copyright Law	705	(1)
Eldred v. Ashcroft	706	(1)
McGowan---Why the First Amendment Cannot Dictate Copyright Policy	707	(1)
Tushnet---Copy This Essay: How Fair Use Doctrine Harms Free Speech and How Copying Serves It	708	(1)
Van Alstyne---Reconciling What the First Amendment Forbids With What the Copyright Clause Permits: A Summary Explanation and Review	708	(1)
Should New Categories Be Created?	708	(1)
Harm to Children and the Overbreadth Doctrine	709	(1)
New York v. Ferber	709	(5)
Schauer---Codifying the First Amendment	714	(1)
Simon and Schuster, Inc. v. Members of New York State Crime Victims Bd.	714	(1)
Massachusetts v. Oakes	715	(1)
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition	716	(2)
Harm to Women: Feminism and Pornography	718	(1)
Proposed Los Angeles County Anti-Pornography Civil Rights Law	719	(3)
Sunstein---Neutrality in Constitutional Law	722	(1)
Noldon---Challenging First Amendment Protection of Adult Films with the Use of Prostitution Statutes	722	(1)
MacKinnon---Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech	722	(1)
Kaminer---Pornography and the First Amendment	723	(1)
Koppelman---Does Obscenity Cause Moral Harm?	724	(1)
Langton---Speech Acts and Unspeakable Acts	724	(1)
Meyer---Sex, Sin, and Women's Liberation: Against Porn-Suppression	724	(1)
Emerson---Pornography and the First Amendment: A Reply to Professor MacKinnon	725	(1)
American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut	726	(4)
Michelman---Conceptions of Democracy in American Constitutional Argument: The Case of Pornograph Regulation	730	(1)
Sunstein---Pornography and the First Amendment	731	(1)
Racist Speech Revisited: The Nazis	732	(1)
Collin v. Smith	732	(1)
Schauer---Harry Kalven and the Perils of Particularism	733	(1)
Brink---Millian Principles, Freedom of Expression, and Hate Speech	733	(1)
Douglas-Scott---The Hatefulness of Protected Speech: A Comparison of the American and European Approaches	734	(1)
Rosenfeld---Hate Speech in Constitutional Jurisprudence: A Comparative Analysis	735	(1)
Lawrence---If He Hollers Let Him Go: Regulating Racist Speech on Campus	736	(1)
Shiffrin---Racist Speech, Outsider Jurisprudence, and the Meaning of America	736	(1)
Distinguishing Between Content Regulation and Manner Regulation: Unconventional Forms of Communication	737	(30)
United States v. O'Brien	738	(4)
Emerson---The System of Freedom of Expression	742	(1)
Heyman---Spheres of Autonomy: Reforming the Content Neutrality Doctrine in First Amendment Jurisrudence	743	(2)
Nimmer---The Meaning of Symbolic Speech under the First Amendment	745	(1)
Shiffrin---The First Amendment, Democracy, and Romance	745	(1)
Texas v. Johnson	746	(9)
Volokh---Speech As Conduct: Generally Applicable Laws, Illegal Courses of Conduct, ``Situation--Altering Utterances,'' and the Uncharted Zones	755	(1)
Fletcher---Loyalty	755	(1)
Shiffrin---The First Amendment and the Meaning of America	755	(1)
Karst---Law's Promise, Law's Expression	756	(1)
United States v. Eichman	756	(2)
Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence	758	(4)
Tushnet---Character as Argument	762	(1)
Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc.	763	(2)
Comment---Padlock Orders and Nuisance Laws	765	(1)
Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.	765	(2)
Is Some Protected Speech Less Equal Than Other Protected Speech?	767	(65)
Near Obscene Speech	767	(1)
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.	767	(4)
Stone---Content-Neutral Restrictions	771	(1)
Stone---Restrictions of Speech Because of its Content: The Peculiar Case of Subject-Matter Restrictions	771	(1)
Boos v. Barry	772	(1)
Los Angeles v. Alameda Books	773	(1)
Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.	774	(1)
Erie v. Pap's A.M.	775	(7)
Blasi---Six Conservatives in Search of the First Amendment	782	(1)
Adler---Girls! Girls! Girls!: The Supreme Court Confronts the G-String	782	(1)
Commercial Speech	782	(1)
Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council	782	(7)
Shiffrin---Dissent, Injustice, and the Meanings of America	789	(1)
Farber---Commercial Speech and First Amandment Theory	790	(2)
Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Ass'n	792	(2)
In re Primus	794	(1)
Cincinnati v. Discovery Network	795	(1)
Martin v. Struthers	796	(1)
Central Hudson Gas & Elec. Corp. v. Public Service Comm'n	796	(1)
Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly	797	(6)
Thompson v. Western States Medical Center	803	(1)
O'Neil---Nike v. Kasky---What Might Have Been	804	(1)
Private Speech	804	(1)
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.	805	(6)
Conceiving and Reconceiving the Structure of First Amendment Doctrine: Hate Speech Revisited---Again	811	(1)
R.A.V. v. St. Paul	811	(12)
Heyman---Spheres of Autonomy: Reforming the Content Neutrality Doctrine in First Amendment Jurisprudence	823	(1)
Rosenfeld---Hate Speech in Constitutional Jurisprudence: A Comparative Analysis	823	(1)
Shiffrin---Racist Speech, Outsider Jurisprudence, and the Meaning of America	823	(1)
Dawson v. Delaware	823	(1)
Wisconsin v. Mitchell	824	(2)
Virginia v. Black	826	(6)
Prior Restraints	832	(28)
Foundation Cases	832	(1)
Licensing	832	(1)
Lovell v. Griffin	832	(2)
Watchtower Bible & Tract Society v. Stratton	834	(3)
Injunctions	837	(1)
Near v. Minnesota	837	(2)
Jefferies---Rethinking Prior Restraint	839	(1)
Walker v. Birmingham	840	(1)
Blasi---Prior Restraints on Demonstrations	840	(2)
Prior Restraints, Obscenity, and Commercial Speech	842	(1)
Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown	842	(1)
Times Film Corp. v. Chicago	843	(2)
Freedman v. Maryland	845	(1)
Bantam Books Inc. v. Sullivan	846	(1)
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations	846	(1)
Licensing ``Professionals'': A Dichotomy Between Speech and Press?	847	(1)
Lowe v. SEC	847	(3)
Volokh---Speech As Conduct: Generally Applicable Laws, Illegal Courses of Conduct, ``Situation-Altering Utterances,'' and the Uncharted Zones	850	(1)
Riley v. National Federation of the Blind	851	(1)
Prior Restraints and National Security	851	(1)
New York Times Co. v. United States [The Pentagon Papers Case]	851	(7)
United States v. Progressive, Inc.	858	(1)
Snepp v. United States	859	(1)
Justice and Newsgathering	860	(28)
Publicity about Trials	860	(1)
Sheppard v. Maxwell	860	(1)
Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart	861	(4)
Bernabe--Riefkohl---Another Attempt to Solve the Prior Restraint Mystery: Applying the Nebraska Press Standard to Media Disclosure of Attorney-Client Communications	865	(1)
Newsgathering	866	(1)
Protection of Confidential Sources	866	(1)
Branzburg v. Hayes	866	(8)
Randall---Freeing Newsgathering from the Reporter's Privilege	874	(1)
In re Farber	875	(1)
Zurcher v. Stanford Daily	876	(1)
Access to Trials and Other Governmentally Controlled Information and Institutions	877	(1)
Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia	878	(7)
Anderson---Freedom of the Press	885	(1)
Blasi---The Checking Value in First Amendment Theory	886	(2)
Government Property and the Public Forum	888	(29)
Foundation Cases	889	(1)
Mandatory Access	889	(1)
Schneider v. Irvington	889	(1)
Cox v. New Hampshire	890	(1)
Heffron v. International Soc. for Krishna Consciousness	891	(1)
Ward v. Rock Against Racism	891	(1)
Equal Access	892	(1)
Chicago Police Dep't v. Mosley	892	(1)
Karst---Equality as a Central Principle in the First Amendment	893	(1)
Stone---Content Regulation and the First Amendment	894	(1)
New Forums	895	(1)
International Society for Krishna Consciousness Inc. v. Lee	895	(8)
Lee. v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.	903	(1)
Farber & Nowak---The Misleading Nature of Public Forum Analysis: Content and Context in First Amendment Adjudication	904	(1)
Post---Between Governance and Management: The History and Theory of the Public Forum	904	(1)
Lehman v. Shaker Heights	905	(1)
Burson v. Freeman	906	(1)
Privacy and the Public Forum	907	(1)
Hill v. Colorado	907	(9)
Nauman---The Captive Audience Doctrine and Floating Buffer Zones: An Analysis of Hill v. Colorado	916	(1)
Kitrosser---From Marshall McLuhan to Anthropomorphic Cows: Communicative Manner and the First Amendment	916	(1)
Raskin---Disfavored Speech About Favored Rights: Hill v. Colorado, The Vanishing Public Forum and the Need for an Objective Speech Discrimination Test	916	(1)
Government Support of Speech	917	(43)
Subsidies of Speech	917	(1)
Rust v. Sullivan	917	(8)
Post---Subsidized Speech	925	(2)
Note---Unconstitutional Conditions as ``Nonsubsidies'': When is Deference Inappropriate?	927	(1)
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia	927	(1)
National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley	928	(5)
Bezanson & Buss---The Many Faces of Government Speech	933	(1)
Weatherup---Agencies and the Arts: The Dilemma of Subsidizing Expression	934	(1)
Cole---Symposium: Art, Distribution & the State: Perspectives in the National Endowment for the Arts	934	(1)
Heyman---State-Supported Speech	934	(1)
Government as Educator and Editor	935	(1)
Pierce v. Society of Sisters	935	(2)
Yudof---When Government Speaks: Politics, Law, and Government Expression in America	937	(1)
Greene---Why Vouchers are Constitutional and Why They are Not	937	(1)
Meyer v. Nebraska	938	(1)
Tinker v. Des Moines School District	939	(5)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier	944	(3)
Hafen---Hazelwood School District and the Role of First Amendment Institutions	947	(1)
Minow & Spellman---Passion For Justice	948	(1)
Board of Education v. Pico	948	(5)
United States v. American Library Asociation, Inc.	953	(6)
Bell---Filth, Filtering, and the First Amendment: Ruminations on Public Libraries	959	(1)
Kreimer---Technologies of Protest: Insurgent Social Movements and the First Amendment in the Era of the Internet	959	(1)
Lamont v. Postmaster General	960	(1)
The Electronic Media	960	(43)
Access to the Mass Media	960	(1)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo	960	(2)
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC	962	(2)
Bollinger---Freedom of the Press and Public Access	964	(1)
Nimmer---Is Freedom of the Press a Redundancy? What Does it Add to Freedom of Speech?	964	(2)
Columbia Broadcasting System v. Democratic Nat'l Comm.	966	(9)
Schauer---Principles, Institutions, and the First Amendment	975	(1)
Bezanson & Buss, The Many Faces of Government Speech	976	(1)
Collins and Skover---The First Amendment in an Age of Paratroopers	976	(1)
Geller---The Transformation of Television News: Articles and Comments: Fairness and the Public Trustee Concept: Time to Move on	976	(1)
Los Angeles v. Preferred Communications, Inc.	977	(1)
Turner Broadcasting System Inc. v. FCC	977	(2)
Bezanson & Buss---The Many Faces of Government Speech	979	(1)
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC II	979	(1)
The Electronic Media and Content Regulation	980	(1)
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation	980	(8)
Shiffrin---The First Amendment, Democracy, and Romance	988	(1)
FCC v. League of Women Voters	989	(1)
Cole---Playing by Pornography's Rules	990	(1)
Sable Communications v. FCC	990	(1)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union	990	(1)
Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC	991	(6)
Barron---The Electronic Media and the Flight From First Amendment Doctrine: Justice Breyer's New Balancing Approach	997	(1)
Weinberg---Cable TV, Indecency and the Court	997	(1)
United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group	998	(1)
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (II)	999	(4)
The Right Not to Speak, The Right to Associate, and the Right Not to Associate	1003	(32)
The Right Not to Be Associated With Particular Ideas	1004	(1)
West Virginia State Bd. of Educ. v. Barnette	1004	(1)
Shiffrin---What Is Really Wrong With Compelled Association?	1005	(1)
Wooley v. Maynard	1005	(2)
Bezanson---Speaking Through Others' Voices: Authorship, Originality, and Free Speech	1007	(1)
Tribe---Disentangling Symmetries: Speech, Association, Parenthood	1007	(1)
PruneYard Shopping Center v. Robins	1007	(2)
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston	1009	(1)
NAACP v. Clairborne Hardware Co.	1010	(1)
Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel	1010	(2)
Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Asociation	1012	(3)
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n	1015	(1)
Brown v. Socialist Workers	1015	(1)
Intimate Association and Expressive Association	1016	(1)
Roberts v. United States Jaycees	1016	(5)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale	1021	(6)
Tribe---Disentangling Symmetries: Speech, Association, Parenthood	1027	(1)
Freedom of Association and Employment	1028	(1)
Elrod v. Burns	1028	(1)
Branti v. Finkel	1029	(1)
Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois	1029	(1)
Cole v. Richardson	1030	(1)
Connick v. Myers	1030	(4)
Tribe---Constitutional Choices	1034	(1)
Balkin---Free Speech and Hostile Environments	1034	(1)
Lyng v. UAW	1034	(1)
Wealth and the Political Process: Concerns for Equality	1035	(26)
Buckley v. Valeo	1036	(11)
Ringhand---Defining Democracy: The Supreme Court's Campaign Finance Dilemma	1047	(1)
Balkin---Some Realism About Pluralism	1048	(2)
McConnell v. Federal Election Commission	1050	(8)
Briffault---McConnell v. FEC and the Transformation of Campaign Finance Law	1058	(3)
Freedom of Religion	1061	(117)
Establishment Clause	1061	(70)
Introduction	1061	(3)
Aid to Religion	1064	(1)
Everson v. Board of Education	1064	(2)
Walz v. Tax Comm'n	1066	(1)
Texas Monthly Inc. v. Bullock	1067	(1)
Lemon v. Kurtzman	1068	(1)
Mitchell v. Helms	1069	(1)
Zellman v. Simmons Harris	1070	(14)
Religion and Public Schools	1084	(1)
Wallace v. Jaffree	1084	(6)
McCollum v. Board of Education	1090	(1)
Zorach v. Clauson	1090	(3)
Stone v. Graham	1093	(1)
Epperson v. Arkansas	1093	(1)
Edwards v. Aguillard	1094	(3)
Board of Educ. v. Mergens	1097	(2)
Good News Club v. Milford Central School	1099	(2)
Official Acknowledgment of Religion	1101	(1)
Allegheny County v. ACLU	1101	(12)
McCreary County v. ACLU	1113	(2)
Van Orden v. Perry	1115	(6)
Lee v. Weisman	1121	(3)
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow	1124	(1)
Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe	1125	(2)
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Bd. v. Pinette	1127	(2)
Smith---Symbols, Perceptions, and Doctrinal Illusions	1129	(2)
Free Exercise Clause and Related Problems	1131	(28)
Conflict with State Regulation	1131	(1)
Reynolds v. United States	1131	(1)
Cantwell v. Connecticut	1131	(1)
West Virginia State Bd. of Educ v. Barnette	1132	(1)
Hobbie v. Unemployment Appeals Comm'n	1132	(3)
Jimmy Swaggert Ministries v. Board	1135	(1)
United States v. Lee	1135	(1)
Gillette v. United States	1136	(1)
Johnson v. Robison	1136	(1)
Bob Jones Univ. v. United States	1137	(1)
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass'n	1137	(1)
Employment Division v. Smith (The Peyote Case)	1138	(11)
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. Hialeah	1149	(2)
Locke v. Davey	1151	(3)
Unusual Religious Beliefs and Practices	1154	(1)
United States v. Ballard	1154	(1)
Torcaso v. Watkins	1155	(1)
United States v. Seeger	1156	(1)
Welsh v. United States	1157	(1)
Thomas v. Review Board	1158	(1)
Preference Among Religions	1159	(7)
Board of Educ. of Kiryas Joel v. Grumet	1159	(2)
Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.	1161	(1)
Jones v. Wolf	1162	(1)
Larson v. Valente	1163	(2)
Hernandez v. Commissioner	1165	(1)
Conflict Between the Clauses	1166	(12)
Corporation of the Presiding Bishop v. Amos	1166	(4)
Welsh v. United States	1170	(1)
Thomas v. Review Board	1171	(2)
Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock	1173	(1)
Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.	1174	(2)
Cutter v. Wilkinson	1176	(2)
Equal Protection	1178	(265)
Traditional Approach	1179	(15)
Railway Express Agency v. New York	1179	(2)
New Orleans v. Dukes	1181	(4)
New York City Transit Auth. v. Beazer	1185	(2)
United States R.R. Retirement Bd. v. Fritz	1187	(4)
United States Dept. of Agriculture v. Moreno	1191	(1)
Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.	1192	(1)
Allegheny Pittsburgh Coal Co. v. County Comm'n	1193	(1)
Nordlinger v. Hahn	1193	(1)
Race and Ethnic Ancestry	1194	(104)
Historical Background	1194	(1)
Dred Scott v. Sandford	1194	(3)
Discrimination Against Racial and Ethnic Minorities	1197	(1)
Strauder v. West Virginia	1197	(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson	1197	(4)
Korematsu v. United States	1201	(3)
Ex Parte Endo	1204	(1)
Kennedy---Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945	1205	(1)
Rehnquist---All the Laws But One	1206	(1)
Brown v. Board of Education (I)	1207	(4)
Bolling v. Sharpe	1211	(1)
Klarman---An Interpretive History of Modern Equal Protection	1211	(1)
Bickel---The Original Understanding and the Segregation Decision	1212	(1)
Dworkin---Freedom's Law	1213	(2)
Brown v. Board of Education (II)	1215	(3)
Loving v. Virginia	1218	(2)
Anderson v. Martin	1220	(1)
Palmore v. Sidoti	1220	(1)
Johnson v. California	1220	(1)
De Jure vs. De Facto Discrimination	1221	(1)
Yick Wo v. Hopkins	1221	(1)
Washington v. Davis	1222	(4)
Klarman---An Interpretive History of Modern Equal Protection	1226	(3)
Memphis v. Greene	1229	(1)
Personnel Administrator v. Feeney	1230	(3)
Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Dev. Corp.	1233	(2)
Castaneda v. Partida	1235	(1)
United States v. Armstrong	1235	(1)
Mayor of Phila. v. Educational Equality League	1236	(1)
Batson v. Kentucky	1236	(1)
McCleskey v. Kemp	1237	(2)
Remedying Segregation	1239	(1)
Cooper v. Aaron	1239	(1)
Griffin v. County School Bd.	1240	(1)
Green v. County School Bd.	1241	(1)
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Educ.	1241	(3)
Bazemore v. Friday	1244	(1)
United States v. Fordice	1244	(1)
Keyes v. School Dist.	1245	(2)
Columbus Board of Educ. v. Penick	1247	(3)
Armor---Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law	1250	(1)
Milliken v. Bradley	1251	(2)
Pasadena City Bd. of Educ. v. Spangler	1253	(1)
Oklahoma City Bd. of Educ. v. Dowell	1253	(1)
Freeman v. Pitts	1254	(3)
Repeals of Remedies and Restructurings of the Political Process that Burden Minorities	1257	(1)
Hunter v. Erickson	1257	(1)
Washington v. Seattle School Dist.	1257	(2)
Crawford v. Los Angeles Bd. of Educ.	1259	(2)
Romer v. Evans	1261	(1)
Affirmative Action and ``Benign'' Discrimination	1261	(1)
Regents of Univ. of California v. Bakke	1262	(4)
Grutter v. Bollinger	1266	(9)
Gratz v. Bollinger	1275	(10)
Affirmative Action in Employment and Government Contracts	1285	(1)
Wygant v. Jackson Bd. of Educ.	1285	(1)
Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.	1286	(8)
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena	1294	(4)
Discriminations Based on Gender	1298	(32)
Defining the Level of Scrutiny	1298	(1)
Reed v. Reed	1299	(1)
Frontiero v. Richardson	1299	(3)
Ely---Democracy and Distrust	1302	(1)
Craig v. Boren	1303	(3)
United States v. Virginia	1306	(7)
Differences---Real and Imagined	1313	(1)
Geduldig v. Aiello	1313	(1)
Dothard v. Rawlinson	1314	(1)
Michael M. v. Superior Court	1314	(3)
Olsen---Statutory Rape: A Feminist Critique of Rights Analysis	1317	(1)
Minow---Introduction: Finding Our Paradoxes, Affirming Our Beyond	1318	(1)
Rostker v. Goldberg	1319	(2)
Williams---The Equality Crisis: Some Reflections on Culture, Courts and Feminism	1321	(1)
J.E.B. v. Alabama	1322	(1)
Nguyen v. INS	1323	(1)
``Benign''---``Compensatory''---``Remedial'' Discrimination	1324	(1)
Califano v. Webster	1324	(2)
Orr v. Orr	1326	(1)
Mississippi Univ. for Women v. Hogan	1326	(4)
Special Scrutiny for Other Classifications: Doctrine and Debates	1330	(33)
Illegitimacy and Related Classifications	1330	(1)
Mathews v. Lucas	1330	(3)
Clark v. Jeter	1333	(1)
Glona v. American Guar. & Liab. Ins. Co.	1334	(1)
New Jersey Welfare Rights Org. v. Cahill	1334	(1)
Sexual Orientation	1334	(1)
Romer v. Evans	1334	(8)
Lawrence v. Texas	1342	(4)
Alienage	1346	(1)
Graham v. Richardson	1347	(1)
Sugarman v. Dougall	1347	(1)
In re Griffiths	1348	(1)
Ambach v. Norwick	1348	(3)
Bernal v. Fainter	1351	(1)
Toll v. Moreno	1352	(1)
Plyler v. Doe	1352	(1)
Mathews v. Diaz	1353	(1)
Mental Retardation	1354	(1)
Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.	1354	(6)
Heller v. Doe	1360	(1)
Other Challenged Bases for Discrimination	1360	(1)
Age	1360	(1)
Massachusetts Bd. of Retirement v. Murgia	1360	(1)
Wealth	1361	(1)
James v. Valtierra	1362	(1)
Fundamental Rights	1363	(80)
Voting	1364	(1)
Denial of Qualification of the Right	1364	(1)
Harper v. Virginia Bd. of Elec.	1364	(1)
Kramer v. Union Free School District	1365	(3)
Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Lake Basin Water Storage Dist.	1368	(1)
``Dilution'' of the Right: Apportionment	1369	(1)
Reynolds v. Sims	1369	(5)
Gordon v. Lance	1374	(1)
Karcher v. Daggett	1374	(1)
Mahan v. Howell	1375	(1)
Burns v. Richardson	1375	(1)
``Dilution'' of the Right: Partisan Gerrymanders	1375	(1)
Davis v. Bandemer	1376	(3)
Vieth v. Jubelirer	1379	(5)
``Dilution'' of the Right: Issues Involving Race	1384	(1)
Mobile v. Bolden	1384	(4)
Rogers v. Lodge	1388	(2)
United Jewish Organizations v. Carey	1390	(1)
Shaw v. Reno	1391	(6)
Miller v. Johnson	1397	(2)
Bush v. Vera	1399	(2)
Easley v. Cromartie	1401	(1)
Equality in the Counting and Recounting of Votes	1402	(1)
Bush v. Gore	1402	(6)
Travel	1408	(1)
Shapiro v. Thompson	1409	(4)
McCarthy v. Philadelphia Civil Service Comm'n	1413	(1)
Martinez v. Bynum	1413	(1)
Doe v. Bolton	1414	(1)
Dunn v. Blumstein	1414	(1)
Memorial Hospital v. Maricopa County	1415	(1)
Sosna v. Iowa	1415	(1)
Zobel v. Williams	1416	(1)
Saenz v. Roe	1417	(6)
Hills---Poverty, Residency, and Federalism: States' Duty of Impartiality Toward Newcomers	1423	(1)
Access to the Courts	1424	(1)
Griffin v. Illinois	1424	(1)
Douglas v. California	1424	(1)
Ross v. Moffitt	1425	(1)
M.L.B. v. S.L.J.	1426	(3)
Halbert v. Michigan	1429	(1)
Welfare and Education	1429	(1)
Dandridge v. Williams	1429	(2)
San Antonio Ind. School Dist. v. Rodriguez	1431	(9)
Plyler v. Doe	1440	(3)
The Concept of State Action	1443	(52)
Introduction	1443	(4)
Civil Rights Cases	1443	(4)
``Government Function''	1447	(10)
Smith v. Allwright	1447	(1)
Terry v. Adams	1447	(1)
Marsh v. Alabama	1448	(1)
Amalgamated Food Employees Union v. Logan Valley Plaza	1449	(1)
Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner	1449	(1)
Hudgens v. NLRB	1449	(1)
Evans v. Newton	1450	(2)
Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison Co.	1452	(4)
CBS v. Democratic Nat'l Comm.	1456	(1)
State ``Involvement'' or ``Encouragement	1457	(21)
Shelley v. Kraemer	1457	(3)
Barrows v. Jackson	1460	(1)
Henkin---Shelley v. Kraemer: Notes for a Revised Opinion	1461	(2)
Evans v. Abney	1463	(1)
Horowitz---Racial Discrimination in ``Private'' Housing	1464	(1)
Choper---Thoughts on State Action	1464	(1)
Peterson v. Greenville	1465	(1)
Bell v. Maryland	1466	(1)
Reitman v. Mulkey	1466	(3)
Burke & Reber---State Action, Congressional Power and Creditors' Rights	1469	(1)
Moose Lodge v. Irvis	1470	(5)
Norwood v. Harrison	1475	(1)
Gilmore v. Montgomery	1475	(3)
Developments in the Last Three Decades	1478	(17)
Rendell-Baker v. Kohn	1478	(3)
San Francisco Arts & Athletics v. United States Olympic Comm.	1481	(1)
Flagg Bros. Inc. v. Brooks	1481	(6)
Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co.	1487	(1)
NCAA v. Tarkanian	1487	(1)
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletics Ass'n	1488	(1)
Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co.	1489	(2)
DeShaney v. Winnebago Dept. of Social Serv.	1491	(2)
Strauss---Due Process, Government Inaction and Private Wrongs	1493	(2)
Congressional Enforcement of Civil Rights	1495	(49)
Historical Framework	1495	(3)
Legislation	1495	(1)
42 U.S.C. $ 1981	1495	(1)
42 U.S.C. $ 1982	1495	(1)
18 U.S.C. $ 242	1496	(1)
18 U.S.C. $ 241	1496	(1)
42 U.S.C. $ 1983	1496	(1)
42 U.S.C. $ 1985	1496	(1)
Judicial Decisions	1497	(1)
United States v. Williams	1497	(1)
Regulation of Private Persons	1498	(7)
Thirteenth Amendment	1498	(1)
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.	1498	(2)
Runyon v. McCrary	1500	(1)
Henkin---On Drawing Lines	1500	(1)
Griffin v. Breckenridge	1501	(1)
Carpenters, Local 610 v. Scott	1501	(1)
Bray v. Alexandria Womens Health Clinic	1502	(1)
State ``Involvement''	1503	(1)
United States v. Price	1503	(1)
Civil Rights Act of 1968	1504	(1)
Regulation of State Actors	1505	(39)
South Carolina v. Katzenbach	1505	(2)
Katzenbach v. Morgan	1507	(5)
Boerne v. Flores	1512	(6)
McConnell---Institutions and Interpretation: A Critique of Boerne v. Flores	1518	(2)
Rome v. United States	1520	(3)
Kimel v. Florida Bd. of Regents	1523	(2)
Board of Trustees of Univ. of Ala. v. Garrett	1525	(4)
Nevada Dept. of Human Resources v. Hibbs	1529	(4)
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank	1533	(2)
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Post-secondary Education Expense Board	1535	(1)
Tennessee v. Lane	1536	(4)
United States v. Morrison	1540	(4)
Limitations on Judicial Power and Review	1544	(39)
Dispute Resolution or Private Rights Model	1544	(1)
Special Functions or Public Rights Model	1545	(1)
Advisory Opinions and Executive Revision	1546	(3)
Correspondence of the Justices (1793)	1546	(3)
Hayburn's Case	1549	(1)
Standing	1549	(25)
The Structure of Standing Doctrine	1549	(1)
Allen v. Wright	1549	(7)
United States v. SCRAP	1556	(1)
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services TOC, Inc.	1557	(1)
Heckler v. Mathews	1557	(1)
Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Org.	1557	(1)
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke	1558	(1)
Los Angeles v. Lyons	1558	(1)
Utah v. Evans	1559	(1)
Elk Grove United School Dist. v. Newdow	1560	(1)
Taxpayer Standing and Other Status-Based Standing Issues	1560	(1)
Frothingham v. Mellon	1560	(1)
Flast v. Cohen	1561	(2)
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United For Separation of Church and State, Inc.	1563	(3)
ASARCO v. Kadish	1566	(1)
United States v. Hays	1566	(1)
Coleman v. Miller	1566	(1)
Raines v. Byrd	1566	(2)
Congressional Power to Create Standing	1568	(1)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife	1568	(4)
Sunstein---What's Standing After Lujan?	1572	(1)
FEC v. Akins	1572	(1)
Vermont Agency of Natural Resources v. United States ex rel. Stevens	1573	(1)
Timing of Adjudication	1574	(9)
Mootness	1574	(1)
DeFunis v. Odegaard	1574	(3)
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env. Servs. (TOC), Inc.	1577	(1)
United States Parole Com'n v. Geraghty	1577	(1)
Ripeness	1578	(1)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell	1578	(2)
Chemerinsky---Federal Jurisdiction	1580	(1)
Nichol---Ripeness and the Constitution	1581	(1)
O'Shea v. Littleton	1581	(2)
Appendix A---The Justices of the Supreme Court	1583	(12)
Appendix B---The Constitution of the United States	1595	(16)
Index	1611