Craig's Restorative Dental Materials

by Powers & Sakaguchi

• ISBN13: 9780323036061
• ISBN10: 0323036066
• Edition: 12th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-30
• Publisher: Mosby

Summary

This comprehensive discussion of restorative dental materials covers everything you need to know to use dental materials correctly in the clinic and dental laboratory, from fundamental concepts to advanced skills. It presents the scientific basis for technical procedures and manipulation of materials, and the book's problem-solving approach focuses on applying new information to practice. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Scope and History of Restorative Materials	p. 1
Scope of Materials Covered in Restorative Dentistry	p. 2
Basic Sciences Applied to Restorative Materials	p. 2
Application of Various Sciences	p. 2
History	p. 3
Early History	p. 3
Medieval and Early Modern Period	p. 4
Beginning of Dental Science-1600 to 1840	p. 5
The Period of Mechanical Improvement-1840 to 1900	p. 7
Advances Since 1900	p. 8
Future Developments in Biomaterials	p. 11
Applied Surface Phenomena	p. 13
Characterization of Solid Surfaces	p. 14
The Colloidal State	p. 16
Nature of Colloids	p. 16
Typical Colloid Systems	p. 16
Gels	p. 17
Syneresis	p. 17
Emulsions	p. 17
Diffusion Through Membranes and Osmotic Pressure	p. 17
Adsorption, Absorption, and Sorption	p. 18
Surface Tension and Wetting	p. 18
Capillary Rise	p. 21
Penetration Coefficient	p. 22
Isolated Capillaries	p. 23
Forces Involved in Denture Retention	p. 23
Adhesion	p. 25
Optical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties	p. 27
Optical Properties	p. 28
Color	p. 28
Measurement of Color	p. 28
Pigmentation	p. 31
Metamerism	p. 32
Fluorescence	p. 32
Opacity, Translucency, and Transparency	p. 32
Index of Refraction	p. 33
Optical Constants	p. 33
Thermal Properties	p. 35
Temperature	p. 35
Transition Temperatures	p. 35
Heat of Fusion	p. 37
Thermal Conductivity	p. 38
Specific Heat	p. 39
Thermal Diffusivity	p. 40
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion	p. 40
Electrical Properties	p. 41
Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity	p. 41
Dielectric Constant	p. 42
Electromotive Force	p. 43
Galvanism	p. 43
Electrochemical Corrosion	p. 45
Zeta-Potential	p. 45
Other Properties	p. 46
Tarnish and Discoloration	p. 46
Water Sorption	p. 46
Solubility and Disintegration	p. 46
Setting Time	p. 47
Shelf Life	p. 47
Mechanical Properties	p. 51
Force	p. 52
Occlusal Forces	p. 52
Forces on Restoration	p. 52
Stress	p. 53
Types of Stress	p. 53
Strain	p. 54
Stress-Strain Curves	p. 55
Proportional and Elastic Limits	p. 57
Yield Strength	p. 57
Ultimate Strength	p. 58
Fracture Strength	p. 59
Elongation	p. 59
Elastic Modulus	p. 60
Poisson's Ratio	p. 61
Ductility and Malleability	p. 61
Resilience	p. 62
Toughness	p. 62
Fracture Toughness	p. 63
Properties and Stress-Strain Curves	p. 64
Other Mechanical Properties	p. 64
Tensile Properties Of Brittle Materials	p. 64
Compressive Properties	p. 65
Shear Strength	p. 65
Bond Strength	p. 66
Flexure	p. 66
Flexural Strength	p. 67
Permanent Bending	p. 69
Torsion	p. 69
Fatigue Strength	p. 69
Viscoelasticity	p. 70
Fluid Behavior and Viscosity	p. 71
Viscosity and Time and Temperature	p. 72
Viscoelastic Materials	p. 72
Mechanical Models of Viscoelasticity	p. 74
Creep Compliance	p. 75
Dynamic Mechanical Properties	p. 76
Dynamic Modulus	p. 76
Impact Strength	p. 77
Tear Strength and Tear Energy	p. 77
Mechanical Properties of Composites	p. 78
Surface Mechanical Properties	p. 79
Hardness	p. 79
Nano-Indentation	p. 83
Friction	p. 84
Wear	p. 84
Stress Analysis and Design of Dental Structures	p. 86
Two-Dimensional Photoelasticity	p. 86
Finite Element Analysis	p. 86
Summary	p. 87
Specifications for Restorative Materials	p. 88
American Dental Association Specifications	p. 88
American Dental Association Acceptance Program	p. 91
Index of Federal Specifications and Standards	p. 91
Biocompatibility of Dental Materials	p. 97
Anatomical and Pathological Aspects of Oral Tissues	p. 98
The Tooth	p. 98
Bone	p. 102
Periodontium	p. 102
Gingiva and Mucosa	p. 103
Measuring Biocompatibility	p. 104
In Vitro Tests	p. 104
Animal Tests	p. 109
Usage Tests	p. 110
Correlation Among in Vitro, Animal, and Usage Tests	p. 111
Using in Vitro, Animal, and Usage Tests Together	p. 111
Standards That Regulate the Measurement of Biocompatibility	p. 114
Biocompatibility of Dental Materials	p. 115
Reactions of Pulp	p. 115
Reaction of Other Oral Soft Tissues to Restorative Materials	p. 121
Reaction of Bone and Soft Tissues to Implant Materials	p. 123
Summary	p. 123
Nature of Metals and Alloys	p. 131
Chemical and Atomic Structure of Metals	p. 132
Atomic Structure	p. 132
Physical Properties of Metals	p. 133
Alloys and Principles of Metallurgy	p. 136
Phase Diagrams and Dental Alloys	p. 137
Alloy Microstructure	p. 140
Properties of Alloys	p. 144
Alloy Strengthening Mechanisms	p. 144
Properties of Casting Alloys	p. 145
Properties of Wrought Alloys	p. 145
Polymers and Polymerization	p. 149
Basic Nature of Polymers	p. 150
Chemical Composition	p. 150
Molecular Weight	p. 151
Spatial Structure	p. 151
Preparation of Polymers	p. 152
Addition Polymerization	p. 152
Condensation Polymerization	p. 155
Other Polymers	p. 157
Preventive Materials	p. 161
Chemotherapeutic Agents	p. 162
Dentifrices	p. 162
Mouthwashes	p. 165
Fluoride Varnishes	p. 167
Pit and Fissure Sealants	p. 167
Resin Sealants	p. 168
Glass Ionomer Sealants	p. 172
Flowable Composite Sealants	p. 173
Glass Ionomers	p. 173
Composition and Reaction	p. 173
Properties	p. 175
Manipulation	p. 175
Hybrid Ionomers	p. 176
Composition and Reaction	p. 176
Properties	p. 176
Manipulation	p. 178
Athletic Mouth Protectors	p. 179
Properties	p. 180
Fabrication of Custom-Made Protectors, Preparing a Mouth-Formed Mouth Protector	p. 182
Care of Athletic Mouth Protectors	p. 182
Other Applications for Vacuum-Forming	p. 182
Resin Composite Restorative Materials	p. 189
Multipurpose Composites	p. 191
Composition	p. 191
Polymerization Reaction	p. 194
Packaging of Composites	p. 194
Properties of Composites	p. 195
Overview	p. 195
Physical Properties	p. 195
Mechanical Properties	p. 198
Clinical Properties	p. 199
Manipulation of Composites	p. 201
Pulpal Protection	p. 201
Etching and Bonding	p. 201
Dispensing	p. 201
Placement	p. 202
Polymerization	p. 202
Finishing and Polishing	p. 203
Composites for Special Applications	p. 203
Microfilled Composites	p. 203
Packable Composites	p. 203
Flowable Composites	p. 204
Laboratory Composites	p. 204
Core Composites	p. 204
Provisional Composites	p. 204
Compomers	p. 204
Composition and Setting Reaction	p. 205
Properties	p. 205
Manipulation	p. 205
Light-Curing Units	p. 205
Overview	p. 205
Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen Light-Curing Units	p. 205
Plasma-Arc Light-Curing Units	p. 206
Blue Light-Emitting Diodes	p. 207
Bonding to Dental Substrates	p. 213
Principles of Adhesion	p. 214
Adhesive Joints	p. 214
Adhesion Versus Bond Strength	p. 214
Interface Formation for Adhesion	p. 214
Mechanisms of Interfacial Debonding	p. 215
Measurements of Bond Strength	p. 216
Characterization of Human Enamel and Dentin	p. 217
Structure and Morphology of Enamel	p. 217
Structure and Morphology of Dentin	p. 220
Bonding Agents for Direct Resin Composites	p. 221
Overview	p. 221
Composition	p. 223
Properties	p. 224
Manipulation	p. 226
Bonding Systems for Other Substrates	p. 228
Amalgam	p. 228
Laboratory Composites	p. 229
Ceramic	p. 229
Composite Bonded to Cast Alloys	p. 230
Repair of Composite, Ceramic, and Ceramic-Metal Restorations	p. 230
Amalgam	p. 235
Dental Amalgam Alloys	p. 236
Composition and Morphology	p. 236
Production	p. 238
Silver-Tin Alloy	p. 238
Amalgamation Processes	p. 240
Low-Copper Alloys	p. 240
High-Copper Alloys	p. 240
Microstructure of Amalgam	p. 241
Properties of Amalgam	p. 242
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 1 for Amalgam Alloy	p. 242
Physical and Mechanical Properties	p. 242
Properties of Mercury	p. 247
Manipulation of Amalgam	p. 248
Selection of Alloy	p. 248
Proportions of Alloy to Mercury	p. 248
Mixing of Amalgam	p. 249
Condensation of Amalgam	p. 251
Factors Related to Finishing Amalgam Restorations	p. 253
Bonding of Amalgam	p. 254
Mercury and Biocompatibility Issues	p. 255
Sources of Mercury	p. 255
Forms of Mercury	p. 255
Concentrations of Mercury	p. 256
Allergic Reactions and Disease	p. 257
Risks to Dentists and Office Personnel	p. 259
Impression Materials	p. 269
Purpose of Impression Materials	p. 270
Desirable Qualities	p. 271
Types of Impression Materials	p. 272
Alginate Hydrocolloids	p. 272
Composition and Chemistry	p. 272
Proportioning and Mixing	p. 274
Properties	p. 275
Agar Hydrocolloids	p. 279
Chemical Ingredients	p. 279
Clinical Manipulation of the Sol-Gel	p. 280
Properties	p. 80
Duplicating Impression Materials	p. 281
Elastomeric Impression Materials	p. 283
Consistencies	p. 283
Mixing Systems	p. 283
Impression Techniques	p. 286
Composition and Reactions	p. 287
Setting Properties	p. 291
Mechanical Properties	p. 296
Wettability and Hydrophilization of Elastomeric Impression Materials	p. 298
Disinfection of Elastomeric Impressions	p. 300
Relationship of Properties and Clinical Application	p. 300
Occlusal Registration Materials	p. 301
Elastomeric Registration Materials	p. 301
Wax Registrations	p. 301
Edentulous Impression Techniques	p. 302
Impression Compound	p. 302
Impression Trays	p. 303
Die, Cast, and Model Materials	p. 303
Desirable Qualities of a Cast or Die Material	p. 303
Dental Plaster and Stone	p. 304
Epoxy Die Materials	p. 304
Comparison of Impression and Die Materials	p. 305
Gypsum Products and Investments	p. 313
Chemical and Physical Nature of Gypsum Products	p. 314
Manufacture of Dental Plaster, Stone, and High-Strength Stone	p. 314
Chemical Reaction	p. 316
Properties	p. 318
Setting Time	p. 318
Viscosity	p. 320
Compressive Strength	p. 320
Surface Hardness and Abrasion Resistance	p. 321
Reproduction of Detail	p. 322
Setting Expansion	p. 323
Manipulation	p. 323
Casting Investments	p. 324
Properties Required of an Investment	p. 324
Composition	p. 325
Calcium Sulfate-Bonded Investments	p. 325
Properties of Calcium Sulfate-Bonded Investments	p. 325
Effect of Temperature on Investment	p. 325
Setting Expansion of Calcium Sulfate-Bonded Investment	p. 327
Thermal and Hygroscopic Casting Investment	p. 329
Hygroscopic-Thermal Gold Casting Investment	p. 329
Investment for Casting High-Melting Point Alloys	p. 329
Brazing Investment	p. 332
Investment for All-Ceramic Restorations	p. 332
Waxes	p. 337
Waxes, Gums, Fats, and Resins	p. 338
Natural Waxes	p. 338
Synthetic Waxes	p. 341
Gums	p. 341
Fats	p. 341
Resins	p. 341
Characteristic Properties of Waxes	p. 342
Melting Range	p. 342
Thermal Expansion	p. 342
Mechanical Properties	p. 344
Flow	p. 344
Residual Stress	p. 346
Ductility	p. 346
Dental Waxes	p. 347
Inlay Pattern Wax	p. 347
Casting Wax	p. 350
Resin Modeling Material	p. 351
Baseplate Wax	p. 352
Boxing Wax	p. 353
Utility Wax	p. 354
Sticky Wax	p. 354
Corrective Impression Wax	p. 355
Occlusal (Bite) Registration Wax	p. 355
Noble Dental Alloys and Solders	p. 359
Metallic Elements Used in Dental Alloys	p. 360
Noble Metals	p. 360
Base Metals	p. 363
Binary Combinations of Metals	p. 365
Casting Alloys	p. 368
Types and Composition	p. 368
Grain Size	p. 370
Properties	p. 370
Gold-Based Alloys for Ceramic-Metal Restorations	p. 373
Wrought Alloys	p. 373
Microstructure	p. 374
Composition	p. 374
Properties	p. 375
Solders and Soldering Operations	p. 375
Types of Solders	p. 375
Microstructure of Soldered Joints	p. 379
Cast and Wrought Base-Metal Alloys	p. 387
General Requirements of a Dental Alloy	p. 386
Cobalt-Chromium and Nickel-Chromium Casting Alloys	p. 387
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 14	p. 387
Composition	p. 387
Microstructure of Cast Base-Metal Alloys	p. 388
Heat Treatment of Base-Metal Alloys	p. 390
Physical Properties	p. 390
Mechanical Properties	p. 390
Corrosion	p. 392
Crown and Bridge Casting Alloys	p. 392
Other Applications of Cast Base-Metal Alloys	p. 393
Titanium and Titanium Alloys	p. 393
Commercially Pure Titanium	p. 393
Titanium Alloys: General	p. 393
Ti-6al-4v	p. 394
Cast Titanium	p. 394
Other Applications of Wrought Titanium	p. 396
Wrought Stainless Steel Alloys	p. 396
Composition	p. 396
Function of Alloying Elements and Chemical Resistance	p. 396
Stress-Relieving Treatments	p. 397
Stainless Steel Orthodontic Wires	p. 397
Stainless Steel Endodontic Instruments	p. 400
Nickel-Titanium Endodontic Instruments	p. 402
Base-Metal Prefabricated Crowns	p. 403
Wrought Cobalt-Chromium-Nickel Alloy	p. 403
Composition	p. 403
Processing and Manipulation	p. 404
Properties	p. 404
Wrought Nickel-Titanium Alloy	p. 405
Composition and Shape-Memory Effect	p. 405
Properties and Manipulation	p. 405
Wrought Beta-Titanium Alloy	p. 405
Composition and Microstructure	p. 405
Manipulation	p. 405
Properties	p. 406
Other Orthodontic Wires	p. 406
Summary of Orthodontic Wires	p. 406
Some Other Alloys	p. 406
Casting and Soldering Procedures	p. 411
Casting	p. 412
Lost-Wax Technique	p. 412
Formation of the Wax Pattern	p. 414
Spruing the Wax Pattern	p. 416
Investing the Wax Pattern	p. 418
Burnout of the Wax Pattern	p. 421
Casting Procedure	p. 423
Special Casting Situations	p. 425
Casting Problems	p. 431
Cleaning and Pickling Alloys	p. 435
Soldering Techniques	p. 435
General Suggestions for Soldering	p. 435
Infrared Soldering	p. 436
Casting and Soldering Fluxes	p. 436
Noble and High-Noble Alloys	p. 437
Chromium-Containing Alloys	p. 437
Ceramics	p. 443
Historical Background	p. 444
Classification of Dental Ceramics	p. 444
Fusion Temperature	p. 444
Applications	p. 445
Fabrication Technique	p. 445
Crystalline Phase	p. 445
Ceramic-Metal Restorations	p. 446
Composition and Manufacture	p. 446
Composition	p. 446
Manufacture	p. 446
Processing	p. 448
All-Ceramic Restorations	p. 451
Sintered All-Ceramic Materials	p. 451
Slip-Cast All-Ceramic Materials	p. 454
Machinable All-Ceramic Materials	p. 454
General Applications of Ceramics in Restorative Dentistry	p. 455
Ceramic-Metal Crowns and Fixed Partial Dentures	p. 456
All-Ceramic Crowns, Inlays, Onlays, And Veneers	p. 456
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Dental Ceramics	p. 456
Toughening Methods	p. 457
Test Methods	p. 458
Comparative Data	p. 458
Optical Properties of Dental Ceramics	p. 459
Properties of Porcelain Denture Teeth	p. 460
Ceramic-Metal Systems	p. 465
Requirements for a Ceramic-Metal System	p. 466
Ceramic-Metal Bonding	p. 467
Evaluation of Ceramic-Metal Bonding	p. 469
Ceramics for Ceramic-Metal Restorations	p. 469
Alloys for Ceramic-Metal Restorations	p. 470
Composition and Properties of Noble-Metal Alloys	p. 470
Composition and Properties of Base-Metal Alloys	p. 472
Preparation of Ceramic-Metal Restorations	p. 473
Effect of Design on Ceramic-Metal Restorations	p. 474
Failure and Repair of Ceramic-Metal Restorations	p. 474
Cements	p. 479
Characteristic Properties of Dental Cements	p. 481
Film Thickness and Consistency	p. 481
Viscosity	p. 482
Setting Time	p. 483
Strength	p. 483
Solubility	p. 484
Water-Based Cements	p. 484
Glass Ionomer Cement	p. 484
Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement	p. 486
Zinc Polyacrylate Cement	p. 487
Zinc Phosphate Cement	p. 488
Resin-Based Cements	p. 491
Composites and Adhesive Resins	p. 491
Compomers	p. 497
Oil-Based Cements	p. 497
Zinc Oxide-Eugenol and Noneugenol Cements	p. 497
Cavity Varnishes	p. 502
Composition	p. 502
Manipulation	p. 502
Properties	p. 502
Applications	p. 503
Cavity Liners	p. 503
Composition and Chemistry of Setting	p. 503
Manipulation	p. 503
Properties	p. 503
High-Strength Bases	p. 504
Properties	p. 505
Prosthetic Applications of Polymers	p. 513
Properties of Denture Base Materials	p. 514
Physical Form and Composition	p. 515
Other Denture Materials	p. 517
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 12 (ISO 1567) for Denture Base Resins	p. 517
Properties of Dental Plastics	p. 518
Strength Properties	p. 518
Thermal Characteristics	p. 522
Other Properties of Denture Polymers	p. 523
Manipulation and Processing of Denture Base Polymers	p. 526
Heat-Accelerated Acrylic Denture Polymers	p. 526
Chemically Accelerated Acrylic Denture Polymers-Compression Molding	p. 532
Fluid Resin Acrylic Denture Polymers	p. 534
Light-Cured Denture Polymers	p. 535
Factors Involved in Denture Retention	p. 535
Effect of Auxiliary Materials on Denture Polymers	p. 536
Repair Materials	p. 538
Relining and Rebasing Dentures	p. 539
Denture Teeth	p. 544
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 15 (ISO 22112) for Synthetic Denture Teeth	p. 546
Maxillofacial Materials	p. 546
Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)	p. 546
Polyurethane	p. 547
Room Temperature-Vulcanized Silicones	p. 547
Other Elastomers	p. 547
Fabrication of the Prostheses	p. 547
Physical Properties	p. 547
Dental Implants	p. 555
History	p. 556
Classification	p. 557
Subperiosteal Implant	p. 557
Transosteal Implant	p. 557
Endosseous Implant	p. 557
Osseointegration and Biointegration	p. 558
Factors Affecting the Endosteal Implant	p. 561
Geometry	p. 561
Magnitude of the Force	p. 561
Duration of the Force	p. 562
Type of Force	p. 562
Implant Diameter	p. 562
Implant Length	p. 562
Surfaces and Biocompatibility	p. 563
Ion Release	p. 563
Surfaces	p. 563
Implant Materials and Processing	p. 564
Challenges and the Future	p. 565
Tissue Engineering	p. 571
History	p. 572
Autograft	p. 572
Allograft	p. 573
Xenograft	p. 573
Alloplasts	p. 573
Strategies for Tissue Engineering	p. 573
Injection of Cells	p. 573
Guided Tissue Regeneration	p. 576
Cell Induction	p. 576
Cells within Scaffold Matrices	p. 578
Stem Cells	p. 578
Biomaterials and Scaffolds	p. 579
Biological Materials	p. 580
Ceramic and Glass Materials	p. 580
Polymeric Materials	p. 580
Cell Culture Methods	p. 581
Tissue-Engineered Dental Tissues	p. 581
Conversion Tables	p. 587
Mind Maps	p. 591
Index	p. 615
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