Cyberwar, Netwar And the Revolution in Military Affairs

by Halpin, Edward F.; Trevorrow, Philippa; Webb, David; Wright, Steve

• ISBN13: 9781403987174
• ISBN10: 1403987173
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-09-04
• Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan

Summary

The end of the Cold War, the Revolution in Military Affairs, 9/11 and the War on Terror have radically altered the nature of conflict and security in the twenty-first century. This book considers how developments in technology could and are effecting the prosecution of war and what the changing nature of warfare means for human rights and civil society.

Author Biography

EDWARD F. HALPIN is Director of the Praxis Centre at Leeds Metropolitan University. He has researched human and child rights for many years, including work for the European Parliament Scientific and Technical Options Assessment (STOA) Unit. He co-edited the book Human Rights and the Internet (Palgrave Macmillan) and has published many articles in this subject area. In addition to working on social informatics within the School of Information Management, he is involved in teaching peace and conflict resolution in the School of Applied Global Ethics at Leeds Metropolitan University.

PHILIPPA TREVORROW is a graduate from the University of Exeter and works as a Research Officer in the School of Information Management at Leeds Metropolitan University. She has been involved with work in the Praxis Centre for the last 2 years, including issues on peace and conflict resolution, youth citizenship and E-government.

DAVID C. WEBB is Professor of Engineering Modelling, Head of the Centre for Applied Research in Engineering and Director of the Praxis Centre at Leeds Metropolitan University. He obtained a DPhil in Space Physics in 1975 from the University of York and, after periods as a post-doctoral researcher at Bell Laboratories and the University of York, joined the Directorate of Scientific and Technical Intelligence at the MoD in London in 1978. He moved to the Computer Unit at Leeds Metropolitan University in 1979 and then into the School of Engineering in the early 1980s. He has published widely on the application of engineering modelling and on nuclear disarmament and the militarization of space. He is currently working with colleagues in the Praxis Centre on the Study of Information and Technology in Peace, Conflict Resolution and Human Rights.

STEVE WRIGHT is a Visiting Professor at Leeds Metropolitan University, Chair of Privacy International and the former Director of the Omega Foundation. His recent EU research tracked the armourers of the torturers. Wright is best known for his European Parliamentary report highlighting the US global telecommunications interception network - Echelon.

Table of Contents

List of Tables	x
Preface	ix
Gary Chapman, Diego Latella and Professor Carlo Schaerf
Notes on the Contributors	xiii
Glossary	xvii
Part I: Cyberwar, Netwar and the Revolution in Military Affairs: Defining the Issues
1 Defining the Issues	3	(9)
Dr Philippa Trevorrow, Dr Steve Wright, Professor David Webb and Dr Edward Halpin
2 Virtual Violence and Real War: Playing War in Computer Games: The Battle with Reality	12	(20)
Martin Bayer
2.1 Introduction	12	(1)
2.2 Gaming platforms	13	(2)
2.3 Definition and historical context	15	(2)
2.4 Computer game genres	17	(4)
2.5 Realism versus reality	21	(4)
2.6 Games and professional military simulations	25	(2)
2.7 Conclusion	27	(5)
3 Strategic Information Warfare: An Introduction	32	(19)
Gian Piero Siroli
3.1 Introduction	32	(1)
3.2 Context	33	(2)
3.3 Critical infrastructures	35	(2)
3.4 Vulnerabilities	37	(4)
3.5 Actors: how and who	41	(2)
3.6 Open questions and comments	43	(2)
3.7 Conclusions	45	(6)
Part II: Implications of the Problem
4 Virtuous Virtual War	51	(21)
Jari Rantapelkonen
4.1 Introduction	51	(1)
4.2 Theory, information technology and accident	52	(3)
4.3 War on terrorism - the state of emergency	55	(1)
4.4 The necessity and problematics of an enemy	56	(2)
4.5 War on Afghanistan - from postmodern moments to information isolation	58	(2)
4.6 Battle for the strategic truth	60	(1)
4.7 War on Iraq - differences in perceptions	61	(6)
4.8 The fog of peace	67	(5)
5 Risks of Computer-Related Technology	72	(10)
Dr Peter G. Neumann
5.1 Introduction	72	(6)
5.2 Roles of technology	78	(4)
6 Missile Defence - The First Steps Towards War in Space?	82	(16)
Professor David Webb
6.1 The military use of space	82	(2)
6.2 Anti-satellite (ASAT) programmes	84	(3)
6.3 Current US developments	87	(2)
6.4 Missile defence	89	(3)
6.5 The possibility of space weapons control	92	(6)
7 Technology as a Source of Global Turbulence?	98	(15)
Dr Stefan Fritsch
7.1 Introduction	98	(1)
7.2 Realistic and neorealistic approaches to technology	99	(1)
7.3 Interdependent globalism	100	(2)
7.4 Technology and IR/IPE from a constructivist point of view	102	(1)
7.5 Arguments for a broader perspective on technology	103	(1)
7.6 Multidimensional effects of technology	104	(2)
7.7 Conclusion	106	(7)
8 Nuclear Weapons and the Vision of Command and Control	113	(26)
Dr Bruce D. Larkin
8.1 The White House and the Department of Defense (DoD)	114	(1)
8.2 The White House Communications Agency	115	(1)
8.3 Crisis experience: the attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan	116	(1)
8.4 Crisis experience: The September 11 attack	117	(2)
8.5 The Global Command and Control System (GCCS) (as defined by the DoD)	119	(1)
8.6 GCCS-T: the top secret provision for nuclear operations	120	(1)
8.7 Ongoing transformation of command and control systems	121	(2)
8.8 War experience: the Iraq War (2003—...)	123	(1)
8.9 Is GCCS sufficiently reliable for nuclear operations?	124	(1)
8.10 Is SIPRNET sufficiently secure for nuclear operations?	125	(5)
8.11 Assessment	130	(9)
9 Information Warfare and the Laws of War	139
Geoffrey Darnton
9.1 Introduction	139	(2)
9.2 Information Warfare (IW)	141	(3)
9.3 Laws of war	144	(7)
9.4 Key issues	151	(6)
Part III: Country Perspectives
10 RMA: The Russian Way	157	(16)
Fanourios Pantelogiannis
10.1 Historical overview	157	(2)
10.2 The current Russian RMA and its international consequences	159	(7)
10.3 Conclusion and evaluation	166	(1)
10.4 Perspectives	167	(6)
11 An Overview of the Research and Development of Information Warfare in China	173	(26)
Chris Wu
11.1 Introduction	173	(1)
11.2 Theoretical research on Information Warfare in China	174	(8)
11.3 Current IW development in China	182	(7)
11.4 IW tactics that could be used by Beijing to attack Taiwan	189	(2)
11.5 Combination of US and Taiwanese resistance to IW from Beijing	191	(1)
11.6 The possibility of IW between China and the USA	191	(2)
11.7 Conclusion	193	(6)
Part IV: What is Being Done - or Must Be Done?
12 A Bridge Too Far?	199	(20)
Mike Moore
12.1 Global engagement	201	(3)
12.2 A space Pearl Harbor?	204	(2)
12.3 Space cop	206	(2)
12.4 The security dilemma	208	(2)
12.5 A mind experiment	210	(2)
12.6 Velvet glove, steel fist	212	(1)
12.7 Unintended consequences	213	(3)
12.8 'Last, best hope'	216	(3)
13 Threat Assessment and Protective Measures: Extending the Asia-Europe Meeting IV Conclusions on Fighting International Terrorism and Other Instruments to Cyber Terrorism	219	(9)
Massimo Mauro
13.1 Introduction	219	(1)
13.2 The Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) framework	219	(1)
13.3 Cyber terrorism: an urban legend?	220	(2)
13.4 A taxonomy of real cyber threats	222	(2)
13.5 Advanced defensive methods and different regional priorities	224	(1)
13.6 International and regional cooperation against cyber terrorism	224	(1)
13.7 Concluding statement	225	(3)
14 Policy Laundering, and Other Policy Dynamics	228	(14)
Dr Gus Hosein
14.1 Introduction	228	(2)
14.2 At the international level: the Council of Europe and the G8	230	(2)
14.3 At the national level	232	(2)
14.4 The international-national dance: traffic data retention	234	(2)
14.5 Democratic challenges and international opportunities	236	(3)
14.6 Concluding remarks	239	(3)
15 Conclusion	242	(4)
Dr Steve Wright, Dr Philippa Trevorrow, Professor David Webb and Dr Edward Halpin
Index	246