The Detonation Phenomenon

by John H. S. Lee

• ISBN13: 9780521897235
• ISBN10: 0521897238
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-06-30
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

This book introduces the detonation phenomenon in explosives. It is ideal for engineers and graduate students with a background in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. The material is mostly qualitative, aiming to illustrate the physical aspects of the phenomenon. Classical idealized theories of detonation waves are presented first. These permit detonation speed, gas properties ahead of and behind the detonation wave, and the distribution of fluid properties within the detonation wave itself to be determined. Subsequent chapters describe in detail the real unstable structure of a detonation wave. One-, two-, and three-dimensional computer simulations are presented along with experimental results using various experimental techniques. The important effects of confinement and boundary conditions and their influence on the propagation of a detonation are also discussed. The final chapters cover the various ways detonation waves can be formed and provide a review of the outstanding problems and future directions in detonation research.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Introduction	p. 1
Deflagrations and Detonations	p. 1
Discovery of the Detonation Phenomenon	p. 4
Chapman-Jouguet Theory	p. 5
The Detonation Structure	p. 7
Dynamics of the Detonation Products	p. 10
Stability of the Detonation Front	p. 11
Influence of Boundary Conditions	p. 12
Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT)	p. 15
Direct Initiation	p. 17
Outstanding Problems	p. 19
Bibliography	p. 22
Gasdynamic Theory of Detonations and Deflagrations	p. 26
Introduction	p. 26
Basic Equations	p. 27
Rayleigh Line and Hugoniot Curve	p. 29
The Tangency (Chapman-Jouguet) Solutions	p. 32
Entropy Variation along the Hugoniot Curve	p. 35
Downstream Flow Conditions	p. 36
The Chapman-Jouguet Criterion	p. 38
Rankine-Hugoniot Relations	p. 42
Deflagrations	p. 46
Closing Remarks	p. 50
Bibliography	p. 52
Dynamics of Detonation Products	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Basic Equations	p. 54
Diverging Cylindrical and Spherical CJ Detonations	p. 57
Piston Motion behind Diverging Detonations	p. 59
Diverging Detonations in a Nonuniform Medium	p. 65
Closing Remarks	p. 71
Bibliography	p. 72
Laminar Structure of Detonations	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
The ZND Structure for an Ideal Gas	p. 75
Pathological Detonations	p. 83
Nonideal Detonations	p. 89
Closing Remarks	p. 95
Bibliography	p. 97
Unstable Detonations: Numerical Description	p. 98
Introduction	p. 98
Linear Stability Analysis	p. 99
Normal-Mode Linear Analysis	p. 99
Asymptotic Modeling of Unstable Detonation	p. 101
High Activation Energy and the Newtonian Limit	p. 102
Asymptotic Analysis of Multidimensional Instabilities and Cell Spacing Prediction	p. 103
Asymptotic Limit of Large Overdrive	p. 105
Asymptotic Limit of Weak Heat Release	p. 105
Direct Numerical Simulation of Unstable Detonation	p. 106
One-Dimensional Instability (One-Step Reaction Rate Model)	p. 108
Effect of Chemistry on Stability	p. 118
Two-Dimensional Cellular Instability	p. 128
Closing Remarks	p. 139
Bibliography	p. 141
Unstable Detonations: Experimental Observations	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
The Spinning Detonation Phenomenon	p. 148
The Manson-Taylor-Fay-Chu Acoustic Theory of Spinning Detonation	p. 152
Structure of the Spinning Detonation Front	p. 157
Multiheaded Detonations	p. 170
Cellular Structure in Other Geometries	p. 178
Cell Size and Chemistry	p. 194
Closing Remarks	p. 199
Bibliography	p. 201
Influence of Boundary Conditions	p. 204
Introduction	p. 204
Velocity Deficit	p. 205
Detonations in Rough-Walled Tubes	p. 214
Acoustically Absorbing Walls	p. 227
Detonation Limits	p. 235
Closing Remarks	p. 245
Bibliography	p. 247
Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition	p. 250
Introduction	p. 250
Gasdynamics of Deflagration Waves	p. 252
Salient Features of the Transition Phenomenon	p. 258
Flame Acceleration Mechanisms	p. 262
Onset of Detonation	p. 277
Criterion for Transition from Deflagration to Detonation	p. 286
Closing Remarks	p. 293
Bibliography	p. 295
Direct Initiation of Detonations	p. 297
Introduction	p. 297
Blast Initiation (Experimental Observations)	p. 299
Numerical Simulation of Blast Initiation	p. 314
The Critical Tube Diameter	p. 327
Other Means of Direct Initiation	p. 339
Theory of Blast Initiation	p. 349
The SWACER Mechanism	p. 360
Closing Remarks	p. 368
Bibliography	p. 370
Epilogue	p. 373
Index	p. 377
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