Criminal Investigation Basic Perspectives

by Lushbaugh, Charles; Weston, Paul

• ISBN13: 9780133514407
• ISBN10: 0133514404
• Edition: 13th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2015-02-20
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

For courses in basic and advanced criminal investigation

A Guide to Effective Criminal Investigations
Drawing upon the author’s 50 plus years of experience, Criminal Investigation gives students a comprehensive introduction to the investigative process. From preliminaries to case preparation for prosecutorial review, this text focuses on the fundamentals of inquiry and each element of investigation.

Concise and well-organized, Criminal Investigation exposes students to the most recent investigative techniques and features real-life case studies to help them develop their ability to analyze, evaluate, and reason. Through the emphasis of ethical awareness students gain an understanding of the need for honesty and fidelity in effective criminal investigations.

The Thirteenth Edition includes numerous pedagogical aids to assist the learning process as well as new chapter segments on cell phones, social networking, and video cameras as investigative leads, cold case investigations, home invasion and drug house robberies, organized retail theft and cargo theft, financial investigative responses to organized crime and updates on terrorist activities.

Author Biography

Charles Lushbaugh after having earned his bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice and a master’s degree in Public Administration was hired as a Postal Inspector. After a few years he left this position and was hired by the U.S. Marshal’s Service in Sacramento, California. Eventually he became a deputy with the Sacramento Sheriff’s Department. He served in the corrections and patrol divisions prior to being promoted and placed in charge of the departments training academy. He attended the FBI National Academy and retired at the rank of Lieutenant after 26 years of service. He taught at the California State University at Sacramento in the division of Criminal Justice. During his tenure as a lecturer he taught a variety of courses including Basic and Advance Criminal Investigation, Interviewing and the Detection of Deception and Drug Abuse and Criminal Behavior.

Paul Weston, the original author of this text, was born in New York City. He joined the police force there at a young age and rapidly rose through the ranks and retired at the rank of Chief Deputy. He moved west to become a professor at the California State University at Sacramento. He served in this capacity until he took leave to become the Chief of the California State Police. When he returned to teaching he became to Chair of the division of Criminal Justice. He authored a number of books on Criminal Justice topics such as Arson Investigation, Police Personnel Management, Police Organization and Management, and Criminal Investigation.

Table of Contents

Part 1 The Initial Investigation

Chapter 1 Evolution of Policing and Investigation 1

Early Response to Crime 2

Night Watch 2

Thief-Takers 3

Bow Street Runners 3

London’s Metropolitan Police 3

American Policing 4

The Reform Movement 5

Development of Forensic Science 7

Local Policing 9

State Policing 9

Federal Investigative Agencies 9

Case Study: Betty’s New Car 11

Chapter Review 12 • Key Terms 12 • Review Questions 12

Application Exercise 13 • Discussion Questions 13 • Related

Websites 14 • Notes 14

Chapter 2 Rules of Evidence and Arrest 15

Search Warrants 16

Warrantless Searches 18

Consent Search 18

Stop and Frisk 18

Plain View Exception 19

Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest 19

Motor Vehicle Stop 20

Open Fields 20

Exigent Circumstances 20

Exclusionary Rule 21

Arrest vs. Detention 21

Arrest Warrants 22

Locating the Suspect 22

The Broadcast Alarm 23

Records as Sources of Information 24

Wanted Notices 24

The Arrest 27

Case Preparation 28

The Defendant’s Identity 29

The Defendant and the Corpus Delicti 29

Negative Evidence 30

Lawful Procedures 30

The Decision to Charge 30

Closing an Investigation 31

Case Study: Weeks v. United States 232 U.S. 383 (1914) 32

Chapter Review 33 • Key Terms 33 • Review Questions 33

Application Exercise 34 • Discussion Questions 34 • Related

Websites 34 • Notes 35

Chapter 3 The Crime Scene 36

Control of the Crime Scene 37

Approach 37

Safety 38

Medical Attention 38

Search for Witnesses 38

Broadcast Alarm 38

Scene Boundaries 38

Management Notification 39

Media Relations 39

Officer-in-Charge 40

Crime Scene Investigation 40

Search Procedures 40

Collecting Evidence 42

Marking Evidence 43

Establishing the Chain of Custody 44

Packaging Physical Evidence 45

Matching Physical Evidence with Known Standards 46

Transporting Evidence 47

Handling Infected Evidence 48

Identifying Physical Changes at the Scene 49

Conducting a Final Survey of the Scene 49

Recording the Crime Scene 50

Field Notes 50

Preliminary Investigative Report 51

Offense or Crime Report 54

Photographing the Crime Scene 54

Sketching the Crime Scene 56

Videotaping the Crime Scene 60

Locating Witnesses 61

Revisiting the Crime Scene 61

View Area Canvass 62

The Neighborhood Canvass 62

Issuing Pleas for Public Cooperation 63

Case Study: Incredible Evidence 64

Chapter Review 66 • Key Terms 66 • Review Questions 66

Application Exercise 67 • Discussion Questions 67

Related Websites 67 • Notes 68

Chapter 4 Physical Evidence 69

Class and Individual Evidence 70

Weapons 70

Blood 73

Imprints and Impressions 75

Tool Marks 77

Hair 79

Fibers 80

Glass 81

Paint 81

Questioned Documents 82

Case Study: The Blacken Fern 82

Chapter Review 83 • Key Terms 83 • Review Questions 84

Application Exercise 84 • Discussion Questions 85 • Related

Websites 85 • Notes 85

Chapter 5 Laboratory and Technical Services 86

Criminalistics: Forensic Science 87

DNA Profiling 88

Mitochondrial DNA 89

Laboratory Determinations 90

Laboratory Equipment 93

Voiceprint Identification 96

Cryptography 96

Forensic Databases 97

Case Study: Child Abduction 98

Chapter Review 98 • Key Terms 98 • Review

Questions 99 • Application Exercise 99 • Discussion

Questions 100 • Related Websites 100 • Notes 100

Chapter 6 Basic Investigative Leads and Informants 102

Basic Leads 104

Victim’s Background 104

Benefit 105

Opportunity 106

Knowledge 106

Field Contact Reports 107

Vehicles 107

Weapons 108

Fingerprints 108

Stolen Property 109

Modus Operandi 110

Computer Databases 111

Offender Registration 111

Photographs of Known Criminals 112

Composite Sketches for Identification 113

Injured Suspects 114

Linkage Between Suspect and Crime Partners 114

Social Media 115

Video Surveillance Cameras 115

Cell Phones 116

Informants 116

Basic-Lead Informants 117

Participant Informants 118

Covert Informants 119

Accomplice Witnesses 119

Investigative Techniques 120

Visual Surveillance 121

Audio Surveillance 122

Contact Surveillance 124

Search Warrants 125

Police Intelligence: Criminal Investigation Information 125

Proactive Investigation 127

Undercover Police Agents 127

Lineups 128

Case Study: Tracking Bad Guys 129

Chapter Review 129 • Key Terms 129 • Review

Questions 130 • Application Exercise 131 • Discussion

Questions 131 • Related Websites 131 • Notes 131

Chapter 7 Interviewing and Interrogation 133

Interview Essentials 134

Privacy 134

Rapport Building 135

Competency and Credibility Issues 135

Interview Structure 136

Listening 136

Detection of Deception 137

Physical Signs of Deception 137

Neurolinguistic Eye Movement 138

Polygraph Testing 140

Recollection Refreshment 141

Investigative Hypnosis 141

Cognitive Interview 142

Written Statement of a Witness 142

Interrogations 143

Interrogation Law 143

The Waiver 145

Interrogation Essentials 146

Privacy 146

Prior to Interrogation 146

Approach 147

Why People Confess 147

The Suspect’s Dilemma: The Crime Partner 147

Documenting the Confession 148

Case Study: Interrogation of a Robbery Suspect 149

Chapter Review 150 • Key Terms 150 • Review

Questions 151 • Application Exercise 152 • Discussion

Questions 152 • Related Websites 152 • Notes 152

Part 2 Investigating Major Crimes

Chapter 8 Crimes of Violence 153

Homicide 154

“Suspicious Death” Investigation 154

The Autopsy as an Extension of the Crime Scene 155

Medicolegal Laboratory Services 156

Suicide, Accident, or Criminal Homicide? 157

Identification of the Victim 158

Time of Death 160

Exhumation 161

Checklist for the Investigation of Criminal Homicide 161

Patterns of Criminal Homicide 163

Motive for Murder: Relationships 165

Multicide 165

Cold Case Investigations 168

Stalking 168

Assaults 169

Child Abuse 170

Case Study: Autopsy Surgeon 172

Chapter Review 174 • Key Terms 174 • Review

Questions 175 • Application Exercise 175 • Discussion

Questions 176 • Related Websites 176 • Notes 176

Chapter 9 Sexual Assaults 177

Rape 178

Initial Action 178

Follow-Up Interview of Victim 180

Follow-Up Interviews of Witnesses 181

Personality Profile of the Serial Rapist 182

Arrest of the Suspected Rapist 183

Case Preparation 184

Problems of Proof 184

Statutory Rape 185

Nuisance Sexual Behavior 185

Child Sexual Abuse 186

Incest 186

Pedophilia 186

The Child as Victim-Witness 189

Case Study: The East Area Rapist 189

Chapter Review 190 • Key Terms 190 • Review

Questions 190 • Application Exercise 191 • Discussion

Questions 191 • Related Websites 192 • Notes 192

Chapter 10 Missing and Exploited Persons 193

Missing Persons 194

Abducted Infants 194

Missing Children 194

Missing Teenagers 196

Missing Adults 196

Investigative Response 197

Exploited Persons 199

Investigative Leads 200

Case Study: The Cleveland Abductions 201

Chapter Review 201 • Key Terms 201 • Review

Questions 202 • Application Exercise 202 • Discussion

Questions 202 • Related Websites 203 • Notes 203

Chapter 11 Robbery 204

Components of Robbery 205

The Target in Robberies 208

Identification Evidence 210

Checklist for the Investigation of Robbery 211

Repeat-Offender Cases 213

Carjacking 213

Outline of Carjacking Investigation 213

Problems of Proof 214

Case Study: Cheshire Home Invasion 214

Chapter Review 215 • Key Terms 215 • Review

Questions 215 • Application Exercise 216 • Discussion

Questions 216 • Related Websites 216 • Notes 216

Chapter 12 Arson, Bombing, and Hate Crimes 218

Arson and Arson Law 219

The Suspicious Fire Concept 220

Burn Patterns: Structural Fires 221

Burn Patterns: Nonstructural Fires 222

Fire Ignition and Place of Origin 222

The Fire Scene 223

Photographs of the Fire Scene 225

The Continuing Arson Investigation 226

Bombings 228

Problems of Proof in Arson and Bombing Cases 229

Hate Crimes 229

Case Study: Motive for Arson 230

Chapter Review 231 • Key Terms 231 • Review

Questions 231 • Application Exercise 232 • Discussion

Questions 232 • Related Websites 233 • Notes 233

Chapter 13 Property Crimes 234

Burglary 235

Types of Burglars 237

Burglary as a Behavioral Concept 239

Safe Burglars 240

The Burglary Scene Investigation 241

The Postscene Investigation 241

Known Burglars 242

Theft 242

The Attack 244

Modus Operandi Searches 244

The Universe of Suspects 245

Criminal Receivers of Stolen Property 246

Auto Theft 246

Theft by Employees 248

Organized Retail Theft 249

Cargo Theft 250

Fraud 250

Elements of Fraud 251

Bunco Schemes and Con Games 252

The Bank Examiner Fraud 254

Fraudulent Checks 254

Credit Card Fraud 254

Consumer and Business Fraud 255

Workplace Fraud 256

ATM Fraud 256

Investigation of Fraud 257

Case Study: Costly Crush 258

Chapter Review 258 • Key Terms 258 • Review

Questions 259 • Application Exercise 260 • Discussion

Questions 260 • Related Websites 260 • Notes 261

Chapter 14 CyberCrime 262

Internal Threats 263

External Threats 264

Fraud 265

Identity Theft 267

Child Pornography 267

Child Molesters 268

Contraband Sales 268

Terrorism 268

Investigation 269

Case Study: The Case Against PFC. Bradley Manning 270

Chapter Review 271 • Key Terms 271 • Review

Questions 272 • Application Exercise 272 • Discussion

Questions 273 • Related Websites 273 • Notes 273

Chapter 15 Dangerous Drugs 274

Entrapment 276

The Drug Scene 276

Heroin 277

Cocaine 278

Marijuana 278

Amphetamine and Methamphetamine 279

Phencyclidine 279

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide 280

Ecstasy 280

Rohypnol 280

Drug-Selling Organizations 280

Drug Investigations 282

Pickup Arrests 282

Arrests Based on “Buys” 283

Search Warrants 284

Warrantless Searches 287

Working-Up Investigations 287

Raids 288

Problems of Proof 289

Case Study: Dangerous Drugs Law Enforcement—Roles and Story

Lines 290

Chapter Review 292 • Key Terms 292 • Review

Questions 293 • Application Exercise 293 • Discussion

Questions 294 • Related Websites 294 • Notes 294

Chapter 16 Special Investigations 295

Vice and Gambling 296

Gambling 296

Prostitution 296

Organized Crime 298

Nature of Operations 298

Characteristic Activity 299

Investigative Alerts 300

Gang Activity 301

Problems of Proof 301

Investigative Tactics 301

Hit and Run 302

The Hit-and-Run Operator 302

The Alarm 304

The Scene Search 304

Stakeouts 305

Transfer Evidence 305

Accountability 306

Possible Murder 306

Case Study: Hit and Run 306

Chapter Review 307 • Key Terms 307 • Review

Questions 308 • Application Exercise 308 • Discussion

Questions 309 • Related Websites 309 • Notes 309

Chapter 17 Terrorism 310

Defining Terrorism 311

Terrorist Acts 311

Terrorist Atrocities 312

Domestic Terrorism 313

International Terrorism 316

Weapons of Mass Destruction 318

Counterterrorism 318

Role of Police Operations Units 319

Role of the Criminal Investigator 320

Problems of Proof 321

Case Study: Joint Terrorism Task Force 322

Chapter Review 322 • Key Terms 322 • Review

Questions 322 • Application Exercise 323 • Discussion

Questions 323 • Related Websites 324 • Notes 324

Chapter 18 The Investigator as a Witness and Ethical

Awareness 325

The Investigator as a Witness 326

Action Prior to Court Appearance 326

General Behavior 327

Nonverbal Communication 328

Conduct After Testifying 329

Ethical Awareness 330

Crime and Outrageous Conduct 330

Impact of Misconduct on Criminal Investigation 330

Standards for Criminal Investigators 330

Prevention of Misconduct 331

Case Study: The Special Crime Squad 331

Chapter Review 334 • Key Terms 334 • Review

Questions 334 • Application Exercise 335 • Discussion

Questions 335 • Related Websites 335 • Notes 336

Appendix A Case Briefs 337

Appendix B Federal Controlled Substances Law 341

Appendix C Identity Theft: What to Do If It Happens to You 344

Appendix D Answers to Chapter Review Questions 346

Glossary 348

Index 359