Courts, Judges, and Politics

by Murphy, Walter; Pritchett, C. Herman; Epstein, Lee; Knight, Jack

• ISBN13: 9780072977059
• ISBN10: 0072977051
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-04-19
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education

Summary

This classic reader has been a best selling component of the Judicial Process/Judicial Politics/American Legal System course for years. The sixth edition has been thoroughly updated while retaining the features that made it attractive for so long: its effective structure, thorough coverage, narrative voice, choice of excerpts, and teaching flexibility.

Table of Contents

Part One THE NATURE OF JUDGING
Chapter 1. Political Jurisprudence	3	(35)
CIVIL AND COMMON LAW SYSTEMS	4	(3)
The Civil Law	5	(1)
The Common Law	6	(1)
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF LAW: SCHOOL OF JURISPRUDENCE	7	(4)
Natural Law	7	(1)
Legal Positivism	8	(1)
The Debate	8	(3)
THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF DECLARATORY THEORY	11	(2)
EMERGING CHALLENGES: SOCIOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND LEGAL REALISM	13	(3)
CONTEMPORARY SCHOLARSHIP: THE DEBATE CONTINUES	16	(3)
Realism's Progeny and Critics	16	(2)
Social Science and the Growth of Political Jurisprudence	18	(1)
WHAT IS TO COME	19	(3)
Selected References	20	(2)
READINGS
1.1 Sir William Blackstone, COMMENTARIES ON THE LAWS OF ENGLAND	22	(1)
1.2 Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist, No.78	23	(1)
1.3 Alexis de Tocqueville, JUDICIAL POWER IN THE UNITED STATES	24	(3)
1.4 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., THE PATH OF THE LAW	27	(3)
1.5 Benjamin N. Cardozo, THE NATURE OF THE JUDICIAL PROCESS	30	(4)
1.6 Mary E. Becker, OBSCURING THE STRUGGLE: SEX DISCRIMINATION, SOCIAL SECURITY, AND STONE, SEIDMAN, SUNSTEIN, AND TUSHNET'S CONSTITUTIONAL LAW	34	(4)
Chapter 2. Courts in Constitutional Democracies	38	(39)
THE ORIGINS OF COURTS	38	(6)
Distinctive Characteristics of Judicial Processes	40	(4)
THE ROLES OF COURTS	44	(9)
Resolving Disputes	44	(1)
Making Policy	45	(1)
Monitoring Governmental Action	46	(1)
Judicial Review in the United States	47	(1)
Judicial Review Abroad	48	(3)
To What Extent Does Judical Review Present a Paradox?	51	(2)
THE EXPANSION OF JUDICIAL POWER?	53	(3)
SELECTED REFERENCES	56	(2)
READINGS
2.1 Lynn Mather, THE FIRED FOOTBALL COACH (OR, HOW TRIAL COURTS MAKE POLICY)	58	(3)
2.2 Marbury v. Madison (1803)	61	(4)
2.3 Eakin v. Raub (1825)	65	(2)
2.4 Robert A. Dahl, DECISION MAKING IN A DEMOCRACY: THE SUPREME COURT AS A NATIONAL POLICY MAKER	67	(3)
2.5 D. Casper, THE SUPREME COURT AND NATIONAL POLICY MAKING	70	(7)
Part Two THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEM
Chapter 3. Judicial Organization	77	(64)
ESTABLISHING THE U.S. LEGAL SYSTEM	77	(5)
Article III	77	(2)
The Judiciary Act of 1789	79	(2)
Judicial Federalism	81	(1)
TODAY'S SYSTEM OF FEDERAL COURTS	82	(8)
The U.S. Supreme Court	86	(2)
Reforming the Federal Courts: The Caseload "Problem"	88	(2)
STATE COURTS	90	(2)
A NEW JUDICIAL FEDERALISM	92	(8)
Reviewing the Decisions of State Supreme Courts	92	(4)
Issuing Injunctions	96	(1)
Restricting Habeas Corpus	97	(2)
Limiting Exceptions to the Eleventh Amendment	99	(1)
SELECTED REFERENCES	100	(3)
READINGS
3.1 Judiciary Act of 1789, section 25	103	(1)
3.2 Jonathan Matthew Lohen, INSIDE APPELLATE COURTS	103	(6)
3.3 C.K. Rowland and Robert Carp, POLITICS AND JUDGMENT ON THE FEDERAL DISTRICT COURTS	109	(4)
3.4 Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr., THE IMPORTANCE OF THE TRIAL JUDGE	113	(2)
3.5 J. Woodford Howard, Jr., LITIGATION FLOW IN THREE UNITED STATES COURTS OF APPEALS	115	(2)
3.6 Victor Williams, SOLUTIONS TO FEDERAL JUDICIAL GRIDLOCK, versus John O. Newman, 1,000 JUDGES-THE LIMIT FOR AN EFFECTIVE FEDERAL JUDICIARY	117	(4)
3.7 Robert A. Kagan, Bliss Cartwright, Lawrence M. Friedman, and Stanton Wheeler, THE EVOLUTION OF STATE SUPREME COURTS	121	(8)
3.8 William J. Brennan, GUARDIANS OF OUR LIBERTIES-STATE COURTS NO LESS THAN FEDERAL	129	(3)
3.9 Goodrich v. Department of Public Health	132	(9)
Chapter 4. Judicial Selection and Retention	141	(71)
SELECTION OF FEDERAL JUDGES	142	(10)
Presidential Considerations	144	(2)
Professional Qualifications	146	(1)
Confirmation	147	(4)
The Behavior of Judicial Appointees	151	(1)
JUDICIAL SELECTION IN THE STATES	152	(3)
Debates over States Selection Systems	154	(1)
DISCIPLINING JUDGES	155	(4)
Federal Judges	156	(1)
State Judges	157	(2)
SELECTED REFERENCES	159	(3)
READINGS
4.1 Sheldon Goldman, Elliot Slotnick, Gerard Gryski, Gary Zuk, and Sara Schiavoni, THE COMPOSITION OF THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY	162	(2)
4.2 Sheldon Goldman, PICKING FEDERAL JUDGES (WITH A POSTSCRIPT ON THE GEORGE W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION)	164	(8)
4.3 Neil Lewis, PARTISANSHIP AND THE APPOINTMENT OF FEDERAL JUDGES	172	(7)
4.4 Jason M. Roberts, PARTIES, PRESIDENTS, AND PROCEDURES	179	(7)
4.5 Gregory A. Caldeira and John R. Wright, LOBBYING FOR JUSTICE	186	(7)
4.6 Jeffrey A. Segal, Richard J Timpone, Robert M. Howard, BUYER BEWARE? PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESS THROUGH SUPREME COURT APPOINTMENTS	193	(5)
4.7 Thomas G. Walker and Deborah J. Barrow, THE DIVERSIFICATION OF THE FEDERAL BENCH: POLICY AND PROCESS RAMIFICATIONS	198	(7)
4.8 Thurgood Marshall, COMMENTS ON THE MISSOURI PLAN	205	(4)
4.9 John T. Wold and John H. Culver, THE DEFEAT OF THE CALIFORNIA JUSTICES	209	(3)
Chapter 5. The Bar	212	(41)
BECOMING AN ATTORNEY	212	(3)
Admission to the Bar	213	(2)
THE LAWYER'S WORK	215	(3)
Development of the Bar	215	(1)
The Contemporary Practice of Law	216	(2)
CHALLENGES CONFRONTING THE LEGAL PROFESSION	218	(1)
SELECTED REFERENCES	219	(2)
READINGS
5.1 Scott Turow, ONE L: AN INSIDE ACCOUNT OF LIFE IN THE FIRST YEAR AT HARVARD LAW SCHOOL	221	(8)
5.2 Austin Sarat and William L F. Felstiner, LAW AND STRATEGY IN THE DIVORCE LAWYER'S OFFICE	229	(7)
5.3 Abraham S. Blumberg, THE PRACTICE OF LAW AS A CONFIDENCE GAME	236	(4)
5.4 F. Lee Bailey, THE DEFENSE NEVER RESTS	240	(5)
5.5 Sandra Day O'Connor, PROFESSIONALISM	245	(8)
Part Three JUDICIAL POWER
Chapter 6. Access to Judicial Power	253	(46)
FORMAL BARRIERS TO ENTRY IN THE AMERICAN LEGAL SYSTEM	253	(12)
Jurisdiction	254	(2)
Case or Conroversy	256	(1)
Advisory Opinions	256	(5)
Standing	261	(3)
Formal Barriers to Access as Gatekeeping Devices	264	(1)
INFORMAL BARRIERS TO ENTRY	265	(1)
ACCESSING THE LEGAL SYSTEM: WHO USES THE COURTS?	266	(7)
The Strategies of Interest Groups	268	(4)
The Influence of Interest Groups	272	(1)
SELECTED REFERENCES	273	(3)
READINGS
6.1 THE WASHINGTON ADMINISTRATION'S REQUEST FOR AN ADVISORY OPINION AND THE JUSTICES' RESPONSE	276	(2)
6.2 Roe v. Wade (1973) VERSUS DeFunis v. Odegaard (1974)	278	(3)
6.3 Baker v. Carr (1962)	281	(4)
6.4 Marc Galanter, WHY THE "HAVES" COME OUT AHEAD: SPECULATIONS ON THE LIMITS OF SOCIAL CHANGE	285	(6)
6.5 Clement E. Vose, LITIGATION AS A FORM OF PRESSURE GROUP ACTIVITY	291	(4)
6.6 Gregory A. Caldeira and John R. Wright, ORGANIZED INTERESTS AND AGENDA SETTING IN THE U.S. SUPREME COURT	295	(4)
Chapter 7. Instruments of Judicial Power	299	(30)
WRITS OF CERTIORARI	300	(1)
DECISIONS, OPINIONS, AND ORDERS	301	(1)
THE INJUNCTION	302	(4)
Injunctions and Positive Action	304	(2)
THE CONTEMPT POWER	306	(2)
THE WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS	308	(1)
SELECTED REFERENCES	309	(2)
READINGS
7.1 Texas v. Hopwood (1996)	311	(1)
7.2 Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc. (1994)	312	(5)
7.3 Wyatt v. Stickney (1971) AND Wyatt v. Stickney (1972)	317	(7)
7.4 Illinois v. Allen (1970)	324	(5)
Chapter 8. Limitations on Judicial Power	329	(52)
INTERNAL CHECKS	329	(2)
INSTITUTIONAL CHECKS	331	(3)
CHECKS IMPOSED BY THE AMERICAN SYSTEM OF SEPARATED
INSTITUTIONS	334	(6)
Political Checks by Executives	335	(2)
Legislative Restrictions	337	(3)
CHECKS FROM THE STATES	340	(2)
CHECKS FROM THE PEOPLE	342	(2)
SELECTED REFERENCES	344	(2)
READINGS
8.1 Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)	346	(3)
8.2 Lee Epstein and Jack Knight, THE CHOICES JUSTICES MAKE	349	(5)
8.3 Jeffrey A. Segal, Donald R. Songer, and Charles M. Cameron, DECISION MAKING ON THE U.S. COURTS OF APPEALS	354	(4)
8.4 ANDREW JACKSON'S VETO OF THE BANK BILL	358	(1)
8.5 ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS, MARCH 4, 1861	359	(1)
8.6 Franklin D. Roosevelt, REORGANIZING THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY	360	(3)
8.7 GEORGE W. BUSH'S STATEMENT ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGES (2004)	363	(1)
8.8 Ex Parte McCardle (1869)	364	(2)
8.9 James H. Kuklinski and John E. Stanga, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND GOVERNMENT RESPONSIVENESS: THE BEHAVIOR OF CALIFORNIA SUPERIOR COURTS	366	(4)
8.10 James L. Gibson, Gregory A. Caldeira, and Vanessa Baird, ON THE LEGITIMACY OF NATIONAL HIGH COURTS	370	(11)
Part Four JUDICIAL DECISION MAKING
Chapter 9. Fact Finding in the Courts	381	(57)
THE ADVERSARIAL PROCESS	382	(1)
JURIES	383	(13)
Jury Trials	384	(4)
The Critics and the Defenders of Juries	388	(1)
Standards for Fact Finding	389	(1)
Adjudicative Facts	390	(1)
Legislative Facts and Public Issues	390	(1)
Social and Economic Data	391	(3)
Contemporary Use of Social Science Evidence: The Death Penalty Cases	394	(2)
SELECTED REFERENCES	396	(2)
READINGS
9.1 Marvin E. Frankel, THE ADVERSARY JUDGE: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE TRIAL JUDGE	398	(4)
9.2 Hans Zeisel and Harry Kalven, Jr., THE AMERICAN EXPERIMENT	402	(4)
9.3 Geoffrey Norman, JUROR FUROR	406	(4)
9.4 Clarence Darrow, HOW TO PICK A JURY	410	(2)
9.5 Amitai Etzioni, SCIENCE: THREATENING THE JURY TRIAL	412	(5)
9.6 Michael Saks, THE LIMITS OF SCIENTIFIC JURY SELECTION	417	(2)
9.7 Paul Butler, BLACK JURORS: RIGHT TO ACQUIT?	419	(4)
9.8 Tracey Gilstrap Weiss, THE GREAT DEMOCRATIZING PRINCIPLE: THE EFFECT ON SOUTH AFRICA OF PLANNING A DEMOCRACY WITHOUT A JURY SYSTEM	423	(4)
9.9 MCCLESKEY V. KEMP (1987)	427	(6)
9.10 David C. Baldus, THE DEATH PENALTY DIALOGUE BETWEEN LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCE	433	(3)
9.11 John C. Jeffries, Jr., LEWIS F. POWELL, JR.	436	(2)
Chapter 10. Precedents and Legal Reasoning	438	(53)
REASONING BY EXAMPLE	439	(1)
RATION DECIDENDI VERSUS DICTA	440	(3)
Dicta	441	(2)
TREATMENT OF PRECEDENT	443	(5)
Distinguishing a Precedent	444	(1)
Limiting a Precedent	444	(1)
Ignoring a Precedent	445	(1)
Overruling a Precedent	446	(1)
Extending a Precedent	447	(1)
PRECEDENTS AND DECISION MAKING	448	(1)
SELECTED REFERENCES	449	(2)
READINGS
10.1 Edward H. Levi, AN INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL REASONING	451	(3)
10.2 Lief H. Carter, REASON IN LAW	454	(5)
10.3 MACPHERSON V. BUICK MOTOR Co. (1916)	459	(3)
10.4 Briefs Filed in U.S. TERM LIMITS V. THORNTON (1995)	462	(5)
10.5 PLANNED PARENTHOOD OF SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA V. CASEY (1992)	467	(9)
10.6 Jeffrey A. Segal and Harold J. Spaeth, THE INFLUENCE OF STARE DECISIS ON THE VOTES OF UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, VERSUS Jack Knight and Lee Epstein, THE NORM OF STARE DECISIS	476	(8)
10.7 Lewis F. Powell, Jr., STARE DECISIS AND JUDICIAL RESTRAINT	484	(3)
10.8 Ronald Kahn, INSTITUTIONAL NORMS AND SUPREME COURT DECISION MAKING: THE REHNQUIST COURT ON PRIVACY AND RELIGION	487	(4)
Chapter 11. Statutory Interpretation	491	(48)
PLAIN MEANING AND THE PROBLEM OF AMBIGUITY	491	(2)
DEALING WITH AMBIGUITY: THEORIES OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION	493	(5)
Legislative Intent	494	(1)
Legislative Purpose	495	(1)
The New Textualism	496	(1)
Dynamic Statutory Interpretation	497	(1)
PRACTICAL MATTERS IN STATUTORY INTERPRETATION	498	(2)
STATUTORY LAW AND JUDICIAL LAW MAKING	500	(1)
SELECTED REFERENCES	501	(2)
READINGS
11.1 Felix Frankfurter, SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE READING OF STATUTES	503	(4)
11.2 SMITH V. UNITED STATES (1993)	507	(3)
11.3 UNITED STEELWORKERS V. WEBER (1979)	510	(14)
11.4 Richard A. Posner, THE FEDERAL COURTS	524	(3)
11.5 Henry M. Hart, Jr., and Albert M. Sachs, THE LEGAL PROCESS	527	(3)
11.6 CONROY V. ANISKOFF (1993)	530	(1)
11.7 Frank H. Easterbrook, STATUTES' DOMAINS	531	(4)
11.8 William N. Eskridge, Jr., DYNAMIC STATUTORY INTERPRETATION	535	(4)
Chapter 12. Constitutional Interpretation	539	(78)
CONSTITUTIONAL TEXTS, CONSTITUTIONS, AND CONSTITUTIONALISM	539	(2)
WHAT IS TO BE INTERPRETED?	541	(1)
WHO SHALL INTERPRET?	542	(2)
HOW SHOULD JUDGES INTERPRET THE CONSTITUTION? INTERPRETIVE STYLE IN THE UNITED STATES	544	(1)
MODES OF INTERPRETATION	545	(12)
The Text	545	(1)
Stare Decisis and Doctrinal Analysis	545	(2)
Original Intent or Understanding	547	(3)
Structural Analysis	550	(1)
Purposive Analysis	551	(3)
Polls of Other Jurisdictions	554	(1)
Polls of Courts Abroad	555	(1)
Balancing of Interests	556	(1)
Cost-Benefit Analysis	556	(1)
CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION AS A FORM OF STATECRAFT	557	(1)
SELECTED REFERENCES	558	(3)
READINGS
12.1 UNITED STATES V. NIXON (1974)	561	(5)
12.2 Antonin Scalia, ORIGINALISM: THE LESSER EVIL	566	(5)
12.3 Robert H. Bork, THE TEMPTING OF AMERICA	571	(8)
12.4 Thurgood Marshall, REFLECTIONS ON THE BICENTENNIAL OF THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION	579	(3)
12.5 THE STATE V. MAKWANYANE (1995)	582	(3)
12.6 UNITED STATES V. LEON (1984)	585	(6)
12.7 Laurence H. Tribe v. Frank H. Easterbrook, ECONOMIC REASONING AND CONSTITUTIONAL INTERPRETATION	591	(9)
12.8 William Rehnquist, THE NOTION OF A LIVING CONSTITUTION	600	(5)
12.9 Ronald Dworkin, TAKING RIGHTS SERIOUSLY	605	(12)
Chapter 13. The Processes of Judicial Decision Making	617	(74)
TRIAL COURTS	617	(3)
INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURTS	620	(2)
STATE SUPREME COURTS	622	(1)
THE U.S. SUPREME COURT	623	(21)
Case Selection	624	(3)
Factors Affecting Selection of Cases	627	(3)
Oral Argument	630	(2)
The Judicial Conference	632	(2)
Writing Opinions	634	(2)
Negotiating and Bargaining	636	(3)
Voting on the Merits	639	(5)
SELECTED REFERENCES	644	(4)
READINGS
13.1 Charles Nesson and Associates, CRITICAL ISSUES IN THE COURTROOM: EXPLORING A HYPOTHETICAL CASE	648	(9)
13.2 James Eisenstein and Herbert Jacob, FELONY JUSTICE	657	(3)
13.3 Frank B. Cross and Emerson H. Tiller, JUDICIAL PARTISANSHIP AND OBEDIENCE TO LEGAL DOCTRINE: WHISTLEBLOWING ON THE FEDERAL COURTS OF APPEALS	660	(5)
13.4 Melinda Gann Hall, CONSTITUENT INFLUENCE IN STATE SUPREME COURTS	665	(5)
13.5 H.W. Perry, DECIDING TO DECIDE	670	(5)
13.6 David J. Danelski, THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHIEF JUSTICE IN THE DECISIONAL PROCESS	675	(9)
13.7 Paul J. Wahlbeck, James F. Spriggs, and Forrest Maltzman, MARSHALLING THE COURT: BARGAINING AND ACCOMMODATION ON THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT	684	(7)
Chapter 14. The Impact of Judicial Decisions	691	(68)
COMPLIANCE AND IMPACT	691	(3)
ANTICIPATED CONSEQUENCES	694	(2)
ACTUAL CONSEQUENCES	696	(3)
EXPLAINING AND ASSESSING EFFECTS	699	(4)
SELECTED REFERENCES	703	(3)
READINGS
14.1 Bradley C. Canon and Charles A. Johnson, JUDICIAL POLICIES: IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPACT	706	(8)
14.2 Elliot E. Slotnick and Jennifer A. Segal, TELEVISION NEWS AND THE SUPREME COURT: ALL THE NEWS THAT'S FIT TO AIR?	714	(8)
14.3 BAKER V. CARR (1962)	722	(3)
14.4 Louis Fisher, LEGISLATIVE VETOES, PHOENIX STYLE	725	(2)
14.5 Gerald N. Rosenberg, THE HOLLOW HOPE: CAN COURTS GENERATE SOCIAL CHANGE?	727	(16)
14.6 Michael McCann, REFORM LITIGATION ON TRIAL: REVIEW OF THE HOLLOW HOPE	743	(8)
14.7 Valerie J. Hoekstra, PUBLIC REACTION TO SUPREME COURT DECISIONS	751	(8)
Case Index	759	(4)
Subject Index	763