Cylindrical Antennas and Arrays

by Ronold W. P. King , George J. Fikioris , Richard B. Mack

• ISBN13: 9780521431071
• ISBN10: 0521431077
• Edition: Revised
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-11-18
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

Cylindrical arrays lie at the heart of the antenna systems of most major radio communication systems, including broadcasting networks, cellular 'phone systems and radar. In this book, the authors present practical theoretical methods for determining current distributions, input admittances and field patterns of a wide variety of cylindrical antennas, including the isolated antenna, the two-element array, the circular array, curtain arrays, Yagi and log-periodic arrays, planar arrays and three-dimensional arrays. Coverage includes analysis of horizontal antennas over, on and in the earth and sea, large resonant arrays of electrically short dipoles and a chapter on the theory and techniques of experimental measurement. Written by three of the leading engineers in the field, and based on world-class research carried out at Harvard over the last 40 years, Cylindrical Antennas and Arrays is destined to become established as the basic reference for practising engineers and advanced students for many years to come.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Preface to first edition	xvii
Introduction	1	(30)
Linear antennas	1	(2)
Maxwell's equations and the potential functions	3	(2)
Power and the Poynting vector	5	(2)
The field of thin linear antennas: general equations	7	(4)
The field of the electrically short antenna; directivity	11	(2)
The field of antennas with sinusoidally distributed currents; radiation resistance	13	(3)
Impedance of antenna: EMF method	16	(4)
Integral equations for the current distribution	20	(3)
Direct numerical methods	23	(8)
An approximate analysis of the cylindrical antenna	31	(23)
The sinusoidal current	31	(1)
The equation for the current	32	(1)
Properties of integrals	33	(3)
Rearranged equation for the current	36	(1)
Reduction of integral equation to algebraic equation	36	(3)
Evaluation of coefficients	39	(1)
The approximate current and admittance	40	(1)
Numerical examples; comparison with experiment	41	(2)
The radiation field	43	(5)
An approximate two-term theory	48	(2)
The receiving antenna	50	(4)
The two-element array	54	(25)
The method of symmetrical components	54	(3)
Properties of integrals	57	(2)
Reduction of integral equations for phase sequences to algebraic equations	59	(3)
The phase-sequence currents and admittances	62	(2)
Currents for arbitrarily driven antennas; self- and mutual admittances and impedances	64	(2)
Currents for one driven, one parasitic antenna	66	(1)
The couplet	67	(1)
Field patterns	68	(2)
The two-term approximation	70	(9)
The circular array	79	(33)
Integral equations for the sequence currents	80	(6)
Sequence functions and array properties	86	(2)
Self- and mutual admittances	88	(7)
Currents and fields; arrays with one driven element	95	(8)
Matrix notation and the method of symmetrical components	103	(4)
General formulation and solution	107	(5)
The circuit and radiating properties of curtain arrays	112	(41)
Comparison of conventional and two-term theories	112	(2)
Two-term theory of curtain arrays	114	(10)
Example: the three-element array	124	(4)
Electronically scanned arrays	128	(9)
Examples of the general theory for large arrays	137	(11)
The special case when β0h = π/2	148	(3)
Summary	151	(2)
Arrays with unequal elements: parasitic and log-periodic antennas	153	(88)
Application of the two-term theory to a simple parasitic array	153	(7)
The problem of arrays with parasitic elements of unequal lengths	160	(2)
Application to the Yagi--Uda array	162	(5)
Evaluation of coefficients for the Yagi--Uda array	167	(3)
Arrays with half-wave elements	170	(3)
The far field of the Yagi--Uda array; gain	173	(6)
Simple applications of the modified theory; comparison with experiment	179	(3)
The three-element Yagi--Uda array	182	(8)
The four and eight director Yagi--Uda arrays	190	(8)
Receiving arrays	198	(10)
Driven arrays of elements that differ greatly in length	208	(7)
The log-periodic dipole array	215	(1)
Analysis of the log-periodic dipole array	216	(6)
Characteristics of a typical log-periodic dipole array	222	(6)
Frequency-independent properties of the log-periodic dipole array	228	(11)
Experimental verification of the theory for arrays of unequal dipoles	239	(2)
Planar and three-dimensional arrays	241	(49)
Vector potentials and integral equations for the currents	241	(4)
Vector potential differences and integral equations	245	(2)
Approximate distribution of current	247	(2)
Evaluation of coefficients	249	(4)
The field patterns	253	(3)
The general two-element array	256	(6)
A simple planar array	262	(10)
A three-dimensional array of twenty-seven elements	272	(12)
Electrical beam scanning	284	(4)
Problems with practical arrays	288	(2)
Vertical dipoles on and over the earth or sea	290	(53)
Introduction	290	(2)
The complete electromagnetic field of a vertical dipole over the earth or sea with or without a coating	292	(4)
The field in the air in the intermediate range	296	(2)
The far field in the air	298	(5)
Base-driven and grounded monopoles	303	(5)
Vertical antennas on the earth for communicating with submarines in the ocean	308	(6)
High-frequency dipoles over the earth; cellular telephone	314	(7)
Vertical dipoles over a two-layered region	321	(6)
Propagation over the spherical earth	327	(14)
Conclusion	341	(2)
Dipoles parallel to the plane boundaries of layered regions; horizontal dipole over, on, and in the earth or sea	343	(36)
Introduction	343	(6)
Horizontal traveling-wave antennas over earth or sea; Beverage antenna (l = 0, ε = k0/k2)	349	(8)
The terminated insulated antenna in earth or sea	357	(2)
Arrays of horizontal and vertical antennas over the earth	359	(6)
Horizontal antennas over the spherical earth	365	(4)
Horizontal electric dipoles for remote sensing on and in the earth, sea, or Arctic ice	369	(3)
Horizontal electric dipoles and patch antennas on microstrip	372	(7)
Application of the two-term theory to general arrays of parallel non-staggered elements	379	(13)
Brief derivation of the formulas	379	(5)
The complete two-term theory formulas	384	(1)
Remarks and programming considerations	385	(5)
Alternative form for the solution and the case kh = π/2	390	(2)
Resonances in large circular arrays of perfectly conducting dipoles	392	(33)
Introduction	392	(4)
The two-term theory and the modified kernel	396	(3)
Phase-sequence resonances	399	(4)
Behavior near a phase-sequence resonance	403	(2)
Radiation field at or near a phase-sequence resonance	405	(3)
Refinements for numerical calculations	408	(1)
Resonant array with two driven elements	409	(11)
Appendix: the various kernels for the circular array	420	(5)
Resonances in large circular arrays of highly conducting dipoles	425	(27)
Introduction	425	(2)
Integral equations	427	(2)
Two-term theory	429	(1)
Qualitative behavior	430	(3)
Numerical results	433	(2)
Field pattern	435	(1)
The effect of a highly conducting ground plane	436	(10)
Appendix: formulas for the large circular array of highly conducting dipoles	446	(6)
Direct numerical methods: a detailed discussion	452	(23)
Introduction	452	(1)
Properties of the integral equations	453	(2)
On the application of numerical methods	455	(5)
Additional remarks	460	(3)
Notes on arrays of cylindrical dipoles	463	(2)
Appendix: the infinite antenna	465	(10)
Techniques and theory of measurements	475	(64)
Transmission lines with coupled loads	476	(5)
Equivalent lumped elements for terminal-zone networks	481	(6)
Voltages, currents, and impedances of uniform sections of lines	487	(5)
Theoretical basis of impedance measurements	492	(10)
The measurement of self-and mutual impedance or admittance	502	(6)
Theory and properties of probes	508	(12)
Construction and use of field probes	520	(14)
The measurement of sharp resonances in circular arrays	534	(5)
Appendix I: Tables of ΨdR, T(m) or T(m) and self-and mutual admittances for single elements and circular arrays	539	(14)
Appendix II: Tables of matrix elements Φu and Φv for curtain arrays	553	(26)
Appendix III: Tables of admittance and impedance for curtain arrays	579	(16)
References	595	(12)
List of symbols	607	(12)
Index	619