Crisis Negotiations : Managing Critical Incidents and Hostage Situations in Law Enforcement and Corrections

by McMains, Michael J.; Mullins, Wayman C.

• ISBN13: 9781583605134
• ISBN10: 1583605134
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-02-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Table of Contents

Introduction	xiii
Hostage Negotiation: Development and Definitions	1	(46)
Learning Objectives	1	(1)
Munich---1972	2	(2)
The Williamsburg Incident	4	(1)
FBI Hostage Negotiations Program	5	(3)
Hostage Barricade Database System (HOBAS)	5	(3)
History	8	(5)
Barbary Coast	9	(1)
Harper's Ferry	10	(1)
Santo Tomas University	11	(2)
Development of Negotiations in Police Work---The Context	13	(28)
1970s	14	(2)
Downs v. United States: The Legal Foundation---1971	16	(1)
Sveriges Kredit Bank, Stockholm: Impact on the Hostages---1973	17	(1)
The South Moluccans: Success After the First Loss---1975	18	(1)
The Hanafi Muslim Incident: The Role and Impact of the Media---1977	19	(1)
1980s	20	(1)
Rochester, New York: Suicide by Cop---1981	20	(2)
The Anatomy of a Siege: Post Traumatic Stress---1981	22	(1)
The Oakdale and Atlanta Prison Sieges: Application to Corrections---1987	22	(1)
1990s	23	(1)
Talladega: Dealing with ``Non-Negotiable'' Incidents---1991	23	(1)
Ruby Ridge: Third-Party Intermediaries---1992	24	(1)
Branch Davidians-Waco: Coordinating Response---1993	25	(1)
Lucasville Prison Riot: Raising Awareness in Corrections---1993	26	(1)
The Freemen Standoff: Pre-Incident Planning, TPSs, and Coordinated Action---1996	26	(2)
Columbine High School: Need for Violence Prevention---1999	28	(1)
Sidebar: William Hogewood	28	(2)
Definitions	30	(1)
Hostage	30	(2)
Negotiate	32	(3)
A Hostage Incident	35	(1)
From Hostage Negotiation to Crisis Intervention	36	(5)
Summary	41	(1)
References	42	(4)
Discussion Questions	46	(1)
Negotiation: Bargaining and Crisis Intervention	47	(56)
Learning Objectives	47	(2)
Hostage versus Non-hostage Incidents	49	(1)
Characteristics of a Negotiable Incident	49	(4)
Types of Sieges	53	(1)
Deliberate Sieges	53	(1)
Spontaneous Sieges	53	(1)
Anticipated Sieges	53	(1)
Decisionmaking: The Action Criteria	54	(1)
Options Open to the Police	55	(1)
Bargaining Principles	56	(10)
Getting to Yes	58	(1)
Position Bargaining	58	(1)
Separating the People from the Problem	59	(3)
Focus on Interests, Not Positions	62	(1)
How to Identify Interests	63	(1)
Invent Options for Mutual Gain	64	(2)
Sidebar: Sergent Gene Pettit and Deborah Lash Bower	66	(1)
Crisis Intervention	67	(13)
Stages of a Crisis Incident	68	(1)
Pre-Crisis Stage	69	(2)
Crisis Stage	71	(3)
Accommodation/Negotiation Stage	74	(1)
Resolution Stage	75	(1)
Factors Affecting the Duration of a Crisis	76	(1)
Crisis Intervention Principles	77	(1)
Characteristics of Crisis Intervention	77	(3)
Model of Intervention in a Crisis	80	(2)
Goals in a Crisis: National Organization of Victims' Assistance	82	(1)
Skills in Crisis Management	83	(16)
Intervention During the Crisis Stage	84	(8)
Intervention During the Accommodation/Negotiation Stage	92	(1)
Intervention During the Resolution Stage	93	(6)
Summary	99	(1)
References	99	(2)
Discussion Questions	101	(2)
Demands and the Effects of Time	103	(36)
Learning Objectives	103	(1)
Demands in Hostage Situations	104	(17)
Nature of Demands	106	(3)
Motivation Theories	109	(3)
Negotiable Demands	112	(5)
Non-Negotiable Demands	117	(2)
Handling Demands	119	(2)
Sidebar: Detective Joseph F. Jimenez	121	(4)
Summary	124	(1)
The Effects of Time on Negotiations	125	(9)
Positive Effects of Time	127	(7)
Negative Effects of Time	134	(1)
Summary	134	(1)
References	135	(2)
Discussion Questions	137	(2)
Stress and Stress Management	139	(26)
Learning Objectives	139	(1)
Definitions of Stress	140	(2)
Transactional Model for Negotiators	142	(4)
Demands	142	(1)
Perception of Abilities	143	(2)
Coping and ``Feed Forward''	145	(1)
Feedback	146	(1)
Yerkes-Dodson Law	146	(2)
Effects of Stress	148	(1)
Stress in the Hostage Situation	149	(1)
Stress on the Hostage Taker	149	(1)
Sidebar: London ``Max'' Howard	150	(7)
Stress on the Hostages	152	(2)
Stress on the Negotiator	154	(3)
Stress Management	157	(4)
Summary	161	(1)
References	162	(1)
Discussion Questions	163	(2)
The Stockholm Syndrome	165	(20)
Learning Objectives	165	(1)
Historical Review and Perspective	166	(1)
Formation of the Stockholm Syndrome	167	(3)
Sidebar: Sergeant Scott Pauley	170	(4)
Promoting the Stockholm Syndrome	174	(1)
How to Determine When the Stockholm Syndrome is Not Developing	175	(1)
Defense Mechanisms and Coping	176	(4)
Survivors and Succumbers	179	(1)
Summary	180	(1)
References	180	(2)
Discussion Questions	182	(3)
Communication in Hostage Negotiations	185	(44)
Learning Objectives	185	(1)
Principles of Basic Communication	186	(6)
Principles of Effective Communication	187	(2)
Components of the Communication Process	189	(1)
Barriers to Effective Communication	189	(3)
Crisis Communication	192	(5)
Basic Patrol Officer Communications	193	(1)
Verbal Tactics in Crisis Communication	194	(3)
Getting Past No	197	(7)
Go to the Balcony	198	(1)
Step to their Side	199	(1)
Change the Game	200	(1)
Build a ``Golden Bridge''	201	(1)
Make it Hard to Say No	202	(2)
Advanced Communication Topics for the Negotiator	204	(2)
Influence and Compliance	204	(1)
Perceptual Contrast Principle	205	(1)
Sidebar: Inspector William Kidd	206	(12)
Rule of Reciprocity	207	(1)
Consistency	208	(2)
Social Proofs	210	(1)
Liking	211	(1)
Scarcity Principle	212	(1)
Behavioral Theories of Persuasion	213	(2)
Suggestion Techniques	215	(3)
Active Listening	218	(5)
Active Listening: Four Types	221	(2)
Summary	223	(1)
References	223	(2)
Discussion Questions	225	(4)
Negotiating with Emotionally Disturbed Individuals: Recognition and Guidelines	229	(62)
Learning Objectives	229	(2)
Ego States	231	(8)
The Parent Ego State	232	(1)
The Adult Ego State	233	(1)
The Child Ego State	234	(1)
Ego States and Problem Solving	235	(1)
Ego States and Communications	236	(3)
General Guidelines for Dealing with Emotionally Disturbed People	239	(1)
Emotionally Disturbed People and Negotiations	240	(1)
Domestic Violence	241	(1)
Defining the Problem Versus Diagnosing the Person	242	(1)
Sidebar: Dr. Michael Gelles	243	(2)
Depression	245	(8)
Adjustment Disorder with a Depressive Mood	246	(1)
Mood Disorder	247	(1)
Managing Depressed Individuals	247	(4)
Intervening with the Depressed Individual	251	(2)
Suicidal Persons	253	(11)
Managing Suicidal Individuals	254	(1)
Estimating Suicide Potential	255	(3)
Intervention	258	(3)
Suicide by Cop: Victim-Precipitated Suicide	261	(3)
Paranoia	264	(8)
Paranoid Schizophrenia	266	(1)
Managing Paranoia	267	(5)
Borderline Personalities	272	(3)
Managing Borderlines	273	(2)
Inadequate/Dependent Persons	275	(4)
Inadequate Personalities	275	(1)
Dependent Personalities	276	(1)
Managing Inadequate/Dependent Individuals	276	(3)
Antisocial (Rebellious/Angry) Persons	279	(6)
Managing Antisocial Individuals	282	(3)
Compulsive/Perfectionistic Personalities	285	(1)
Substance Dependence/Abuse	286	(2)
Alcohol Dependence and Abuse	287	(1)
Summary	288	(1)
References	288	(2)
Discussion Questions	290	(1)
Team Structures, Roles, and Command	291	(44)
Learning Objectives	291	(1)
Definition of Team	292	(3)
Crisis Management Team	295	(1)
The Crisis Response Team	296	(1)
Command Post	297	(1)
Field Commander	298	(3)
Tactical Supervisor	301	(2)
Negotiator Supervisor	303	(2)
Public Information Officer	305	(1)
Sidebar: Lieutenant Tom Monahan	306	(3)
Special Needs of the Media	308	(1)
Tactical Team	309	(1)
Communications within the Crisis Response Team	309	(1)
Sidebar: Lieutenant Michael Albanese and Dr. Kris Mohandie	310	(3)
Establishing the Negotiation Area	313	(18)
The Negotiating Team	314	(4)
Selection of Negotiators	318	(3)
Mental Health Consultant	321	(3)
Selection and Training of a MHC	324	(5)
MHC Training: Wilford Hall Seminar	329	(2)
Summary	331	(1)
References	332	(1)
Discussion Questions	333	(2)
Intelligence and Intelligence Gathering	335	(30)
Learning Objectives	335	(2)
Definition of Intelligence	337	(1)
Process of Intelligence Management	337	(1)
Intelligence Gathering	338	(5)
Pre-Crisis Phase	338	(2)
At the Scene: The Chaos Phase	340	(2)
Stabilization Phase	342	(1)
Post-Incident Phase	342	(1)
Intelligence Sources	343	(1)
Types of Intelligence Information	344	(4)
Risk of Aggression	348	(4)
Interviewing Intelligence Sources	352	(2)
Sidebar: Dr. James Herndon	354	(5)
Assessing the Credibility of the Source	359	(3)
Summary	362	(1)
References	363	(1)
Discussion Questions	364	(1)
Hostage Negotiations in Prisons and Correctional Facilities	365	(28)
Learning Objectives	365	(3)
Negotiations Specific to the Prison Situation	368	(2)
Situational Dynamics in the Prison Situation	370	(1)
Sidebar: Warden Joe S. Fernald	371	(6)
The Prison Negotiating Team	377	(3)
Aggression Among Inmates	380	(8)
Veterans in Prison	384	(1)
Inmate Cultural Trends	385	(3)
Summary	388	(1)
References	388	(2)
Discussion Questions	390	(3)
Workplace and School Violence Issues for Negotiators	393	(24)
Learning Objectives	393	(2)
Workplace Violence	395	(3)
Scope and Extent of the Problem	395	(2)
Organizational Assessment and Prevention	397	(1)
Sidebar: James T. Turner	398	(9)
Perpetrators of Workplace Violence	400	(2)
Negotiating with Intimates at the Workplace	402	(1)
Company Personnel as Negotiators	403	(4)
School Violence Issues	407	(5)
Pre-Incident Issues	409	(2)
During an Incident	411	(1)
Post-Incident Issues	411	(1)
Summary	412	(1)
References	413	(1)
Discussion Questions	414	(3)
Hostage Negotiating Equipment	417	(20)
Learning Objectives	417	(2)
Necessary Equipment	419	(7)
Situation Boards	425	(1)
Optional Equipment	426	(4)
Obtaining Equipment	430	(1)
Sidebar: Lieutenant Rex Rheiner	431	(2)
Summary	433	(1)
References	434	(1)
Discussion Questions	434	(3)
Overview of the Tactical Team and Operations and Outside Agency Support	437	(28)
Learning Objectives	437	(1)
The Tactical Team	438	(4)
Selection of Tactical Team Members	440	(1)
Tactical Team Structure	441	(1)
Sidebar: Commander James R. Barren	442	(16)
Intelligence Needs	447	(3)
Situation Security	450	(3)
Assault Operations	453	(1)
Sniper Operations	454	(2)
Special Issues	456	(2)
Outside Agency Support	458	(2)
Summary	460	(1)
References	460	(2)
Discussion Questions	462	(3)
Post-Incident Debriefing	465	(26)
Learning Objectives	465	(2)
Operational Debriefing of Hostage Incidents	467	(3)
Critical Decision Debriefing: A Methodology for Debriefing Crisis Intervention	470	(4)
Emotional Debriefing	474	(4)
Emotional Impact on the Negotiator	478	(1)
Debriefing Negotiators	478	(2)
Stages of a Trauma	480	(1)
Goals of Debriefing	480	(1)
Debriefing the Impact	481	(1)
Sidebar: Detective Lieutenant Richard K. Mueller and Detective Lieutenant Dennis J. Caine	481	(4)
Post-Traumatic Stress and Hostages	485	(3)
Summary	488	(1)
References	488	(2)
Discussion Questions	490	(1)
Index	491