Dark Matter and Dark Energy

by Matarrese, Sabino; Colpi, Monica; Gorini, Vittorio; Moschella, Ugo

• ISBN13: 9789048186846
• ISBN10: 9048186846
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-02-16
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This book developed from a doctoral school sponsored by the Italian Society of General Relativity and Gravitation, and brings together contributions from leading international authorities in the field to provide a review of the developments in the study of dark matter and dark energy, as seen from both their cosmological and particle physics side. Studying the physical and astrophysical properties of the dark components of our Universe is a crucial step towards the ultimate goal of unveiling their nature. The book starts with a concise introduction to the standard cosmological model, as well as with a presentation of the theory of linear perturbations around a homogeneous and isotropic background. It covers the particle physics and cosmological aspects of dark matter and (dynamical) dark energy, including a discussion of how modified theories of gravity could provide a possible candidate for dark energy. A detailed presentation is also given of the possible ways of testing the theory in terms of cosmic microwave background, galaxy redshift surveys and weak gravitational lensing observations. A self-contained introduction to the techniques and most important results of numerical (e.g. N-body) simulations in cosmology is included.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. xi
Cosmology
Relativistic Cosmology	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Essentials of Friedmann-Lemaître Models	p. 4
Friedmann-Lemaître Spacetimes	p. 5
Thermal History Below 100 MeV	p. 13
Luminosity-Redshift Relation	p. 22
Inflationary Scenario	p. 27
Introduction	p. 27
The Horizon Problem and the General Idea of Inflation	p. 27
Scalar Field Models	p. 33
Cosmological Perturbation Theory	p. 37
Generalities	p. 38
Explicit form of the Energy-Momentum Conservation	p. 48
Einstein Equations	p. 49
Some Applications of CPT	p. 55
Nonrelativistic Limit	p. 56
Large-Scale Solutions	p. 57
Solution for Dust	p. 59
A Simple Relativistic Example	p. 60
CPT for Scalar Field Models	p. 61
Basic Perturbation Equations	p. 62
Consequences and Reformulations	p. 65
Quantization, Primordial Power Spectra	p. 70
Power Spectrum of the Inflaton Field	p. 71
Generation of Gravitational Waves	p. 80
Appendix to Section 1.7: Einstein Tensor for Tensor Perturbations	p. 89
Tight Coupling Phase	p. 90
Basic Equations	p. 91
Analytical and Numerical Analysis	p. 105
General Relativistic Boltzmann Equation	p. 112
One-Particle Phase Space, Liouville Operator	p. 112
The General Relativistic Boltzmann Equation	p. 116
Gauge Transformations	p. 117
Liouville Operator in the Longitudinal Gauge	p. 117
Boltzmann Equation for Photons	p. 120
Tensor Contributions to the Boltzmann Equation	p. 125
Collision Integral for Thomson Scattering	p. 126
References	p. 130
Cosmology with Cosmic Microwave Background and Large-Scale Structure Observations	p. 133
Introduction	p. 133
Cosmic Microwave Background and Other Data Sets: What have we Learned About Cosmology?	p. 135
Testing Inflation: Status and the Prospects	p. 139
Beyond the Standard Cosmological Model	p. 143
CMB: How is the Information Extracted?	p. 145
Real-World Effects	p. 146
Beam	p. 147
Sky Cut	p. 148
How Do You Make a CMB Map in the First Place?	p. 148
Foregrounds	p. 150
Estimation of the Cl	p. 153
Likelihoods	p. 153
The Dark Side of Large-Scale Structures	p. 154
Basic Tools for Large-Scale Structure	p. 155
Window and Selection Function	p. 162
Weighting Schemes to Account for all that and More	p. 163
Redshift-Space Distortions	p. 164
Nonlinearities etc.	p. 166
Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO)	p. 169
Conclusions	p. 175
References	p. 175
Cosmology with Gravitational Lensing	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Basics of Lensing	p. 178
The Bend Angle	p. 178
The Lens Equation	p. 179
General Thin Lens Mass Distributions	p. 182
Dark Matter	p. 185
2D Mass Surface Density Reconstruction	p. 185
Testing the Navarro-Frenk-White Profile of CDM	p. 188
Cosmological Lensing	p. 189
Distortion of Light Bundles	p. 190
Lensing Potential	p. 191
Matter Power Spectrum	p. 194
Intrinsic Alignments	p. 195
E/B Decomposition	p. 196
Results	p. 198
Lensing in 3D	p. 199
3D Potential and Mass Density Reconstruction	p. 199
Tomography	p. 201
The Shear Ratio Test	p. 203
Full 3D Analysis of the Shear Field	p. 204
Dark Energy with 3D Lensing Methods	p. 206
Dark Gravity	p. 208
Growth Rate	p. 210
The Future	p. 211
Appendix: The Propagation of Light through a Weakly Perturbed Universe	p. 212
The Geodesic Equation	p. 212
References	p. 214
Cosmology with Numerical Simulations	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
N-Body Codes	p. 218
The Model Equations	p. 218
The Particle-Particle (PP) Method	p. 219
The Particle-Mesh (PM) Method	p. 221
Tree Codes	p. 224
Hybrid Methods	p. 225
Initial Conditions and Simulation Setup	p. 226
Code Comparison	p. 227
Hydrodynamical Codes	p. 228
The Model Equations	p. 228
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)	p. 229
Eulerian Methods	p. 233
Code Comparison	p. 234
Extra Gas Physics	p. 234
References	p. 236
Dark Matter
Dark Matter Astrophysics	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Astrophysical Evidence	p. 242
Galactic Rotation Curves	p. 242
Galaxy Clusters	p. 244
Cosmic Microwave Background and Large-Scale Structure	p. 247
Basic Properties of Dark Matter	p. 248
Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs)	p. 250
WIMP Freezeout in Early Universe	p. 250
Direct Detection	p. 253
Energetic v's from the Sun	p. 255
Cosmic Rays from DM Annihilation	p. 256
Variations and Additions	p. 261
Enhanced Relic Abundance	p. 261
Kinetic Decoupling	p. 262
Particle Decay and Suppression of Small-Scale Power	p. 262
Dipole Dark Matter	p. 264
Gravitational Constraints	p. 264
Electromagnetic-Like Interactions for Dark Matter?	p. 266
Some Other Particle Dark-Matter Candidates	p. 266
Sterile Neutrinos	p. 267
Axions	p. 268
Conclusions	p. 270
References	p. 270
Dark Matter: the Particle Physics View	p. 273
Introduction	p. 273
The Standard Model of Particle Physics	p. 276
The Higgs Mechanism and Vector Boson Masses	p. 278
Fermion Masses	p. 279
Successes and Difficulties of the SM	p. 280
The DM Problem: Experimental Evidence	p. 281
Lepton Number Violation and Neutrinos as HDM Candidates	p. 282
Neutrino Masses in the SM and Beyond	p. 282
Thermal History of Neutrinos	p. 283
HDM and Structure Formation	p. 285
Low-energy SUSY and DM	p. 285
Neutralinos as the LSP in SUSY Models	p. 285
Neutralinos in the Minimal SUSY Standard Model	p. 286
Thermal History of Neutralinos and ¿CDM	p. 288
Changing the Expansion Rate in the Past	p. 288
GR as a Fixed Point	p. 290
Implications for DM in the CMSSM	p. 292
References	p. 292
Dark Matter Direct and Indirect Detection	p. 295
Introduction	p. 295
Dark Matter at the Various Scales	p. 296
The Nature of Dark Matter	p. 296
Direct Detection of WIMPs via Scattering off Ordinary Matter	p. 301
Rate and Features of the WIMP-Nucleus Interactions	p. 301
Status of the Experimental Search for WIMPs	p. 306
Indirect Detection via Annihilation of Dark Matter Particles	p. 317
Introduction to Annihilation Mechanisms and Products	p. 319
Indirect Search Exploiting the Antimatter Component in Cosmic Rays	p. 321
Indirect Search with ¿-rays and Neutrinos	p. 322
Conclusions	p. 326
References	p. 327
Dark Energy
Dark Energy: Investigation and Modeling	p. 331
Introduction	p. 331
Observational Constraints on Dark Energy	p. 333
Supernovae Ia Observations	p. 333
CMB	p. 338
BAO	p. 341
Cosmological Constant	p. 342
Modified Matter Models	p. 346
Quintessence	p. 346
k-Essence	p. 351
Coupled Dark Energy	p. 354
Unified Models of Dark Energy and Dark Matter	p. 364
Modified Gravity Models	p. 366
f(R) Gravity	p. 366
Gauss-Bonnet Dark Energy Models	p. 375
Scalar-Tensor Theories	p. 377
DGP Model	p. 381
Cosmic Acceleration without Dark Energy	p. 384
Inhomogeneous LTB Model	p. 385
Backreaction of Cosmological Perturbations	p. 387
Conclusions	p. 388
References	p. 390
Index	p. 403
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