The Design of High-Efficiency Turbomachinery and Gas Turbines

by Wilson, David Gordon; Korakianitis, Theododios

• ISBN13: 9780133120004
• ISBN10: 0133120007
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-01-14
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

One of the only books to focus on turbomachinery and gas turbines from the "design" point of view.This volume reviews the necessary thermodynamics, gives extensive design data, provides engine and component illustrations (with comments on good and less-than-good design features), and contains many worked examples allowing readers to produce preliminary designs that can be made and run quickly. More comprehensive than similar books, it features a simplified and more accurate thermodynamic treatment that eliminates the confusing use of "gamma" and specific heat together, and provides individual full-chapter coverage of on axial-flow turbines and compressors and radial-flow versions of the same.

Table of Contents

List of figures	ix	(12)
List of illustrations	xxi	(2)
List of tables	xxiii	(2)
Preface	xxv	(4)
Note to readers	xxix	(2)
Nomenclature	xxxi
A brief history of turbomachinery	1	(26)
Early turbomachinery	3	(2)
Blowers and pumps	5	(1)
Compressors	5	(2)
Steam turbines	7	(7)
Marine turbines	14	(1)
Gas-turbine engines	15	(5)
The turbojet	20	(4)
The fallibility of experts' forecasts	24	(1)
References	24	(3)
1 Introduction	27	(18)
1.1 Aims	27	(1)
1.2 Definitions	28	(7)
1.3 Comparison of gas turbines with other engines	35	(6)
References	41	(1)
Problems	42	(3)
2 Review of thermodynamics	45	(50)
2.1 The first law of thermodynamics	45	(9)
2.2 Examples of the use of the SFEE	54	(1)
2.3 The second law of thermodynamics	55	(10)
2.4 Examples of the use of the SFEE and the SFSE	65	(4)
2.5 Compressible-flow functions for a perfect gas	69	(6)
2.6 Turbomachine-efficiency definitions	75	(13)
References	88	(1)
Problems	88	(7)
3 Thermodynamics of gas-turbine cycles	95	(78)
3.1 Temperature-entropy diagrams	96	(1)
3.2 Actual processes	97	(1)
3.3 Choice of the pressure ratio for maximum power	97	(4)
3.4 Choice of optimum pressure ratio for peak efficiency	101	(1)
3.5 Cycle designation-fuller specification	102	(1)
3.6 Cycle performance calculations	103	(11)
3.7 Efficiency versus specific power for shaft-power engines	114	(19)
3.8 Jet-propulsion cycles	133	(5)
3.9 Performance characteristics of jet-propulsion cycles	138	(4)
3.10 Descriptions and performance of alternative cycles	142	(22)
References	164	(2)
Problems	166	(7)
4 Diffusion and diffusers	173	(38)
4.1 Diffusion in ducts	174	(5)
4.2 Performance measures	179	(4)
4.3 Theoretical pressure rise as a design guide	183	(1)
4.4 Diffuser effectiveness	183	(4)
4.5 Axial-diffuser performance data	187	(12)
4.6 Radial-diffuser performance	199	(5)
4.7 Draft tubes for hydraulic turbines	204	(3)
4.8 The risk factor in diffuser design	207	(1)
References	208	(1)
Problems	209	(2)
5 Energy transfer in turbomachines	211	(52)
5.1 Euler's equation	211	(5)
5.2 Velocity diagrams and the parameters that describe them	216	(10)
5.3 Axial-compressor and pump velocity diagrams	226	(6)
5.4 Radial-turbomachine velocity diagrams	232	(2)
5.5 Correlations of peak stage efficiency with radius ratio and "specific speed"	234	(2)
5.6 Preliminary-design methods for radial-flow turbomachinery	236	(13)
5.7 Choice of number of stages	249	(3)
References	252	(1)
Problems	252	(11)
6 Three-dimensional velocity diagrams for axial turbomachines	263	(20)
6.1 The constant-work stage	264	(1)
6.2 Conditions for radial equilibrium	264	(2)
6.3 Use of the SRE equation for velocity distributions	266	(2)
6.4 Prescribed reaction variation	268	(4)
6.5 Advantageous values of the index n	272	(1)
6.6 Practical considerations governing blade twist	273	(2)
6.7 Streamline-curvature calculation methods	275	(4)
References	279	(1)
Problems	279	(4)
7 The design and performance prediction of axial-flow turbines	283	(60)
7.1 The sequence of preliminary design	283	(2)
7.2 Blade shape, spacing, and number	285	(12)
7.3 More-detailed design sequence emphasizing aircraft engines	297	(5)
7.4 Blade-surface curvature-distribution effects	302	(6)
7.5 Prescribed-curvature turbine-blade design	308	(9)
7.6 Stator-rotor interactions	317	(5)
7.7 Performance (efficiency) prediction of axial turbine stages	322	(4)
7.8 Treatment of air-cooled turbines	326	(1)
7.9 Loss correlations	326	(2)
7.10 Loss-coefficient data for axial-flow turbomachinery	328	(6)
7.11 Turbine performance characteristics	334	(5)
References	339	(1)
Problems	340	(3)
8 The design and performance prediction of axial-flow compressors	343	(52)
8.1 Introduction	343	(1)
8.2 Cascade tests	344	(11)
8.3 The preliminary design of single-stage fans and compressors	355	(2)
8.4 Prescribed-curvature compressor-blade design	357	(1)
8.5 Performance prediction of axial-flow compressors	358	(11)
8.6 The design and analysis of multi-stage axial compressors	369	(4)
8.7 Compressor surge	373	(1)
8.8 Axial-compressor stage stacking	374	(2)
8.9 Alternative starting arrangements to reduce low-speed stalling	376	(2)
8.10 Axial-radial compressors	378	(1)
8.11 Transonic compressors and fans	379	(2)
8.12 Improved compressor-blade geometries and flutter	381	(1)
8.13 Axial-flow pump design	382	(6)
References	388	(1)
Problems	389	(6)
9 Design methods for radial-flow turbomachines	395	(58)
9.1 The difficulties of precise design	395	(1)
9.2 Advantages and disadvantages and areas of application	396	(11)
9.3 Design process for compressors, fans and pumps	407	(5)
9.4 Design process for radial-inflow turbines	412	(11)
9.5 Nozzles for radial-inflow turbines	423	(1)
9.6 Performance characteristics for radial-flow turbomachines	424	(1)
9.7 Alternative rotor configurations	424	(3)
9.8 Blade shape	427	(1)
9.9 Surge range	428	(1)
9.10 Off-design performance prediction	429	(1)
9.11 Design of centrifugal (radial-flow) pumps	429	(1)
9.12 Cavitation and two-phase flow in pumps	430	(8)
9.13 Cavitation performance loss	438	(2)
9.14 Pump operation in two-phase flow	440	(4)
9.15 Cryogenic pumps	444	(1)
References	445	(1)
Problems	446	(7)
10 Convective heat transfer in blade cooling and heat-exchanger design	453	(60)
10.1 Reynolds' analogy between fluid friction and heat transfer	454	(4)
10.2 The N(tu) method of heat-exchanger design	458	(4)
10.3 Guidelines for choice of heat-exchanger passages	462	(3)
10.4 Guidelines for heat-exchanger design	465	(7)
10.5 Heat-exchanger design constraints for different configurations	472	(1)
10.6 Regenerator design	473	(17)
10.7 Turbine-blade cooling	490	(8)
10.8 Heat transfer with mass transfer	498	(3)
10.9 Internal-surface heat transfer	501	(3)
References	504	(2)
Problems	506	(7)
11 Gas-turbine starting and control-system principles	513	(12)
11.1 Starting	513	(6)
11.2 Ignition systems	519	(2)
11.3 Safety limits and control of running variables	521	(2)
References	523	(2)
12 Combustion systems and combustion calculations	525	(20)
12.1 Combustion-system types	527	(9)
12.2 Conservation laws for combustion	536	(6)
References	542	(1)
Problems	543	(2)
13 Mechanical-design considerations	545	(28)
13.1 Overall design choices	545	(8)
13.2 Material selection	553	(3)
13.3 Design with traditional materials	556	(6)
13.4 Engine examples	562	(8)
References	570	(3)
A Properties of air and combustion products	573	(6)
B Collected formulae	579	(6)
C Some constants	585	(2)
D Conversion factors	587