The Democratic Debate

by Unknown

• ISBN13: 9780618054527
• ISBN10: 0618054529
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-11-28
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

The Democratic Debateexamines the struggle between the elite and popular models of democracy which, the authors argue, have alternated as the dominant vision in America since its founding. The text uses the standard of popular democracy to examine the United States from anti-federalism to contemporary social movements, and includes new material on the 2000 elections, the early months of George W. Bush's presidency, recent protests against the World Trade Organization, September 11, and more.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Terrorism and American Democracy	xx
Boxed Features	xiii
About the Authors	xxx
PART ONE FOUNDATIONS
Introduction: The Democratic Debate	1	(15)
What Is Democracy?	3	(2)
Origins of the Democratic Debate: The Founding	5	(2)
Evolution of Popular Democracy: The Logic of Inclusion	7	(1)
Evolution of Elite Democracy: The Logic of Expertise	8	(3)
Summarizing the Democratic Debate	11	(1)
Interpreting Political Facts: The Problem of Participation	12	(2)
Conclusion: Joining the Democratic Debate	14	(2)
The Revolution and the Constitution: Origins of the Democratic Debate	16	(29)
From Colonials to Revolutionaries	18	(7)
The Birth of Republicanism	20	(1)
The Spirit of '76	21	(4)
From Revolution to Constitution	25	(2)
The Constitutional Convention	27	(6)
A Strong National Government	27	(3)
National Institutions	30	(1)
Values, Fears, and Issues	31	(2)
Ratification Struggle and the Democratic Debate	33	(7)
Human Nature: Its Dangers and Its Possibilities	35	(1)
Scale of Political Life	36	(1)
Representation	37	(1)
Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances	37	(1)
Purpose of Government	38	(1)
Stability and Change	39	(1)
The Bill of Rights	40	(2)
Conclusion: Beginning the Democratic Debate	42	(3)
The American Political Economy	45	(35)
Two Tales of the Political Economy	47	(5)
The Democratic Debate on the Political Economy	48	(1)
Free Markets: The Elite Democratic View	49	(2)
Popular Democratic Perspectives	51	(1)
Unaccountable Corporate Power	52	(12)
Corporate Organization: Special Privileges	54	(1)
Who Owns American Corporations?	54	(1)
Do Markets Check Corporate Power?	55	(1)
Is the New Global Economy Democratic?	56	(3)
Labor Unions: Can They Control Corporate Power?	59	(2)
The Federal Government: Checking or Sustaining Corporate Power?	61	(3)
The Problem of Rising Inequality	64	(8)
Are Inequalities Fair?	67	(2)
The Political Effects of Economic Inequalities	69	(2)
The Prism of Race and Gender	71	(1)
Political Economy and Civil Society	72	(6)
Conclusion: We Do Not Need to Choose Between Democracy and Prosperity	78	(2)
Public Opinion and Political Culture	80	(33)
Public Opinion and the Democratic Debate	81	(2)
American Political Culture	83	(4)
Patriotism, Democracy, and the National Community	83	(2)
Individualism and Liberty	85	(1)
Community: A Country of Joiners	85	(1)
Political and Economic Equality	86	(1)
Interpreting Divides Within the Political Culture	87	(7)
Civil Liberties and Political Tolerance	88	(2)
The Confidence and Trust Gap	90	(2)
Economic Elites and Power	92	(2)
Ideologies and Public Opinion	94	(4)
A Conservative Tide?	95	(2)
Beyond Liberalism and Conservatism: New Ideologies	97	(1)
Where Does Public Opinion Originate?	98	(8)
Political Socialization	98	(2)
Social Differences and Public Opinion	100	(5)
Bewildered Herd or Divided Publics?	105	(1)
How Public Opinion Is Organized	106	(5)
When Public Opinion Matters	108	(1)
The Potential Tyranny of Polls	108	(3)
Manufacturing Public Opinion	111	(1)
Conclusion: The Sensible Public	111	(2)
PART TWO PARTICIPATION
Where Have All the Voters Gone?	113	(27)
The Mysterious Facts About Nonvoting	114	(5)
Elite Democratic Theories of Nonvoting	119	(2)
Nonvoting: Why Worry?	119	(1)
Nonvoters: A Crisis in Morals?	120	(1)
Blaming Nonvoters	120	(1)
Popular Democracy and Nonvoting	121	(9)
The Registration Problem	121	(2)
A History Lesson: Grassroots Politics Matters	123	(2)
The 2000 Election: Making the Vote Matter	125	(3)
Nonvoting and Civil Society's ``Decline''	128	(2)
Mobilizing Nonvoters: Would It Make a Difference?	130	(7)
The Christian Right	134	(1)
The AFL-CIO: Mobilizing in the New Economy	135	(1)
(De)Mobilizing Voters: 1992--2000	136	(1)
Conclusion: Who's Afraid of Nonvoters?	137	(3)
The Media: Who Sets the Political Agenda?	140	(30)
The Democratic Debate and the Mass Media	141	(2)
Media Power and U.S. History	143	(4)
Newspapers	143	(1)
Radio and Television	144	(1)
The Internet and Broadband Communication	145	(1)
Diverse Marketplace or Vast Wasteland?	146	(1)
Corporate Ownership and Control	147	(7)
Corporate Censorship?	149	(2)
Commercialism and the News	151	(1)
Is the Internet an Alternative?	152	(2)
Government Influence on the Media	154	(3)
Disinformation and Intimidation	154	(1)
The Revolving Door	154	(1)
Government Regulation of Broadcasting: Who Owns the Airwaves?	155	(2)
Making (and Creating) the News	157	(11)
Media Bias: Which Way Does It Go?	157	(2)
Professional Standards	159	(1)
The Problem of Sources	160	(1)
McNews	161	(2)
Battle of the Titans: Journalists, Politicians, and Campaigns	163	(3)
Popular Democratic Alternatives	166	(2)
Conclusion: Democratizing the Media	168	(2)
Are the Parties Over?	170	(28)
Why Political Parties are Important	172	(1)
Why American Parties are Unique	173	(6)
Age and the Weight of Tradition	173	(1)
Political Parties as Local Organizations	174	(1)
Ideological Fuzziness	175	(1)
Why Only Two Parties?	176	(1)
Third Parties and Popular Democracy	177	(2)
Critical Elections	179	(7)
The System of 1896	180	(2)
1932: Rise of the New Deal Democrats	182	(1)
The New Deal at Retirement Age	183	(1)
Explaining the Democrats' Decline	183	(2)
Republican Revolution from Above	185	(1)
The Politics of Dealignment 1968--?	186	(1)
Generals Without Armies: Current Party Organization	187	(2)
Party Primaries and the National Conventions	189	(3)
Retrospective and Split-Ticket Voting	191	(1)
The Parties in the Electorate	192	(4)
The Democrats: Who Are They?	192	(2)
The Republicans: Feeding Off Democratic Disarray	194	(2)
Independents and a Fluid Electorate	196	(1)
Conclusion: The Future of Parties	196	(2)
Campaigns: Organized Money versus Organized People	198	(35)
Campaign-Centered Politics	199	(5)
Wild Ambition: From Nobody to the White House	201	(3)
The Permanent Campaign Game	204	(15)
Campaign Rules: Managing Cash Flows	205	(4)
The Tragedy of Post-Watergate Campaign Finance Reform	209	(3)
PACs and Individual Contributions	212	(2)
Soft Money	214	(3)
The Class Bias of Money Politics	217	(2)
Changing the Rules	219	(1)
The Rise of High-Tech Politics	219	(9)
Political Consultants	222	(1)
Polling	223	(1)
Media Advertising	224	(1)
Direct Mail and Internet Fundraising	225	(1)
Press and Media Relations	226	(1)
Effects of High-Tech Political Consultants on Election Results	226	(2)
Campaigning and Popular Democracy	228	(2)
1992 as a Case Study: Did Voters Take Command?	228	(1)
Grassroots Campaigns	229	(1)
Conclusion: Who Wins the Campaign Game?	230	(3)
Interest Group Politics: Elite Bias	233	(29)
Interest Group Politics and the Democratic Debate	235	(2)
The Growth of Interest Group Politics	237	(2)
Traditional Lobbying: The Insider Strategy	239	(4)
The Class Bias of the Interest Group System	243	(2)
The Rise of Public Interest Groups	245	(8)
Cultivating the Outsider Strategy	247	(1)
Ralph Nader: Expanding Democratic Citizenship	247	(6)
The New Lobbying: Elite Countermobilization	253	(4)
Think Tanks: Shaping the Agenda	254	(2)
Direct Marketing	256	(1)
The New Interest Group Politics: Democracy for Hire	257	(1)
The Case of National Health Insurance	258	(2)
Conclusion: How Democratic Is the Interest Group System?	260	(2)
Mass Movement Politics: The Great Equalizer	262	(31)
Protest Politics: Goals and Tactics	266	(4)
Mass Movement Goals: Beyond Material Benefits	266	(3)
Mass Movement Tactics: Protest as a Political Resource	269	(1)
Mass Movements In American History	270	(1)
Mass Movements: The Necessary Ingredients	271	(5)
Protest Tactics: Walking a Fine Line	276	(2)
The Elite Response to Mass Movements	278	(2)
The Democratic Debate Over Mass Movements	280	(10)
Elite Democratic Criticisms of Mass Movements	280	(1)
The Popular Democratic Defense of Mass Movements	281	(1)
Sixties-Style Protest Movements: Elite Backlash	282	(1)
The Popular Democratic Response: Elite Distemper	283	(2)
The Achievements of Mass Movements	285	(3)
The Feminist Movement: The Personal Is Political	288	(2)
Conclusion: The Place of Protest Politics in a Democracy	290	(3)
PART THREE INSTITUTIONS
Congress: A Vehicle for Popular Democracy?	293	(30)
Congress Before the Revolution	295	(12)
Individual Members and Their Districts	295	(3)
Congressional Committees	298	(3)
Parties in Congress	301	(2)
Congressional Leadership	303	(4)
Congress During the Revolution	307	(4)
Leadership	307	(2)
Party	309	(1)
Committees	310	(1)
Individual Members	310	(1)
Congress After the Revolution	311	(3)
Congress and the Executive	314	(6)
Budgetary Politics	315	(2)
Foreign Policy	317	(2)
Congressional Oversight of the Executive Branch	319	(1)
Conclusion: The Post-Revolution Congress and the Democratic Debate	320	(3)
Presidential Leadership and Elite Democracy	323	(33)
The Personalized Presidency	325	(1)
The Presidency as an Institution	326	(9)
White House Staff	326	(3)
Executive Office of the President	329	(2)
The Vice President	331	(1)
Cabinet	332	(1)
Managing the Bureaucracy	333	(2)
The Presidency and the Congress	335	(3)
Congressional Roadblocks	336	(1)
Presidential Resources	337	(1)
The Presidency and Economic Power	338	(4)
The Presidency and National Security	342	(4)
Presidential Dominance in Foreign Affairs	342	(1)
Congressional Attempts to Rein in the Executive	343	(1)
Presidential Secrecy	344	(1)
A New Era?	345	(1)
The President and the Public	346	(1)
The President and the Media	347	(1)
The Presidency and Democratic Movements	348	(1)
Popular or Elite Democrat? The Case of Bill Clinton	349	(4)
Conclusion: The Elite Democratic Presidency	353	(3)
Bureaucracy: Myth and Reality	356	(28)
The Democratic Debate Over Bureaucracy: A Short History	357	(5)
The Beginnings of American Administration	358	(1)
The Spoils System and Civil Service Reform	359	(1)
The New Deal and Bureaucracy	360	(1)
From Ronald Reagan to George W. Bush: Attack or Reinvent Bureaucracy?	361	(1)
The Modern Administrative State in America	362	(4)
The Civil Service	362	(1)
Types of Federal Agencies	363	(2)
Myth and Reality in the Administrative State	365	(1)
Bureaucrats as Policy Makers	366	(4)
The Political Environment of Bureaucracy	370	(3)
Seeking Political Support	370	(1)
Constraints on Bureaucracy	371	(2)
Bureaucracy and the Political Economy	373	(3)
Economic Regulation	373	(1)
Social Regulation	374	(2)
The Democratic Debate Over Reforming the Bureaucracy	376	(5)
``Reinventing Government''	377	(1)
The Market Alternative	378	(1)
Popular Democratic Reforms	379	(2)
Conclusion: Beyond Monster Bureaucracy	381	(3)
The Judiciary and the Democratic Debate	384	(31)
Judicial Power and the Democratic Debate	385	(6)
The Judiciary and Democracy	386	(1)
The Conservative Critique of the Judiciary	387	(1)
The Liberal Defense of the Judiciary	387	(1)
Progressive Skepticism toward the Judiciary	388	(3)
The Supreme Court in History	391	(7)
John Marshall and Judicial Power	391	(1)
The Taney Court	392	(1)
From the Civil War to the Roosevelt Revolution	393	(2)
The Modern Court	395	(3)
Judicial Selection	398	(4)
Lower Federal Court Nominations	398	(1)
Supreme Court Nominations	399	(3)
The Federal Court System	402	(3)
U.S. District Courts	402	(1)
U.S. Courts of Appeals	403	(1)
U.S. Supreme Court	403	(2)
The Supreme Court: Process	405	(2)
Choosing Cases	405	(1)
Deciding Cases	406	(1)
The Supreme Court: Politics	407	(2)
The Chief Justice and Leadership	407	(1)
Strategic Action	408	(1)
Ideology	408	(1)
The Supreme Court and the Political System	409	(3)
Conclusion: Law, Politics, and the Democratic Debate	412	(3)
State and Local Politics: The Dilemma of Federalism	415	(34)
Federalism and the Constitution	417	(5)
The Slavery Issue: Reaffirming National Authority	420	(1)
Federalism and Corporations	421	(1)
The Failure of Dual Federalism	422	(2)
Roosevelt's Dilemma	423	(1)
Roosevelt's Solution: Grants-in-Aid	423	(1)
The Death of Dual Federalism	424	(1)
Intergovernmental Relations	424	(11)
Johnson's Creative Federalism	426	(1)
Nixon's New Federalism	427	(1)
The Backlash Against Federal Power: Reagan	428	(2)
The Contemporary Debate on Devolution	430	(2)
Popular Democracy and Federalism	432	(3)
States and Corporations: Survival of the Unfit?	435	(4)
State and Local Competition for Investment	436	(1)
The Growth Machine: Local Elite Democracy	437	(2)
Reformers and the Attack on Party Government	439	(3)
States and Cities as Laboratories of Democracy	442	(4)
Experiments in Grassroots Democracy	443	(3)
Conclusion: Is There a Way Out of the Dilemma?	446	(3)
PART FOUR POLICY
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights	449	(31)
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: Foes and Friends	451	(1)
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights: Historical Bases	452	(3)
The Bill of Rights	452	(1)
The Civil War Amendments	453	(1)
The Constitutional Revolution of the 1930s	454	(1)
The First Amendment	455	(8)
Free Speech	456	(2)
Unprotected Speech	458	(1)
Freedom of the Press	459	(1)
Separation of Church and State	460	(3)
Free Exercise of Religion	463	(1)
The Rights of Persons Accused of Crimes	463	(4)
Criminal Procedure: The Warren Court	464	(2)
Criminal Procedure: The Burger and the Rehnquist Courts	466	(1)
The Right of Privacy: Birth Control and Abortion	467	(2)
Civil Rights	469	(8)
Fighting Segregation: From Plessy to Brown	470	(1)
Ending Segregation	471	(2)
Affirmative Action	473	(3)
Equal Rights for Women	476	(1)
Conclusion: The Struggle Over Liberties and Rights	477	(3)
Economic and Social Policy: The Democratic Connections	480	(34)
Policy Debates: The Democratic Dimension	481	(2)
The Rise and Fall of the Keynesian Consensus	483	(1)
Reaganomics: The Supply-Side Experiment	484	(3)
How the Country Moved From Deficits to Surpluses	487	(2)
The Politics of Budget Surpluses	489	(3)
The Democratic Debate Over the Money Supply	492	(5)
The Experiment with Monetarism	494	(2)
Alan Greenspan and the Issue of Fed Reform	496	(1)
The Democratic Debate on Welfare	497	(14)
Challenging the Stereotypes	500	(2)
Ending Welfare as We Know It	502	(2)
America's Two-Tiered Welfare State	504	(1)
Growing Entitlements	504	(2)
Tax Expenditures: Welfare for the Middle and Upper Classes	506	(2)
The Political Backlash Against Welfare	508	(3)
Conclusion: Democratic Connections	511	(3)
Foreign Policy in the National Security State	514	(30)
Beginnings of the Democratic Debate Over Foreign Policy	516	(1)
Isolation and Expansion	517	(2)
The Democratic Debate Over the Cold War	519	(4)
The Elite Democratic View of the Cold War	520	(1)
The Popular Democratic View of the Cold War	521	(1)
The End of the Cold War	522	(1)
Foreign and Defense Policy: Institutions	523	(9)
The National Security Council	523	(2)
Department of State	525	(1)
Department of Defense	525	(2)
The Intelligence Community	527	(4)
International Economics Agencies	531	(1)
Foreign Policy and Economic Power	532	(1)
Foreign Policy and Public Opinion	533	(1)
Post-Cold War Foreign Policy and the Democratic Debate	534	(8)
Bill Clinton and the Post-Cold War World	536	(4)
George W. Bush and American Foreign Policy	540	(2)
Conclusion: A More Democratic Foreign Policy?	542	(2)
Afterword: The Prospects for Popular Democracy	544
Appendix	1	(24)
The Declaration of Independence in Congress July 4, 1776	1	(2)
The Constitution of the United States of America	3	(9)
Federalist No. 10 1787	12	(4)
Federalist No. 51 1788	16	(2)
Anti-Federalist Paper October 18, 1787	18	(6)
Presidents of the United States	24	(1)
Glossary	25	(12)
Endnotes	37	(29)
Index to Endnotes	66	(6)
Index	72	(18)
Credits	90