Cultural Anthropology An Applied Perspective (with InfoTrac)

by Ferraro, Gary

• ISBN13: 9780495030393
• ISBN10: 0495030392
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-03-28
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: AN APPLIED PERSPECTIVE goes beyond the basic outline of introductory materials by applying the theories, insights, and methods of cultural anthropology to those situations that students are likely to encounter in their personal and professional lives. Through Ferraro's engaging narrative and wealth of modern examples, readers come to understand what they can do with anthropology today. With its comparative approach to the study of cultural, CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY provides a comprehensive and ideal overview of the discipline.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
What Is Anthropology?	1	(25)
Physical Anthropology	4	(3)
Evolutionary Record of Humans	4	(1)
Primatology	5	(1)
Physical Variations Among Humans	6	(1)
Archaeology	7	(2)
Anthropological Linguistics	9	(2)
Cultural Anthropology	11	(3)
Areas of Specialization	12	(2)
Guiding Principles	14	(3)
Holism	14	(1)
Ethnocentrism	15	(1)
Cultural Relativism	15	(2)
Emic Versus Etic Approaches	17	(1)
Contributions of Anthropology	17	(5)
Enhancing Understanding	17	(2)
Applications	19	(1)
Building Skills for the Twenty-first Century	20	(1)
Develop a Broad Perspective	21	(1)
Appreciate Other Perspectives	21	(1)
Balance Contradictions	21	(1)
Emphasize Global Teamwork	21	(1)
Develop Cognitive Complexity	21	(1)
Develop Perceptual Acuity	21	(1)
The Bottom Line: Understanding Other Cultures	22	(1)
Summary	23	(1)
Key Terms	24	(1)
Suggested Readings	25	(1)
The Concept of Culture	26	(23)
Culture Defined	27	(2)
Culture Is Shared	29	(1)
Culture Is Learned	30	(3)
Learning Versus Instincts	31	(1)
Learning Different Content	32	(1)
Culture Is Taken for Granted	33	(1)
Culture's Influence on Biological Processes	34	(2)
Our Bodies and Culture	35	(1)
Culture Changes	36	(1)
The Processes of Change	36	(1)
Causes of Cultural Change	36	(1)
Cultural Universals	37	(2)
Basic Needs	38	(1)
Culture: Adaptive and Maladaptive	39	(3)
Cultures Are Generally Integrated	42	(4)
Cultural Interconnections	42	(4)
``Primitive'' Cultures	46	(1)
Culture and the Individual	46	(1)
Applied Perspective	32	(5)
Anthropology and Architecture
Cross-Cultural Miscue	37	(6)
Cross-Cultural Miscue	43	(1)
Applied Perspective	44	(2)
Cross-Cultural Coaching
Summary	46	(1)
Key Terms	47	(1)
Suggested Readings	47	(2)
Applied Anthropology	49	(20)
Applied Versus Pure Anthropology	51	(2)
Recent History of Applied Anthropology	53	(1)
Special Features of Anthropology	54	(5)
Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists	58	(1)
Examples of Applied Anthropology	59	(1)
The Nestle Baby Formula Controversy	59	(6)
Working with Minority Prison Inmates	60	(1)
An Ethnographic Study of Adolescent Drug Dealers	61	(1)
Marital Patterns and Population Growth	62	(1)
Mediating Between the Government and Trukese Villagers	63	(2)
The Greater Use of Anthropological Knowledge	65	(2)
Applied Perspective	56	(2)
Environmental Impact of Radiation on Marshall Islands Population
Cross-Cultural Miscue	58	(2)
Cross-Cultural Miscue	60	(4)
Applied Perspective	64	(3)
Rebuilding Japan After World War II
Summary	67	(1)
Key Terms	68	(1)
Suggested Readings	68	(1)
The Growth of Anthropological Theory	69	(24)
Evolutionism	70	(2)
Evolutionism in Brief	72	(1)
Diffusionism	72	(1)
Diffusionism in Brief	73	(1)
American Historicism	73	(2)
American Historicism in Brief	75	(1)
Functionalism	75	(3)
Functionalism in Brief	77	(1)
Psychological Anthropology	78	(2)
Psychological Anthropology in Brief	79	(1)
Neoevolutionism	80	(1)
Neoevolutionism in Brief	81	(1)
French Structuralism	81	(3)
French Structuralism in Brief	83	(1)
Ethnoscience	84	(1)
Ethnoscience in Brief	85	(1)
Feminist Anthropology	85	(2)
Feminist Anthropology in Brief	87	(1)
Cultural Materialism	87	(1)
Cultural Materialism in Brief	88	(1)
Postmodernism	88	(2)
Postmodernism in Brief	90	(1)
Concluding Thoughts on Anthropological Theory	90	(1)
Cross-Cultural Miscue	71	(3)
Applied Perspective	74	(8)
Trees for Haiti
Applied Perspective	82	(3)
The New Hope Antipoverty Program
Cross-Cultural Miscue	85	(6)
Summary	91	(1)
Key Terms	92	(1)
Suggested Readings	92	(1)
Methods in Cultural Anthropology	93	(28)
Preparing for Fieldwork	95	(1)
Stages of Field Research	96	(3)
Stage 1: Selecting a Research Problem	97	(1)
Stage 2: Formulating a Research Design	97	(1)
Stage 3: Collecting the Data	98	(1)
Stage 4: Analyzing the Data	98	(1)
Stage 5: Interpreting the Data	98	(1)
Data-Gathering Techniques	99	(6)
Participant-Observation	100	(1)
Guidelines for Participant-Observation Fieldwork	100	(2)
Advantages of Participant-Observation	102	(1)
Disadvantages of Participant-Observation	103	(2)
Interviewing	105	(1)
Structured and Unstructured Interviews	105	(1)
Validity of the Data Collected	106	(1)
Additional Data-Gathering Techniques	106	(4)
Census Taking	107	(1)
Mapping	107	(1)
Document Analysis	107	(1)
Collecting Genealogies	107	(1)
Photography	108	(2)
Choosing a Technique	110	(1)
The Pains and Gains of Fieldwork	110	(4)
Culture Shock	112	(1)
Biculturalism	113	(1)
Recent Trends in Ethnographic Fieldwork	114	(2)
Reflexive Methods	114	(1)
Statistical Cross-Cultural Comparisons	115	(1)
The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology	116	(2)
Anthropologists' Major Areas of Responsibility	117
Cross-Cultural Miscue	99	(5)
Applied Perspective	104	(4)
Anthropological Research and Aids
Cross-Cultural Miscue	108	(1)
Contemporary Issues	109	(9)
Rapid Ethnographic Assessment Procedures: How Rapid Is Too Rapid?
Summary	118	(1)
Key Terms	119	(1)
Suggested Readings	119	(2)
Language	121	(29)
The Nature of Language	122	(4)
Diversity of Language	122	(2)
Communication: Human Versus Nonhuman	124	(1)
Open and Closed Communication Systems	124	(1)
Displacement	125	(1)
Language Acquisition Among Children	126	(1)
The Structure of Language	127	(2)
Phonology	127	(1)
Morphemes	128	(1)
Grammar	128	(1)
Language Change	129	(3)
Language Families	130	(2)
Are Some Languages Superior to Others?	132	(1)
Language and Culture	132	(6)
How Culture Influences Language	132	(1)
The Nuer	133	(1)
U.S. Example of Cultural Emphasis	133	(1)
How Language Influences Culture	134	(1)
The Sapir--Whorf Hypothesis	134	(3)
Language Mirrors Values	137	(1)
Linguistic Style	138	(2)
Sociolinguistics	140	(5)
Diglossia	141	(1)
Specialized Vocabularies	142	(1)
Dialects	142	(2)
Language, Nationalism, and Ethnic Identity	144	(1)
Nonverbal Communication	145	(3)
Hand Gestures	145	(2)
Posture (Body Stance)	147	(1)
Touching	147
Cross-Cultural Miscue	127	(7)
Applied Perspective	134	(12)
Applied Anthropology and Ebonics
Contemporary Issues	146	(2)
What You Don't Know Can Hurt You
Summary	148	(1)
Key Terms	149	(1)
Suggested Readings	149	(1)
Making a Living	150	(29)
Human Adaptation	151	(2)
Environment and Technology	153	(3)
Major Food-Getting Strategies	156	(18)
Food-Collecting Societies	156	(2)
The Ju/'hoansi of the Kalahari Region	158	(1)
The Inuit	159	(3)
Food-Producing Societies	162	(1)
Changes Resulting from Food Production	163	(1)
Horticulture	164	(1)
The Bemba	165	(2)
Pastoralism	167	(3)
Agriculture	170	(1)
Peasantry	171	(1)
Industrialized Food Getting	172	(2)
Food-Collecting Strategies and Science	174	(2)
Applied Perspective	154	(9)
Community-Based Water Management in Mexico
Cross-Cultural Miscue	163	(9)
Cross-Cultural Miscue	172	(2)
Applied Perspective	174	(2)
World's Drug Companies Rely on ``Primitive Medicine''
Summary	176	(1)
Key Terms	177	(1)
Suggested Readings	178	(1)
Economics	179	(29)
Economics and Economic Anthropology	180	(1)
Cross-Cultural Examination of Economic Systems	181	(1)
The Allocation of Natural Resources	181	(6)
Food Collectors	182	(1)
Pastoralists	183	(1)
Horticulturalists	183	(1)
Intensive Agriculturalists	184	(3)
Production	187	(5)
Units of Production	188	(1)
Production in the Household	188	(1)
Division of Labor	189	(1)
Gender Specialization	189	(1)
Age Specialization	190	(1)
Labor Specialization	191	(1)
Distribution of Goods and Services	192	(14)
Reciprocity	192	(1)
Generalized Reciprocity	192	(2)
Balanced Reciprocity	194	(1)
Negative Reciprocity	195	(1)
Redistribution	195	(1)
Chiefly Redistribution (Tribute)	196	(1)
Big Men/Feast-Givers	196	(1)
Bridewealth	197	(1)
Potlatch	197	(2)
Market Exchange	199	(1)
Standardized Currency	199	(1)
Variety of Markets	200	(3)
Globalization of World Economies	203
Applied Perspective	184	(6)
Is Nepotism Always Bad?
Cross-Cultural Miscue	190	(3)
Cross-Cultural Miscue	193	(7)
Applied Perspective	200	(6)
Anthropology and Market Research
Summary	206	(1)
Key Terms	207	(1)
Suggested Readings	207	(1)
Marriage and the Family	208	(28)
Marriage and the Family	209	(2)
Sexual Union	210	(1)
Permanence	210	(1)
Common Residence	210	(1)
Marriage and the Family: Functions	211	(1)
Mate Selection: Who Is Out of Bounds?	211	(2)
Natural Aversion Theory	212	(1)
Inbreeding Theory	212	(1)
Family Disruption Theory	213	(1)
Theory of Expanding Social Alliances	213	(1)
Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry?	213	(6)
Rules of Exogamy	214	(1)
Rules of Endogamy	214	(1)
Arranged Marriages	214	(3)
Preferential Cousin Marriage	217	(2)
The Levirate and Sororate	219	(1)
Number of Spouses	219	(5)
Monogamy	220	(1)
Polygyny	220	(1)
Economic Status of Women in Polygynous Societies	221	(1)
Sex Ratio in Polygynous Societies	221	(1)
Advantages of Polygyny	221	(1)
Competition Among Wives	222	(1)
Polyandry	223	(1)
Economic Considerations of Marriage	224	(4)
Bridewealth	224	(2)
Bride Service	226	(1)
Dowry	227	(1)
Reciprocal Exchange	227	(1)
Divorce	228	(1)
Residence Patterns: Where Do Wives and Husbands Live?	229	(1)
Family Structure	230	(4)
The Nuclear Family	230	(1)
The Extended Family	231	(2)
Modern-Day Family Structure	233
Applied Perspective	214	(4)
The Anthropological Study of Skid Row
Contemporary Issues	218	(7)
Is Marriage a Crime?
Cross-Cultural Miscue	225	(6)
Cross-Cultural Miscue	231	(3)
Summary	234	(1)
Key Terms	235	(1)
Suggested Readings	235	(1)
Kinship and Descent	236	(26)
Kinship Defined	237	(2)
Cultural Rules Regarding Kinship	239	(1)
Functions of Kinship Systems	239	(1)
Using Kinship Diagrams	240	(1)
Principles of Kinship Classification	241	(2)
Generation	241	(1)
Sex or Gender	241	(1)
Lineality Versus Collaterality	242	(1)
Consanguineal Versus Affinal Kin	242	(1)
Relative Age	242	(1)
Sex of the Connecting Relative	242	(1)
Social Condition	242	(1)
Side of the Family	243	(1)
The Formation of Descent Groups	243	(9)
Unilineal Descent Groups	244	(1)
Patrilineal Descent Groups	244	(2)
Matrilineal Descent Groups	246	(2)
Types of Unilineal Descent Groups	248	(2)
The Corporate Nature of Unilineal Descent Groups	250	(1)
Cognatic (Nonunilineal) Descent Groups	250	(1)
Double Descent	250	(1)
Ambilineal Descent	251	(1)
Bilateral Descent	251	(1)
Six Basic Systems of Classification	252	(3)
Eskimo System	252	(1)
Hawaiian System	252	(1)
Iroquois System	252	(2)
Omaha System	254	(1)
Crow System	254	(1)
Sudanese System	254	(1)
Kinship and the Modern World	255	(4)
Cross-Cultural Miscue	243	(4)
Contemporary Issues	247	(9)
The Patrilineal Family: A Wife's View
Cross-Cultural Miscue	256	(2)
Applied Perspective	258	(1)
The Ethnography of Homeless Youth in the United States
Summary	259	(1)
Key Terms	260	(1)
Suggested Readings	260	(2)
Sex and Gender	262	(27)
Human Sexuality	265	(3)
Gender Roles	268	(3)
Gender and Language	271	(1)
Gender Stratification	272	(7)
Education	276	(1)
Employment	276	(1)
Reproductive Health	277	(1)
Finance	277	(2)
Gender Ideology	279	(2)
Exploitation Caused by Gender Ideology	281	(3)
Gender in the United States	284	(2)
Cross-Cultural Miscue	268	(4)
Applied Perspective	272	(6)
Improving Child Nutrition in Malawi
Applied Perspective	278	(7)
Using Family Planning Clinics in Ecuador
Cross-Cultural Miscue	285	(1)
Summary	286	(1)
Key Terms	287	(1)
Suggested Readings	287	(2)
Political Organization and Social Control	289	(31)
Types of Political Organization	290	(14)
Band Societies	290	(2)
Tribal Societies	292	(2)
Chiefdoms	294	(1)
State Systems	295	(2)
The Rise of State Systems	297	(1)
The Modern Nation-State	298	(1)
Gender and the Modern State	299	(1)
Changing State Systems of Government	300	(2)
Variations in Political Structures	302	(2)
Social Control	304	(7)
Informal Means of Social Control	306	(1)
Socialization	306	(1)
Public Opinion	306	(1)
Corporate Lineages	307	(1)
Supernatural Belief Systems	308	(2)
Age Organizations	310	(1)
Formal Means of Social Control	311	(6)
Song Duels	311	(1)
Intermediaries	311	(1)
Moots: Informal Courts	312	(1)
Oaths and Ordeals	313	(1)
Courts and Codified Law	314	(1)
Warfare	315
Applied Perspective	296	(8)
Are the Poarch Creek a Tribe?
Contemporary Issues	304	(4)
Can Canadians Accommodate Islamic Law?
Cross-Cultural Miscue	308	(7)
Cross-Cultural Miscue	315	(2)
Summary	317	(1)
Key Terms	317	(2)
Suggested Readings	319	(1)
Social Stratification	320	(28)
Dimensions of Social Inequality	321	(13)
Types of Societies	322	(1)
Egalitarian Societies	323	(1)
Rank Societies	324	(1)
Stratified Societies	325	(1)
Class Versus Caste	325	(1)
Class Societies	326	(4)
Caste Societies	330	(4)
Racial and Ethnic Stratification	334	(3)
Race and Ethnicity in the United States	337	(2)
Forms of Intergroup Relations	339	(3)
Theories of Stratification	342	(3)
The Functionalist Interpretation	342	(1)
The Conflict Theory Interpretation	343	(1)
Functionalists Versus Conflict Theorists	343	(1)
Global Stratification	344
Cross-Cultural Miscue	327	(5)
Applied Perspective	332	(6)
Anthropology and Architecture
Cross-Cultural Miscue	338	(2)
Applied Perspective	340	(5)
Diabetes Among Mexican Americans
Summary	345	(1)
Key Terms	346	(1)
Suggested Readings	346	(2)
Supernatural Beliefs	348	(31)
Defining Religion	349	(6)
Problems of Defining Religion	350	(1)
Religion and Magic	351	(2)
Sorcery and Witchcraft	353	(2)
Myths	355	(1)
Functions of Religion	356	(4)
Social Functions of Religion	356	(1)
Social Control	356	(1)
Conflict Resolution	357	(1)
Group Solidarity	358	(1)
Psychological Functions of Religion	358	(1)
Cognitive Function	358	(1)
Emotional Function	359	(1)
Types of Religious Organization	360	(16)
Individualistic Cults	360	(1)
Shamanistic Cults	361	(2)
Communal Cults	363	(1)
Rites of Passage	363	(1)
Rites of Solidarity	364	(2)
Ecclesiastical Cults	366	(2)
Globalization of World Religions	368	(3)
Religion and Social Change	371	(3)
Revitalization in the Age of Globalization	374	(1)
The Changing Nature of Religion	375
Cross-Cultural Miscue	353	(4)
Contemporary Issues	357	(8)
Religious Freedom in Florida
Cross-Cultural Miscue	365	(5)
Applied Perspective	370	(6)
Anthropology and the U.S. Supreme Court
Summary	376	(1)
Key Terms	377	(1)
Suggested Readings	377	(2)
Art	379	(26)
What Is Art?	380	(1)
Differences in Art Forms	381	(3)
The Functions of Art	384	(2)
Emotional Gratification for the Individual	384	(1)
Social Integration	385	(1)
Social Control	385	(1)
Preserving or Challenging the Status Quo	386	(3)
Graphic and Plastic Arts	389	(1)
Cross-Cultural Variations	389	(2)
Music	390	(1)
Ethnomusicology	391	(2)
Dance	392	(1)
Functions of Dance	393	(1)
Dance and Other Aspects of a Culture	393	(2)
Verbal Arts	393	(2)
Myths	395	(1)
Folktales and Legends	395	(3)
Film: A Recent Art Form	398	(1)
Art: Continuity and Change	399	(4)
Cross-Cultural Miscue	382	(8)
Applied Perspective	390	(6)
Avoiding Cultural Extinction Through Craft Industries
Applied Perspective	396	(2)
Cursing in Verse
Cross-Cultural Miscue	398	(5)
Summary	403	(1)
Key Terms	404	(1)
Suggested Readings	404	(1)
Culture Change and Globalization	405	(26)
Inventions/Innovations	407	(1)
Diffusion	408	(2)
General Patterns of Diffusion	408	(1)
Selectivity	408	(1)
Reciprocity	409	(1)
Modification	409	(1)
Likelihood	410	(1)
Variables	410	(1)
Acculturation	410	(2)
Linked Changes	412	(1)
Obstacles to Cultural Change	413	(3)
Cultural Boundary Maintenance	413	(1)
Language	413	(1)
Clothing	414	(1)
Eating Styles and Food	414	(1)
Relative Values	414	(1)
Cultures as Organic Wholes	415	(1)
Cultural Survival of Indigenous Peoples	416	(2)
Change and Development	418	(6)
Globalization and World Cultures	424	(5)
Contemporary Issues	412	(3)
Cell Phones and Pedestrian Behavior
Cross-Cultural Miscue	415	(7)
Applied Perspective	422	(3)
Environment and Development in Central Honduras
Cross-Cultural Miscue	425	(4)
Summary	429	(1)
Key Terms	430	(1)
Suggested Readings	430	(1)
Glossary	431	(6)
References	437	(10)
Index	447