Preface | p. xiii |
Crime Control in a Constitutional Democracy | p. 2 |
Balancing Values in Criminal Procedure | p. 5 |
Community Security and Individual Autonomy | p. 5 |
Ends and Means | p. 7 |
The History of Balancing Values | p. 8 |
Balancing Values in Emergencies | p. 9 |
Equality | p. 9 |
Discretion | p. 10 |
The Objective Basis Requirement | p. 10 |
"Good" Evidence and "Bad" Methods | p. 11 |
The Text-Case Method | p. 11 |
The Parts of Case Excerpts | p. 12 |
Precedent and Stare Decisis | p. 14 |
Appellate Cases | p. 15 |
Briefing the Cases | p. 16 |
Criminal Procedure and the Constitution | p. 20 |
The U.S. Constitution and the Courts | p. 23 |
State Constitutions and State Courts | p. 24 |
Due Process of Law | p. 25 |
The Meaning of Due Process | p. 25 |
Hurtado and Charging by Information | p. 26 |
The "Scottsboro Boys" and Due Process of Law | p. 27 |
Brown v. Mississippi and Coerced Confessions | p. 28 |
The Fundamental Fairness Doctrine | p. 30 |
The Incorporation Doctrine | p. 31 |
Case: Rochin v. California | p. 33 |
Equal Protection of the Law | p. 36 |
Case: U.S. v. Armstrong | p. 37 |
The Definition of Searches and Seizures | p. 46 |
The History and the Purposes of the Fourth Amendment | p. 49 |
Searches | p. 51 |
The Privacy Doctrine | p. 51 |
Case: Katz v. U.S. | p. 53 |
Electronic Surveillance | p. 59 |
Case: U.S. v. White | p. 59 |
Case: Kyllo v. U.S. | p. 62 |
The Plain View Doctrine | p. 65 |
Case: Illinois v. Caballes | p. 66 |
The Open Fields Doctrine | p. 68 |
Abandoned Property | p. 68 |
Seizures | p. 69 |
Empirical Findings | p. 71 |
Fleeing Suspects | p. 72 |
Case: California v. Hodari D. | p. 72 |
Stop and Frisk | p. 80 |
Stop-and-Frisk Law | p. 84 |
Two Approaches to Fourth Amendment Analyses | p. 84 |
Terry v. Ohio and Stop and Frisk | p. 87 |
Case: Terry v. Ohio | p. 88 |
Stop and Frisk after Terry | p. 93 |
Case: Adams v. Williams | p. 94 |
Stops and the Fourth Amendment | p. 97 |
Reasonable Suspicion to Back Up Stops | p. 98 |
Case: U.S. v. Cortex | p. 99 |
Case: Florida v. J. L. | p. 102 |
Case: Illinois v. Wardlow | p. 106 |
Case: U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce | p. 111 |
Case: U.S. v. Sokolow | p. 115 |
The Scope of Reasonable Stops | p. 118 |
Case: U.S. v. Sharpe and Savage | p. 119 |
Case: People v. Courtney | p. 122 |
Frisks and the Fourth Amendment | p. 123 |
Case: U.S. v. McCargo | p. 124 |
Reasonable Suspicion to Back Up Frisks | p. 127 |
The Scope of Reasonable Frisks | p. 128 |
Case: Minnesota v. Dickerson | p. 129 |
Special Situation Stops and Frisks | p. 131 |
Removing Passengers from Stopped Vehicles | p. 131 |
Case: Maryland v. Wilson | p. 132 |
Detentions at International Borders | p. 135 |
Case: U.S. v. Montoya de Hernandez | p. 135 |
Checkpoints and Roadblocks | p. 139 |
Case: Michigan v. Sitz | p. 139 |
Seizure of Persons: Arrest | p. 148 |
The Definition of Arrest | p. 150 |
A Reasonable Arrest | p. 151 |
Probable Cause | p. 152 |
Direct Information | p. 152 |
Hearsay | p. 153 |
Case: Draper v. U.S. | p. 154 |
The Manner of Arrest | p. 158 |
The Warrant Requirement | p. 158 |
Case: U.S. v. Watson | p. 159 |
Case: Payton v. New York | p. 162 |
Arrest by Force | p. 169 |
Case: Tennessee v. Garner | p. 170 |
Case: Graham v. Connor | p. 173 |
Case: Kuha v. City of Minnetonka | p. 176 |
After Arrest | p. 178 |
Case: Atwater v. City of Lago Vista | p. 179 |
Searches for Evidence | p. 188 |
Searches with Warrants | p. 191 |
The Particularity Requirement | p. 191 |
The Probable Cause Affidavit | p. 192 |
The "Knock-and-Announce" Rule | p. 192 |
Case: Wilson v. Arkansas | p. 192 |
Case: U.S. v. Banks | p. 196 |
Searches without Warrants | p. 199 |
Searches Incident to (at the Time of) Arrest | p. 200 |
Case: Chimel v. California | p. 201 |
Case: New York v. Belton | p. 203 |
Case: Knowles v. Iowa | p. 209 |
Case: Whren v. U.S. | p. 211 |
Consent Searches | p. 214 |
Case: Schneckloth v. Bustamonte | p. 216 |
Case: U.S. v. Rodney | p. 222 |
Case: U.S. v. Gray | p. 225 |
Case: Illinois v. Rodriguez | p. 226 |
Vehicle Searches | p. 231 |
Case: Wyoming v. Houghton | p. 233 |
Emergency Searches | p. 236 |
Special-Needs Searches | p. 242 |
Inventory Searches | p. 245 |
Balancing Interests | p. 245 |
Objective Basis | p. 245 |
Case: Colorado v. Bertine | p. 246 |
International Border Searches | p. 248 |
Airport Searches | p. 249 |
Custody-Related Searches | p. 249 |
Prisoners | p. 250 |
Strip and Body-Cavity Searches | p. 251 |
Case: Mary Beth G. v. City of Chicago | p. 251 |
Testing and Storing DNA | p. 253 |
Probationers and Parolees | p. 254 |
Case: Samson v. California | p. 255 |
Employee Drug Searches | p. 259 |
Student Searches | p. 261 |
Drug Testing of High-School Students | p. 261 |
Case: Board of Education of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls | p. 262 |
Searches of College Students | p. 265 |
Case: Commonwealth v. Neilson | p. 265 |
Self-Incrimination | p. 272 |
The Nature and the Role of Confessions | p. 274 |
The Self-incrimination Setting | p. 275 |
The Importance of Confessions and Interrogation | p. 276 |
False Confessions and Videotaping Interrogations | p. 277 |
The Constitution and Self-Incrimination | p. 279 |
The Due Process Approach | p. 280 |
The Right-to-Counsel Approach | p. 282 |
The Self-Incrimination Approach | p. 283 |
Case: Schmerber v. California | p. 284 |
Miranda v. Arizona | p. 286 |
Case: Miranda v. Arizona | p. 286 |
The Miranda "Bright-Line" Rules | p. 289 |
The Meaning of "Custody" | p. 291 |
Case: Berkemer, Sheriff of Franklin County, v. McCarty | p. 292 |
The Public Safety Exception | p. 293 |
The Meaning of "Interrogation" | p. 294 |
Case: Brewer v. Williams | p. 296 |
The Waiver of the Right to Remain Silent | p. 300 |
Case: Moran, Superintendent, Rhode Island Department of Corrections, v. Burbine | p. 302 |
Voluntary Self-Incrimination | p. 304 |
Case: Colorado v. Connelly | p. 306 |
Identification Procedures | p. 316 |
Mistaken Eyewitness Identification | p. 318 |
Memory and Mistaken Identification of Strangers | p. 319 |
The Power of Suggestion | p. 320 |
Identification Procedures | p. 321 |
Lineups | p. 321 |
Show-Ups | p. 323 |
"Mug Shot" (Photo) Identification | p. 324 |
The Constitution and Identification Procedures | p. 324 |
Reliability Is the Linchpin | p. 325 |
"Very Substantial Likelihood of Misidentification" | p. 325 |
Case: Manson v. Brathwaite | p. 325 |
DNA Profile Identification | p. 330 |
The Reliability of DNA Testing | p. 331 |
Legal Standards for Admitting DNA Profile Evidence | p. 331 |
Remedies for Constitutional Violations I: The Exclusionary Rule and Entrapment | p. 338 |
The Exclusionary Rule | p. 341 |
History | p. 341 |
Case: Mapp v. Ohio | p. 343 |
Justifications | p. 345 |
Scope | p. 347 |
Persons Seized Illegally | p. 350 |
The Reasonable, Good-Faith Exception | p. 350 |
Case: U.S. v. Leon | p. 350 |
"Bad Methods" by Non-Law Enforcement Government Officials | p. 354 |
Case: Arizona v. Evans | p. 355 |
Social Costs and Deterrence | p. 359 |
The Defense of Entrapment | p. 361 |
The Subjective Test | p. 363 |
Case: Jacobson v. U.S. | p. 364 |
The Objective Test | p. 368 |
Constitutional Violations II: Other Remedies Against Official Misconduct | p. 372 |
Criminal Actions | p. 374 |
Civil Actions | p. 374 |
Suing U.S. Officers and the U.S. Government | p. 375 |
Case: Anderson v. Creighton | p. 376 |
Suing State Officers | p. 379 |
Suing State and Local Governments | p. 380 |
Law Enforcement Failure to Protect | p. 381 |
Case: Finder v. Johnson | p. 382 |
Suing Judges and Prosecutors | p. 386 |
Hurdles to Suing Officers and Governments | p. 389 |
Administrative Remedies | p. 389 |
Internal Review | p. 390 |
External Review | p. 392 |
Court Proceedings I: Before Trial | p. 400 |
The Decision to Charge | p. 402 |
Probable Cause to Detain Suspects | p. 404 |
Case: County of Riverside v. McLaughlin | p. 405 |
The First Appearance | p. 408 |
Bail and Pretrial Detention | p. 409 |
Bail and the Constitution | p. 410 |
Preventive Detention | p. 411 |
Case: U.S. v. Salerno | p. 412 |
Conditions of Pretrial Confinement | p. 414 |
Case: Bell v. Wolfish | p. 414 |
The Right to Counsel | p. 417 |
Case: Gideon v. Wainwright | p. 419 |
When the Right to Counsel Attaches | p. 420 |
The Meaning of "All Criminal Prosecutions" | p. 421 |
The Standard of Indigence | p. 423 |
The Right to "Effective" Counsel | p. 424 |
Testing the Government's Case | p. 425 |
The Preliminary Hearing | p. 427 |
Grand Jury Review | p. 428 |
Arraignment | p. 430 |
Pretrial Motions | p. 431 |
Double Jeopardy | p. 431 |
A Speedy Trial | p. 434 |
A Change of Venue | p. 435 |
The Suppression of Evidence | p. 437 |
Court Proceedings II: Trial and Conviction | p. 444 |
Trial by Jury | p. 446 |
The Moral Seriousness Standard | p. 447 |
The 12-Member Jury Requirement | p. 447 |
Case: Ballew v. Georgia | p. 448 |
Jury Selection | p. 450 |
Case: Lockhart v. McCree | p. 451 |
The Right to a Public Trial | p. 453 |
The Stages and Rules of Jury Trials | p. 454 |
Opening Statements | p. 455 |
Presenting Evidence | p. 455 |
Closing Arguments | p. 457 |
Jury Instructions | p. 459 |
Jury Deliberations | p. 459 |
The "Unanimous Verdict" Requirement | p. 459 |
Jury Nullification | p. 460 |
Conviction by Guilty Plea | p. 461 |
The Debate over Conviction by Guilty Plea | p. 461 |
The Constitution and Guilty Pleas | p. 462 |
Case: North Carolina v. Alford | p. 463 |
After Conviction | p. 468 |
Sentencing | p. 471 |
The History of Sentencing | p. 471 |
The Division of Sentencing Authority | p. 473 |
Sentencing Guidelines and Mandatory Minimum Sentences | p. 473 |
The Constitution and Sentencing | p. 477 |
Case: Ewing v. California | p. 478 |
Case: Blakely v. Washington | p. 484 |
Appeals | p. 488 |
Habeas Corpus (Collateral Attack) | p. 490 |
Criminal Procedure in Crisis Times | p. 498 |
The History of Criminal Procedure in Wartime | p. 500 |
Surveillance and Terrorism | p. 502 |
"Real Time" Electronic Surveillance | p. 503 |
Surveiliing Stored Electronic Communications | p. 504 |
Secret "Caller ID" | p. 504 |
Controversial Government Surveillance | p. 505 |
"Sneak and Peek" Searches | p. 507 |
Detaining Terrorist Suspects | p. 508 |
The Sources Authorizing Terrorist Suspect Detention | p. 509 |
Conditions of Detention | p. 512 |
Torture during Detention | p. 512 |
Trials of Suspected Terrorists | p. 513 |
The Sources of Military Commission Authority | p. 514 |
The Jurisdiction of Military Commissions | p. 514 |
Trial Proceedings of Military Commissions | p. 515 |
Case: Hamdan v. Rumsfeld | p. 515 |
Selected Amendments of the Constitution of the United States | p. 527 |
Glossary | p. 529 |
Bibliography | p. 541 |
Case Index | p. 549 |
Index | p. 555 |
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