What is included with this book?
Introduction and Use of This Text | p. xi |
List of Contributors | p. xv |
Crime Scene Principles | p. 1 |
The Crime Scene Context | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
What is a crime? | p. 4 |
The nature of the UK legal system | p. 6 |
The legal system in England and Wales | p. 7 |
Other courts | p. 9 |
The judicial system in Northern Ireland | p. 10 |
The Scottish legal system | p. 11 |
Judicial processes that deal with causes of death | p. 13 |
What constitutes evidence? | p. 15 |
The chain of events in evidence gathering | p. 16 |
The relationship between evidence gatherers and analysts | p. 19 |
Health and safety considerations | p. 20 |
Suggested further reading | p. 20 |
First Officer Attending | p. 21 |
Introduction | p. 21 |
Response to incident report | p. 22 |
Personnel involved in the investigative process | p. 23 |
Recording and recovery of scientific evidence | p. 24 |
Initial considerations of the first officer attending (FOA) | p. 24 |
Dealing with the victim | p. 26 |
Dealing with witnesses | p. 27 |
Dealing with suspects | p. 28 |
Dealing with the crime scene(s) | p. 28 |
Documentation | p. 33 |
Dealing with violent crime | p. 34 |
Summary and conclusion | p. 35 |
The Role of the Scenes of Crime Officer | p. 37 |
Introduction | p. 37 |
Training the SOCO | p. 38 |
The responsibilities of a SOCO | p. 39 |
Forensic evidence | p. 41 |
Request for SOCO attendance at crime scenes | p. 45 |
Actions when attending the crime scene | p. 46 |
Initial scene assessment (including health and safety considerations) | p. 46 |
Planning evidence recovery | p. 49 |
Record the evidence | p. 50 |
The elimination process | p. 56 |
Details of evidence recovered | p. 56 |
Integrity, continuity and contamination | p. 57 |
Packaging materials | p. 62 |
Conclusion | p. 67 |
Police Photography | p. 69 |
Introduction | p. 69 |
General guidelines | p. 70 |
Equipment | p. 71 |
Exposure | p. 72 |
Image quality/size | p. 77 |
Depth of field | p. 78 |
White balance | p. 80 |
Image data | p. 81 |
Flash photography | p. 82 |
Room interiors | p. 84 |
Vehicles | p. 84 |
Exhibits | p. 85 |
Assaults and woundings | p. 85 |
Night photography | p. 88 |
Footwear impressions | p. 89 |
Fingerprints | p. 90 |
Recording video evidence at crime scenes | p. 92 |
The use of digital images in court | p. 94 |
Suggested further reading | p. 95 |
Evidence Gathering Techniques | p. 97 |
Fingerprints | p. 99 |
Introduction | p. 99 |
The nature of friction ridge skin | p. 101 |
The structure of friction ridge skin | p. 102 |
Friction ridge growth | p. 103 |
Principles of friction ridge identification | p. 104 |
Comparison methodology | p. 106 |
Chemical composition of latent prints | p. 107 |
Identification of common locations for prints | p. 109 |
The use of powdering techniques to enhance latent finger marks | p. 112 |
Chemical development techniques | p. 115 |
Laboratory and scene applications | p. 117 |
Fingerprints in bodily fluids | p. 120 |
Scenes of fire | p. 122 |
Optical methods to reveal fingerprints (laser and other light sources) | p. 123 |
New and emerging techniques | p. 126 |
Summary | p. 127 |
Acknowledgements | p. 129 |
Selected further reading | p. 129 |
DNA-Rich Evidence | p. 131 |
Introduction | p. 131 |
Historical background | p. 131 |
The structure and properties of DNA | p. 132 |
DNA analysis | p. 133 |
Types of DNA testing | p. 133 |
Biological evidence | p. 136 |
Procedures for collection of biological evidence: general considerations | p. 139 |
Limitations of DNA evidence | p. 150 |
Elimination and reference samples | p. 151 |
Summary | p. 151 |
References | p. 151 |
Blood Pattern Analysis | p. 153 |
Introduction | p. 153 |
History of the development of blood spatter as a scientific discipline | p. 154 |
Composition of blood | p. 155 |
Physical properties of blood | p. 156 |
Causes of bleeding | p. 157 |
Blood dynamics | p. 158 |
Drop-surface impact and droplet pattern | p. 159 |
Determination of area of origin of spatter | p. 162 |
Cast-off patterns | p. 164 |
Arterial damage patterns | p. 164 |
Non-spatter patterns | p. 167 |
Physiologically altered blood stains (PABS) | p. 170 |
Volume blood stains | p. 174 |
Composite patterns | p. 176 |
Investigative transfer and contamination issues | p. 176 |
Recording traces | p. 177 |
Summary | p. 179 |
Suggested further reading | p. 179 |
Physical Evidence | p. 181 |
Introduction | p. 181 |
Tool marks | p. 181 |
Clothing | p. 184 |
Fibres | p. 184 |
Footwear impressions | p. 187 |
Glass fragments | p. 189 |
Glass fragmentation | p. 191 |
Soils | p. 193 |
Firearms | p. 194 |
Scene recovery of firearms | p. 198 |
Gunshot residues (GSR) | p. 199 |
Drugs of abuse (DOA) | p. 201 |
The crime scene characteristics of various DOA's | p. 202 |
Presumptive tests for drugs | p. 204 |
Amateur explosives | p. 206 |
Summary | p. 207 |
Suggested further reading | p. 208 |
Specialised Scenes and Report Writing | p. 209 |
The Examination of Fire Scenes | p. 211 |
Introduction | p. 211 |
The nature of fire | p. 211 |
The oxygen demand of fuels | p. 214 |
Flame and fire classifications | p. 216 |
Types of evidence specific to fire scenes | p. 217 |
Locating the seat of the fire | p. 219 |
Evidence gathering methods | p. 220 |
Methods for ascertaining whether a crime has been committed | p. 222 |
Health and safety considerations | p. 224 |
Summary | p. 225 |
Suggested further reading | p. 225 |
Examination of Recovered Stolen Motor Vehicles | p. 227 |
Introduction | p. 227 |
What is a motor vehicle? | p. 229 |
The definition of an auto crime | p. 231 |
Auto crime scene examinations | p. 233 |
Requests to attend an 'auto crime' scene | p. 234 |
The examination process | p. 236 |
Conclusion | p. 247 |
Preparing Reports and Statements | p. 249 |
Introduction | p. 249 |
Documentation at the crime scene | p. 250 |
Photography | p. 251 |
Plans, sketches and diagrams | p. 251 |
The exhibit label | p. 253 |
Handling the evidence | p. 257 |
Statements of evidence | p. 260 |
Criminal Justice Act 1967, section 9 | p. 260 |
Crime scene examination statements | p. 261 |
Conclusion | p. 263 |
Appendix Police Service Rank Structure | p. 265 |
Index | p. 267 |
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