Criminology and the Criminal Justice System with Making the Grade Student CD-ROM and PowerWeb

by Adler, Freda; Mueller, Gerhard O. W.; Laufer, William S.

• ISBN13: 9780072878820
• ISBN10: 0072878827
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-07-24
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

This leading text for courses in Criminology is known for its lucid style, student-oriented approach, and interdisciplinary global perspective. The text comes in two versions--with or without coverage of the criminal justice system. For schools that retain the traditional criminology course, which includes coverage of criminal justice, Criminology and the Criminal Justice System is the ideal text. For schools that offer a separate introductory course in criminal justice, Criminology is the appropriate text.Both versions of the fifth edition are accompanied by a free student CD-ROM as well as a robust Online Learning Center featuring chapter quizzes with feedback, vocabulary flashcards, interactive exercises, and more.

Table of Contents

List of Boxes	xix
Preface	xxi
PART I Understanding Criminology	1	(80)
CHAPTER 1 The Reach of Criminology	2	(20)
The Reach of Criminology	4	(6)
Terrorism	4	(1)
Illicit Drug Trafficking	4	(1)
Money Laundering	5	(1)
Infiltration of Legal Business	5	(1)
Computer Crime	6	(1)
From the Pages of The New York Times: Financing Terrorism through Legitimate Fronts	6	(4)
Illicit Arms Trafficking	7	(1)
Traffic in Persons	7	(1)
Destruction of Cultural Property	7	(3)
What Is Criminology?	10	(3)
Window to the World: Russians and Americans Share a Crime Problem	10	(3)
The Making of Laws	13	(2)
Deviance	13	(1)
The Concept of Crime	13	(1)
The Consensus and Conflict Views of Law and Crime	14	(1)
The Breaking of Laws	15	(2)
Of Immediate Concern: Vipers in the Desert	16	(1)
Society's Reaction to the Breaking of Laws	17	(2)
Criminology and the Criminal Justice System	18	(1)
The Global Approach to the Breaking of Laws	18	(1)
Research Informs Policy	19	(1)
Review	20	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	20	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	21	(1)
Key Terms	21	(1)
CHAPTER 2 Counting Crime and Measuring Criminal Behavior	22	(36)
The Ingredients of Crime	24	(3)
The Seven Basic Requirements	24	(1)
The Act Requirement	24	(1)
The Legality Requirement	25	(1)
The Harm Requirement	25	(1)
The Causation Requirement	25	(1)
Mens Rea: The "Guilty Mind" Requirement	26	(1)
The Concurrence Requirement	27	(1)
The Punishment Requirement	27	(1)
The Defenses	27	(1)
Typologies of Crime	28	(1)
Measuring Crime	28	(5)
Methods of Collecting Data	29	(4)
Ethics and the Researcher	33	(1)
The Nature and Extent of Crime	33	(6)
Police Statistics	34	(1)
From the Pages of The New York Times: Can Politics Influence Crime Data?	35	(4)
Victimization Surveys	36	(2)
Self-Report Surveys	38	(1)
Measuring Characteristics of Crime	39	(5)
Crime Trends	40	(1)
Locations and Times of Criminal Acts	41	(1)
Of Immediate Concern: Why Does Crime Drop?	42	(2)
Severity of Crime	44	(1)
Measuring Characteristics of Criminals	44	(11)
Age and Crime	45	(2)
Window to the World: Measuring World Crime	47	(13)
Gender and Crime	50	(3)
Social Class and Crime	53	(1)
Race and Crime	54	(1)
Review	55	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	55	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	56	(1)
Key Terms	56	(2)
CHAPTER 3 Schools of Thought throughout History	58	(23)
Classical Criminology	60	(7)
Window to the World: Stone Age Crime and Social Control	61	(4)
The Historical Context	62	(1)
Cesare Beccaria	62	(3)
Of Immediate Concern: Utilitarianism Gone Astray	65	(8)
Jeremy Bentham's Utilitarianism	66	(1)
The Classical School: An Evaluation	66	(1)
Positivist Criminology	67	(1)
Biological Determinism: The Search for Criminal Traits	67	(6)
Lombroso, Ferri, Garofalo: The Italian School	68	(4)
A Return to Biological Determinism	72	(1)
Psychological Determinism	73	(2)
Pioneers in Criminal Psychology	74	(1)
From the Pages of The New York Times: Who's Responsible?	74	(11)
Psychological Studies of Criminals	75	(1)
Sociological Determinism	75	(2)
Adolphe Quetelet and André Michel Guerry	75	(1)
Gabriel Tarde	75	(1)
Émile Durkheim	76	(1)
Historical and Contemporary Criminology: A Time Line	77	(1)
Review	78	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	79	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	79	(1)
Key Terms	79	(2)
PART II Explanations of Crime and Criminal Behavior	81	(154)
CHAPTER 4 Psychological and Biological Perspectives	82	(32)
Psychology and Criminality	85	(13)
Psychological Development	85	(1)
Moral Development	86	(1)
Maternal Deprivation and Attachment Theory	87	(3)
Learning Aggression and Violence	90	(1)
From the Pages of The New York Times: The Apple Doesn't Fall Far	91	(1)
Of Immediate Concern: The Taboo Crime of Parricide	92	(3)
Window to the World: Censoring TV Violence	95	(22)
Personality	96	(2)
Mental Disorders and Crime	98	(3)
Psychological Causation	100	(1)
Biology and Criminality	101	(9)
Modern Biocriminality	101	(1)
Genetics and Criminality	102	(2)
The Controversy over Violence and Genes	104	(1)
The IQ Debate	105	(1)
Biochemical Factors	106	(3)
Neurophysiological Factors	109	(1)
Crime and Human Nature	110	(2)
Criticisms of Biocriminology	110	(1)
An Integrated Theory	111	(1)
Review	112	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	112	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	113	(1)
Key Terms	113	(1)
CHAPTER 5 Strain and Cultural Deviance Theories	114	(28)
The Interconnectedness of Sociological Theories	116	(1)
Anomie: Émile Durkheim	116	(1)
The Structural-Functionalist Perspective	116	(1)
Anomie and Suicide	117	(1)
Strain Theory	117	(10)
Window to the World: A Social System Breaks Down	118	(7)
Merton's Theory of Anomie	119	(1)
Modes of Adaptation	120	(1)
Tests of Merton's Theory	121	(2)
Evaluation: Merton's Theory	123	(1)
Institutional Imbalance and Crime	124	(1)
From the Pages of The New York Times: A Head Start Really Does Help	125	(2)
General Strain Theory	126	(1)
Theory Informs Policy	126	(1)
Cultural Deviance Theories	127	(14)
The Nature of Cultural Deviance	128	(1)
Social Disorganization Theory	129	(3)
Tests of Social Disorganization Theory	132	(1)
Of Immediate Concern: Cults-Culture Conflict-Crime	133	(20)
Evaluation: Social Disorganization Theory	134	(1)
Theory Informs Policy	134	(1)
Differential Association Theory	135	(2)
Tests of Differential Association Theory	137	(1)
Evaluation: Differential Association Theory	138	(1)
Theory Informs Policy	138	(1)
Culture Conflict Theory	139	(2)
Review	141	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	141	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	141	(1)
Key Terms	141	(1)
CHAPTER 6 The Formation of Subcultures	142	(24)
The Function of Subcultures	144	(1)
Subcultural Theories of Delinquency and Crime	144	(3)
The Middle-Class Measuring Rod	144	(1)
Corner Boy, College Boy, Delinquent Boy	145	(1)
Tests of Cohen's Theory	146	(1)
Evaluation: Cohen's Theory	147	(1)
Delinquency and Opportunity	147	(4)
Tests of Opportunity Theory	149	(2)
Evaluation: Differential Opportunity Theory	151	(1)
The Subculture of Violence	151	(2)
Tests of the Subculture of Violence	152	(1)
Evaluation: The Subculture of Violence Theory	152	(1)
Focal Concerns: Miller's Theory	153	(3)
Tests of Miller's Theory	155	(1)
From the Pages of The New York Times: Street Gangs of New York: From the 1860's to the 1960's	155	(3)
Evaluation: Miller's Theory	156	(1)
Gangs at the Turn of the 21st Century	156	(2)
Guns and Gangs	157	(1)
Female Delinquent Subcultures	158	(3)
Early Research	158	(1)
Recent Studies	158	(2)
Of Immediate Concern: The Girls in the Gang	160	(1)
Middle-Class Delinquency	161	(1)
Explanations	162	(1)
Theory Informs Policy	162	(3)
MOBY	162	(1)
Other Programs	163	(1)
Window to the World: Americas Changing Ethnic Gangs	164	(11)
Getting Out: Gang Banging or the Morgue	165	(1)
Review	165	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	165	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	165	(1)
Key Terms	165	(1)
CHAPTER 7 Social Control Theory	166	(22)
What Is Social Control?	168	(1)
Theories of Social Control	169	(6)
The Microsociological Perspective: Hirschi	169	(1)
Social Bonds	170	(2)
Empirical Tests of Hirschi's Theory	172	(1)
Evaluation: Hirschi's Social Control Theory	173	(2)
Social Control and Drift	175	(1)
Personal and Social Control	175	(2)
Failure of Control Mechanisms	175	(1)
Stake in Conformity	175	(1)
Of Immediate Concern: Defying Convention and Control: In Your Face"	176	(1)
Containment Theory	177	(3)
From the Pages of The New York Times: Social Control-Punishing the Cheat	178	(5)
Empirical Tests of Containment Theory	179	(1)
Evaluation: Containment Theory	180	(1)
Recent Theoretical Explanations	180	(3)
Developmental /Life Course Theory	181	(1)
Integrated Theory	182	(1)
General Theories	182	(1)
Theory Informs Policy	183	(3)
Family	183	(1)
School	183	(1)
Neighborhood	183	(1)
Window to the World: Nations with Low Crime Rates	184	(2)
Review	186	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	186	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	187	(1)
Key Terms	187	(1)
CHAPTER 8 Labeling, Conflict, and Radical Theories	188	(24)
Labeling Theory	190	(6)
The Origins of Labeling Theory	191	(1)
Basic Assumptions of Labeling Theory	191	(1)
Labeling in the 1960's	192	(1)
Empirical Evidence for Labeling Theory	193	(2)
From the Pages of The New York Times: Racial Profiling: Labeling Before the Fact	195	(1)
Evaluation: Labeling Theory	195	(1)
Conflict Theory	196	(6)
The Consensus Model	197	(1)
The Conflict Model	197	(1)
Of Immediate Concern: The Rights of the Poorest	198	(4)
Conflict Theory and Criminology	200	(1)
Empirical Evidence for the Conflict Model	201	(1)
Radical Theory	202	(8)
The Intellectual Heritage of Marxist Criminology	202	(1)
Engels and Marx	202	(1)
Willem Adriaan Bonger	203	(1)
Georg Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer	203	(1)
Radical Criminology since the 1970's	204	(1)
Evaluation: Marxist Criminological Theory	205	(2)
Window to the World: The Forgotten Criminology of Genocide	207	(8)
Emerging Explanations	208	(2)
Review	210	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	210	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	211	(1)
Key Terms	211	(1)
CHAPTER 9 Environmental Theory	212	(23)
Situational Theories of Crime	215	(7)
Environmental Criminology	215	(1)
Rational-Choice Perspective	215	(2)
Routine-Activity Approach	217	(1)
Window to the World: Decresting the Lovebug, Worldwide	218	(8)
Practical Applications of Situational Theories of Crime	219	(3)
Theories of Victimization	222	(4)
Lifestyle Theories	223	(1)
Victim-Offender Interaction	224	(1)
Repeat Victimization	224	(1)
Hot Spots of Crime	224	(1)
Geography of Crime	225	(1)
Interrelatedness of Theories	225	(1)
Preventing Crimes against Places, People, and Valuable Goods	226	(6)
From the Pages of The New York Times: New York City Cracks Down on "Hot Spots"	226	(4)
Situational Crime Prevention	227	(3)
Of Immediate Concern: Maximum-Security Schools	230	(29)
Displacement	232	(1)
Theory Informs Policy	232	(1)
Review	233	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	233	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	234	(1)
Key Terms	234	(1)
PART III Types of Crimes	235	(78)
CHAPTER 10 Violent Crimes	236	(52)
Homicide	238	(9)
Murder	238	(1)
Manslaughter	239	(1)
The Extent of Homicide	240	(1)
The Nature of Homicide	241	(5)
A Cross-National Comparison of Homicide Rates	246	(1)
Assault	247	(1)
Family-Related Crimes	248	(5)
Spouse Abuse	249	(2)
Child Abuse	251	(1)
Abuse of the Elderly	252	(1)
Rape and Sexual Assault	253	(4)
Characteristics of the Rape Event	254	(1)
Who Are the Rapists?	254	(1)
Rape and the Legal System	255	(1)
Community Response	256	(1)
Kidnapping	257	(1)
Robbery	257	(2)
Characteristics of Robbers	258	(1)
The Consequences of Robbery	258	(1)
Organized Crime	259	(8)
The History of Organized Crime	260	(1)
The Structure and Impact of Organized Crime	261	(1)
Window to the World: The Business of Organized Crime	262	(5)
The New Ethnic Diversity in Organized Crime	266	(1)
Emerging Problems	267	(12)
Terrorism	268	(4)
Hate Crimes	272	(1)
Militias	273	(1)
Of Immediate Concern: An Epidemic of Hate Crimes?	274	(5)
Violence in Schools	276	(3)
Violence and Gun Control	279	(7)
The Extent of Firearm-Related Offenses	279	(1)
Youth and Guns	280	(1)
Controlling Handgun Use	281	(3)
From the Pages of The New York Times: Does the Brady Law Work?	284	(6)
The Gun-Control Debate	284	(2)
Review	286	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	286	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	286	(1)
Key Terms	286	(2)
CHAPTER 11 Crimes against Property	288	(25)
Larceny	290	(8)
The Elements of Larceny	290	(1)
The Extent of Larceny	291	(1)
Who Are the Thieves?	291	(1)
Shoplifting	292	(1)
Art Theft	293	(2)
Motor Vehicle Theft	295	(2)
Boat Theft	297	(1)
Window to the World: Crime on the Oceans: Whose Problem?	298	(1)
Fraud	298	(4)
Obtaining Property by False Pretenses	299	(1)
Confidence Games and Frauds	299	(1)
Check Forgery	300	(1)
Credit Card Crimes	300	(1)
Insurance Fraud	301	(1)
High-Tech Crimes: Concerns for Today and Tomorrow	302	(8)
Characteristics of High-Tech Crimes	302	(1)
Of Immediate Concern: Insurance Fraud on the Rise: New Jersey's Experience	303	(4)
Computers and the Internet: Types of Crime	304	(3)
From the Pages of The New York Times: Whose Identity Is It Anyway?	307	(11)
Characteristics of the High-Tech Criminal	309	(1)
The Criminal Justice Problem	310	(1)
Burglary	310	(1)
Fencing: Receiving Stolen Property	311	(1)
Arson	312	(1)
Comparative Crime Rates	313	(1)
Review	313	(96)
Criminology & Public Policy	313	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	314	(1)
Key Terms	314	(2)
CHAPTER 12 White-Collar and Corporate Crime	316	(36)
Defining White-Collar Crime	318	(13)
Crimes Committed by Individuals	319	(2)
Types of White-Collar Crimes	321	(3)
Window to the World: Tracking Progress in the Fight against Corruption: The Emergence of a National Integrity System	324	(4)
From the Pages of The New York Times: Rave Reviews or Questionable Quotes? Deceptive Advertising Goes to the Movies	328	(3)
Corporate Crime	331	(19)
Frequency and Problems of Definition	331	(1)
Phases of Corporate Criminal Law	332	(4)
Theories of Corporate Liability	336	(1)
Models of Corporate Culpability	337	(1)
Governmental Control of Corporations	338	(1)
Investigating Corporate Crime	339	(2)
Environmental Crimes	341	(3)
Curbing Corporate Crime	344	(2)
Of Immediate Concern: Dangerous Ground: The World of Hazardous Waste Crime	346	(8)
The Future of White Collar and Corporate Crime	347	(3)
Review	350	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	350	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	351	(1)
Key Terms	351	(1)
CHAPTER 13 Public order Crimes	352	(30)
Drug Abuse and Crime	354	(13)
The History of Drug Abuse	354	(3)
The Extent of Drug Abuse	357	(1)
Patterns of Drug Abuse	357	(3)
Crime-Related Activities	360	(1)
The International Drug Economy	360	(4)
Drug Control	364	(1)
From the Pages of The New York Times: One City Wonders: Can We Win the War on Drugs?	365	(2)
Alcohol and Crime	367	(3)
The History of Legalization	368	(1)
Crime-Related Activities	368	(2)
Sexual Morality Offenses	370	(9)
Deviate Sexual Intercourse by Force or Imposition	371	(1)
Prostitution	371	(2)
Pornography	373	(1)
Of Immediate Concern: Cyberporn: Problems and Controversies	374	(2)
Window to the World: Global Sexual Slavery: Women and Children	376	(3)
Review	379	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	379	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	380	(1)
Key Terms	380	(2)
CHAPTER 14 International and Comparative Criminology	382	(27)
What Is Comparative Criminology?	384	(2)
The Definition of Comparative Criminology	384	(1)
The History of Comparative Criminology	385	(1)
The Goals of Comparative Research	386	(1)
Engaging in Comparative Criminological Research	386	(8)
Preparatory Work	386	(4)
Comparative Research	390	(1)
Comparative Research Tools and Resources	391	(1)
The Special Problems of Empirical Research	392	(2)
Theory Testing	394	(1)
Of Immediate Concern: Cross-Cultural Research: Smoking One's Way into Cheyenne Culture	393	(2)
Validation of Major Theories	394	(1)
The Socioeconomic Development Perspective	395	(1)
Practical Goals	395	(11)
Learning from Others' Experiences	395	(1)
From the Pages of The New York Times: The Youngest Victims of International Crime	396	(9)
Developing International Strategies	395	(10)
Window to the World: BCCI: International Fraud	405	(7)
Globalization versus Ethnic Fragmentation	406	(1)
Review	406	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	406	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	407	(1)
Key Terms	407	(2)
PART IV A Criminological Approach to the Criminal Justice System	409
CHAPTER 15 Processes and Decisions	410	(34)
The Stages of the Criminal Justice Process	412	(13)
Entry into the System	414	(2)
Prosecution and Pretrial Services	416	(1)
Window to the World: Carlos the Jackal: No Place to Hide	417	(8)
Adjudication Decisions	421	(1)
Sentencing Decisions	421	(1)
Corrections Decisions	422	(2)
Diversion out of the System	424	(1)
Juvenile Justice	425	(11)
The Development of the Juvenile Justice System	425	(3)
Of Immediate Concern: In re Gault: The Demise of Parens Patriae	428	(8)
The Juvenile Justice Process	432	(4)
Victims and Criminal Justice	436	(5)
Victims' Rights	436	(1)
The Victim's Role in the Criminal Justice Process	437	(3)
From the Pages of The New York Times: The Rules of the Games	440	(1)
Review	441	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	441	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	442	(1)
Key Terms	442	(2)
CHAPTER 16 Enforcing the Law: Practice and Research	444	(40)
The History of Policing	446	(3)
The English Heritage	446	(2)
Policing in the United States	448	(1)
Law Enforcement Agencies	449	(11)
Window to the World: Interpol: The International Criminal Police Organization	450	(8)
Federal Law Enforcement	451	(2)
Department of Homeland Security	453	(4)
State Police	457	(1)
County Police	457	(1)
Municipal Police	457	(1)
From the Pages of The New York Times: One Police Officer's Dilemma	458	(13)
Special-Purpose Police	459	(1)
Private Police	459	(1)
Command Structure	460	(4)
Operations Bureau: Patrol	460	(1)
Operations Bureau: Investigation	461	(3)
Specialized Units	464	(1)
Nonline Functions	464	(1)
Police Functions	464	(2)
Law Enforcement	464	(1)
Order Maintenance	465	(1)
Community Service	466	(1)
The Police and the Community	466	(5)
Community Policing	467	(3)
Police-Community Relations Programs	470	(1)
The Rule of Law in Law Enforcement	471	(7)
Constitutional Due Process	472	(1)
Civil Rights	472	(1)
Use of Deadly Force and Police Brutality	472	(3)
Of Immediate Concern: Fear of Crime Decreases Fear of Police Increases	475	(24)
Abuse of Discretion	476	(1)
Corruption	476	(2)
Police Officers and Their Lifestyle	478	(4)
Qualifications	478	(1)
Changing Composition of the Police Force	478	(2)
The Police Subculture	480	(2)
Review	482	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	482	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	483	(1)
Key Terms	483	(1)
CHAPTER 17 The Nature and Functioning of Courts	484	(38)
The Origins of Courts	487	(1)
The U.S. Court System	488	(7)
State Courts	488	(1)
Federal Courts	489	(3)
Interaction between State Courts and Federal Courts	492	(1)
Lawyers in the Court System	493	(2)
The Role of the Trial Judge	495	(4)
Arraignment	495	(1)
Pretrial Motions	496	(1)
Release Decisions	496	(1)
Plea Bargaining	497	(2)
The Trial	499	(5)
Selecting the Jury: Voir Dire	500	(1)
The Proceedings	500	(2)
Jury Decision Making	502	(1)
Window to the World: Judging at the World Level	503	(1)
Sentencing: Today and Tomorrow	504	(10)
Incapacitation	504	(2)
Deterrence	506	(1)
Retribution	507	(1)
Rehabilitation	507	(1)
Model Penal Code Sentencing Goals	508	(1)
Just Deserts	508	(1)
Restorative Justice	509	(1)
Sentencing Limits and Guidelines	509	(3)
Of Immediate Concern: A New Crime: Hate; A New Punishment: Sentence Enhancement	512	(2)
Capital Punishment	514	(6)
The Deterrence Argument	516	(1)
The Discrimination Argument	516	(1)
Other Arguments	517	(1)
Trends in American Capital Punishment	517	(1)
From the Pages of The New York Times: Reflections on the Matter of Life and Death Sentencing	518	(2)
Review	520	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	521	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	521	(1)
Key Terms	521	(1)
CHAPTER 18 A Research Focus on Corrections	522
Punishment and Corrections: A Historical Overview	524	(6)
From Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century	524	(1)
Punishment in the New World	525	(2)
The Reformatory Movement	527	(1)
The Medical Treatment Model	528	(1)
Community Involvement	528	(1)
The Prisoners' Rights Movement	528	(2)
Corrections Today	530	(18)
Types of Incarceration	531	(1)
Window to the World: Torture and Abuse in Prison: A Worldwide Problem	532	(9)
The Size and Cost of the Correctional Enterprise	534	(2)
The Problem of Overcrowding	536	(2)
Prison Culture and Society	538	(3)
Correctional Officers	541	(1)
From the Pages of The New York Times: Beyond the Conjugal Visit	541	(7)
Programs in Penal Institutions	543	(1)
Evaluation of Rehabilitation	544	(1)
Medical Problems: AIDS, TB, and Mental Illness	545	(1)
The Elderly Inmate	546	(1)
Women in Prison	546	(1)
Privatization of Corrections	547	(1)
Community Alternatives	548	(9)
Probation	548	(2)
Parole	550	(1)
The Search for Cost-Beneficial Alternatives	551	(5)
Of Immediate Concern: Boot Camp: A Military Option for Corrections	556	(1)
Evaluation of Community Alternatives	557	(1)
Review	557	(1)
Criminology & Public Policy	558	(1)
You Be the Criminologist	558	(1)
Key Terms	559
Notes	N-1
Glossary	G-1
Did You Know?	C-1
Photo Credits	C-2
Text/Illustration Credits	C-3
Index	I-1