Preface | p. xi |
An Institutional Approach to Democracy and Democratization in Latin America | p. 1 |
Institutions and the Study of Democratic Politics | p. 5 |
What Is an Institution? | p. 6 |
What Is an Institutional Approach to Politics? | p. 8 |
Comparing Countries: Do Authoritarians Follow Institutional Rules? Military Regimes and Institutional Design | p. 12 |
Democracy in Latin America | p. 14 |
Democratic Transition | p. 17 |
Defining Democracy | p. 19 |
Country in the Spotlight: The Struggle for Democracy in Guatemala | p. 24 |
Conclusion | p. 28 |
State and Nation in Colonial Latin America | p. 33 |
Pillars of Democracy: State and Nation | p. 35 |
Land and People | p. 37 |
Human Settlements in the Pre-Colombian Period | p. 38 |
The Colonial Impact on Settlement and Demography | p. 41 |
The Colonial Period | p. 44 |
The Arrival, and Conquest | p. 44 |
The Expansion of Spanish Colonialism | p. 44 |
Comparing Countries: Conquest in Brazil Contrasted with Spanish America | p. 46 |
Colonial Institutions | p. 47 |
Religious Institutions in Colonial Latin America | p. 52 |
The Long Road to Independence | p. 54 |
Country in the Spotlight: Explaining the Exceptionalism of Colonial Legacies in the United States | p. 61 |
Conclusion | p. 66 |
Constitutions: From States and Nations to Regimes, and Back Again | p. 69 |
Constitutional Foundations: The Consolidation of Independent States and the Search for National Identity in Latin America | p. 71 |
The Caudillo Period (1820s-1870s) | p. 71 |
The Export Economy (1860s-1930s) | p. 72 |
The Opening of the U.S. Umbrella (1898) | p. 74 |
The Great Depression (1929) | p. 76 |
The Populist Era (1930s-l 960s) | p. 77 |
Bureaucratic Authoritarianism and the Cold War (1960s-l980s) | p. 79 |
From the Washington Consensus to the "Pink Tide"(1980s to present) | p. 81 |
Constitutions: The Rules of the Game and More | p. 84 |
Constitutional Development in Latin America | p. 85 |
Constitutionalism and Democracy | p. 86 |
Constitutions and Political Pacts | p. 88 |
Constitutions and National Identity | p. 90 |
The Politics of Constitutional Change | p. 91 |
Types of Constitutional Reform | p. 91 |
The Source of Reform: The People or Congress? | p. 93 |
Motives for Reform | p. 94 |
Institutional Opportunities and Barriers | p. 95 |
Comparing Countries: What Distinguishes the Structure and Content of Constitutions in Latin America? | p. 96 |
Explaining Constitutional Change in Latin America | p. 100 |
Country in the Spotlight: Constitutional Reform in Nicaragua | p. 103 |
Conclusion | p. 108 |
The Executive Branch: Latin American Style | p. 113 |
The Executive Branch in Presidential and Parliamentary Forms of Government | p. 116 |
The Parliamentary System | p. 116 |
The Presidential System | p. 117 |
Origins of Parliamentarism and Presidentialism | p. 117 |
Variations in Parliamentary and Presidential Systems | p. 120 |
Latin American Presidencies | p. 121 |
Constitutional Powers | p. 122 |
Partisan Powers | p. 127 |
Comparing Countries: An Assessment of Presidentialism | p. 128 |
The Administrative Arm of the Executive: Bureaucracy | p. 131 |
Efficiency and Bureaucracy | p. 131 |
The Pathologies of Bureaucracy | p. 131 |
The Size of Bureaucracy | p. 132 |
Corruption and Bureaucracy | p. 134 |
Bureaucratic Boundaries | p. 136 |
Country in the Spotlight: Presidential Politics in Argentina | p. 137 |
Conclusion | p. 143 |
The Legislative Branch: The Centerpiece of Democracy Under Fire | p. 149 |
Parliament and Congress | p. 151 |
The Functions of Congress | p. 152 |
Representation | p. 153 |
Past Roadblocks to Representation | p. 153 |
More Recent Changes in Representation | p. 154 |
Lawmaking | p. 156 |
Initiation | p. 157 |
Debate | p. 157 |
Oversight | p. 160 |
Direct Oversight | p. 160 |
Indirect Oversight | p. 165 |
Education | p. 165 |
Comparing Countries: Legislative Strength | p. 166 |
Legislative Structure | p. 169 |
Size | p. 169 |
Sessions | p. 169 |
Terms and Alternates | p. 172 |
Bicameralism | p. 173 |
Country in the Spotlight: The National Congress of Chile: A Barometer of Chilean Democracy | p. 176 |
Conclusion | p. 180 |
The Judiciary in Latin America: Separate but Unequal | p. 186 |
Approaches to Judicial Organization | p. 188 |
Common Law and Code Law Traditions | p. 188 |
Mixed Judicial Systems in Latin America | p. 190 |
The Rule of Law | p. 193 |
Defining the Rule of Law | p. 193 |
The JudiciaryÆs Contribution to the Rule of Law | p. 195 |
The Judiciary and Other Government Institutions: Power and Independence | p. 195 |
The Judiciary and the People: Access and Efficiency | p. 202 |
Comparing Countries: Courts Versus Politicians in Guatemala and Colombia | p. 206 |
The Judicialization of Politics in Contemporary Latin America | p. 208 |
Motives and Opportunities to Judicialize Politics | p. 209 |
International Actors and the Judicialization of Politics | p. 209 |
The Judicialization of Politics at the Local Level | p. 212 |
Country in the Spotlight: The Judicial Branch in Mexico: Seeking Reform | p. 213 |
Conclusion | p. 218 |
Electoral Systems: The Core of Democratic Politics | p. 223 |
Voting | p. 225 |
The Electoral System | p. 227 |
Electoral Formula | p. 227 |
Majoritarian Systems | p. 227 |
Proportional Representation | p. 227 |
Hybrid Systems | p. 231 |
District Magnitude | p. 232 |
Electoral Thresholds | p. 233 |
Ballot Structure | p. 233 |
Districting and Apportionment | p. 243 |
Institutional Distinction: An Ordinal Ballot in a Majoritarian Election: Chile's Binomial System | p. 244 |
The Electoral System and Political Change | p. 245 |
Presidential Elections in Latin America | p. 246 |
Comparing Countries: Direct Democracy in Latin America | p. 251 |
The Management and Observation of Elections | p. 253 |
Country in the Spotlight: The Electoral System in Bolivia | p. 256 |
Conclusion | p. 262 |
From Civil Society to Political Parties: Putting Democracy into Practice | p. 267 |
Civil Society and Democracy | p. 269 |
Parties as Political Institutions | p. 270 |
Parties as Regime Institutions | p. 271 |
Comparing Countries: The Rules for Party Funding in Latin America | p. 272 |
Parties as Social Institutions | p. 278 |
How Parties and Civil Society Must Work Together in Democratic Latin America | p. 282 |
From the Party to the Party System | p. 284 |
Party System Fragmentation | p. 284 |
Party System Institutionalization | p. 288 |
Party System Polarization | p. 290 |
The Interaction of Fragmentation, Institutionalization, and Polarization | p. 291 |
Country in the Spotlight: Venezuela: Changes in Parties, Changes in Politics | p. 292 |
Conclusion | p. 299 |
Federalism and Unitarism: Learning to Share | p. 304 |
Federalism and Unitarism, and the Range of Centralization | p. 306 |
The Division of Power in a Federal System | p. 306 |
The Balance of Centralization and Decentralization | p. 307 |
Comparing Countries: Centralization in Federal Venezuela and Decentralization in Unitary Peru | p. 308 |
The Origins of Governmental Relations in Latin America | p. 311 |
Federalism and the Protection of Regional Caudillos | p. 312 |
Contemporary Moves to Recognize Indigenous Territories | p. 313 |
Federal and Unitary Design in Contemporary Latin America | p. 314 |
Institutions That Complement Federalism: Bicameralism, Strong Judiciary, Rigid Constitutions | p. 314 |
The Contemporary Effort to Decentralize | p. 315 |
Variations in Federal Institutions | p. 318 |
Dealing with Differences | p. 318 |
Offsetting Regional Power Differences | p. 320 |
Country in the Spotlight: Federalism In Brazil | p. 322 |
Conclusion | p. 326 |
The Armed Forces: Bridging the Civil-Military Divide | p. 330 |
The Armed Forces in Contemporary Latin America: Global Comparisons | p. 332 |
Military Expenditures | p. 332 |
Military Spending and Development | p. 333 |
Regional Distinctions | p. 335 |
The Military Perspective of Latin American History | p. 336 |
Comparing Countries: Justice and the "Dirty Wars" in Argentina and Brazil | p. 339 |
Civil-Military Relations | p. 342 |
Civil-Military Relations Under Democracy | p. 345 |
Civilian Supremacy or Political Management? | p. 345 |
New Security Norms Under Democracy | p. 346 |
Institutional Checks and Balances Under Democracy | p. 348 |
The Legislature | p. 349 |
The Courts | p. 350 |
The Executive | p. 351 |
Civil-Military Relations and New Challenges | p. 353 |
Country in the Spotlight: The Armed Forces of El Salvador | p. 354 |
Conclusion | p. 361 |
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