The Developing Child

by Bee, Helen L.; Boyd, Denise A.

• ISBN13: 9780205474530
• ISBN10: 0205474535
• Edition: 11th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

The Developing Child, Eleventh Edition, is a best-selling topical child development book known for its personal, conversational writing style; balanced coverage of both theory and application; and strong emphasis on culture. Helen Bee is a prominent author and researcher whose successful books on development, and whose devotion to this field has earned her a national reputation. Denise Boyd of Houston Community College System adds a refreshing voice to this popular, longstanding text, while adding outstanding pedagogy and activities that help students replicate classic research.

Table of Contents

To the Student	xx
To the Instructor	xxii
PART 1 Introduction
Basic Issues in the Study of Development	1	(31)
Perspectives on Development	3	(10)
Nature versus Nurture	3	(1)
Stages and Sequences	4	(1)
Internal and External Influences on Development	5	(2)
Research Report How Do Behavior Geneticists Identify Genetic Effects?	7	(3)
The Ecological Perspective	10	(2)
Vulnerability and Resilience	12	(1)
Theories of Development	13	(1)
Psychoanalytic Theories	13	(9)
Cognitive-Developmental and Information-Processing Theories	15	(2)
Learning Theories	17	(3)
Comparing Theories	20	(2)
Finding the Answers: Research Designs and Methods	22	(8)
Relating Goals to Methods	22	(1)
Studying Age-Related Changes	23	(2)
Identifying Relationships between Variables	25	(2)
Cross-Cultural (or Cross-Context) Research	27	(1)
The Real World Thinking Critically about Research	28	(1)
Research Ethics	29	(1)
Summary	30	(1)
Key Terms	31	(1)
See for Yourself	31	(1)
PART 2 The Beginnings of Life
Prenatal Development	32	(31)
Conception and Genetics	34	(7)
The Process of Conception	34	(2)
Research Report Assisted Reproductive Technology	36	(1)
Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Patterns of Genetic Inheritance	37	(4)
Development from Conception to Birth	41	(6)
The Stages of Prenatal Development	41	(4)
Sex Differences in Prenatal Development	45	(1)
Prenatal Behavior	46	(1)
Problems in Prenatal Development	47	(14)
Genetic Disorders	47	(2)
Chromosomal Errors	49	(1)
The Real World Fetal Assessment and Treatment	50	(1)
Teratogens: Maternal Diseases	51	(3)
Teratogens: Drugs	54	(2)
Other Teratogens and Maternal Factors	56	(5)
Summary	61	(1)
Key Terms	61	(2)
See For Yourself	62	(1)
Birth and Early Infancy	63	(28)
Birth	65	(9)
Birth Choices	65	(2)
The Process of Birth	67	(4)
Low Birth Weight	71	(3)
Behavior in Early Infancy	74	(10)
Reflexes and Behavioral States	74	(3)
Research Report Variations in Infants' Cries	77	(1)
Physical and Cognitive Abilities	78	(3)
Temperament and Social Skills	81	(3)
Health and Wellness in Early Infancy	84	(5)
Nutrition, Health Care, and Immunizations	84	(1)
The Real World Breast or Bottle?	85	(1)
Illnesses	86	(1)
Infant Mortality	87	(2)
Summary	89	(1)
Key Terms	90	(1)
See For Yourself	90	(1)
PART 4 The Physical Child
Physical Development	91	(34)
The Brain and Nervous System	93	(6)
Growth Spurts	93	(1)
Synaptic Development	94	(2)
Myelination	96	(1)
Lateralization	97	(2)
Bones, Muscles, and Motor Skills	99	(4)
Patterns of Change in Size and Shape	99	(1)
Bones	100	(1)
Muscles and Fat	101	(1)
Using the Body	102	(1)
The Endocrine and Reproductive Systems	103	(6)
Hormones	103	(1)
The Real World Sports for Children	104	(2)
Sequence of Changes in Girls and Boys	106	(2)
The Timing of Puberty	108	(1)
Sexual Behavior in Adolescence	109	(4)
Prevalence of Sexual Behavior	109	(1)
Explaining Adolescent Sexual Behavior	110	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Sex Education	110	(1)
Teenage Pregnancy	111	(1)
Homosexuality	112	(1)
Health and Wellness	113	(10)
Health in Childhood	114	(2)
Research Report Child Abuse and Neglect	116	(2)
Adolescent Health	118	(2)
Poverty and Health	120	(1)
Mortality	121	(2)
Summary	123	(1)
Key Terms	124	(1)
See For Yourself	124	(1)
Perceptual Development	125	(23)
Thinking about Perceptual Development	127	(3)
Ways of Studying Early Perceptual Skills	127	(1)
Explanations of Perceptual Development	128	(2)
Sensory Skills	130	(3)
Seeing	130	(1)
Hearing and Other Senses	131	(2)
Perceptual Skills	133	(7)
Looking	133	(2)
Research Report Langlois's Studies of Babies' Preferences for Attractive Faces	135	(1)
Listening	136	(1)
Combining Information from Several Senses	137	(1)
Ignoring Perceptual Information	138	(1)
Individual Differences in Perceptual Skills	139	(1)
The Object Concept	140	(3)
Object Perception	140	(2)
Object Permanence	142	(1)
Perception of Social Signals	143	(3)
Early Discrimination of Emotional Expressions	143	(1)
Cross-Cultural Commonalities and Variations	144	(1)
The Real World Infant Responses to Maternal Depression	145	(1)
Summary	146	(1)
Key Terms	147	(1)
See For Yourself	147	(1)
PART 4 The Thinking Child
Cognitive Development!: Structure and Process	148	(34)
Piaget's Basic Ideas	150	(3)
Schemes	150	(1)
Assimilation and Accommodation	151	(1)
Equilibration	151	(1)
Causes of Cognitive Development	152	(1)
Infancy	153	(4)
Piaget's View of the Sensorimotor Period	153	(2)
Challenges to Piaget's View of Infancy	155	(2)
The Preschool Years	157	(7)
Piaget's View of the Preoperational Stage	157	(1)
Challenges to Piaget's View of Early Childhood	158	(1)
Theories of Mind	159	(2)
False Belief and Theory of Mind across Cultures	161	(1)
Alternative Theories of Early Childhood Thinking	162	(2)
The School-Aged Child	164	(3)
Piaget's View of Concrete Operations	164	(2)
A Different Approach to Concrete Operational Thought	166	(1)
Adolescence	167	(4)
Piaget's View of Formal Operations	167	(2)
Post-Piagetian Work on Adolescent Thought	169	(2)
Development of Information-Processing Skills	171	(9)
Research Report Elkind's Adolescent Egocentrism	172	(1)
Changes in Processing Capacity and Efficiency	173	(1)
The Real World The Child as Witness	174	(1)
Metamemory and Metacognition	175	(1)
Memory Strategies	176	(3)
Expertise	179	(1)
Summary	180	(1)
Key Terms	181	(1)
See For Yourself	181	(1)
Cognitive Development II: Individual Differences in Cognitive Abilities	182	(31)
Measuring Intellectual Power	184	(8)
The First IQ Tests	184	(2)
Modern IQ Tests	186	(3)
Stability of Test Scores	189	(1)
The Real World Using Standardized Tests to Improve Schools	190	(1)
What IQ Scores Predict	190	(2)
Explaining Individual Differences in IQ Scores	192	(8)
Evidence for the Importance of Heredity	193	(1)
Evidence for the Importance of Environment	193	(4)
School Experience and Special Interventions	197	(2)
Interactions of Heredity and Environment	199	(1)
Explaining Group Differences in IQ or Achievement Test Scores	200	(6)
Racial Differences	200	(1)
Cross-Cultural Differences	201	(1)
Research Report Stereotype Threat	202	(2)
Sex Differences	204	(2)
Alternative Views of Intelligence	206	(4)
Information-Processing Theory	206	(2)
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence	208	(1)
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences	209	(1)
Summary	210	(1)
Key Terms	211	(2)
See For Yourself	212	(1)
The Development of Language	213	(31)
Before the First Word: The Prelinguistic Phase	215	(3)
Early Perception of Language	216	(1)
Early Sounds and Gestures	216	(1)
Receptive Language	217	(1)
Learning Words and Word Meanings	218	(5)
Characteristics of the First Words	218	(1)
The Naming Explosion	219	(1)
Later Word Learning	220	(1)
Extending the Class	221	(1)
Constraints on Word Learning	222	(1)
Learning the Rules: The Development of Grammar and Pragmatics	223	(5)
Holophrases	223	(1)
First Sentences	223	(1)
The Grammar Explosion	224	(2)
Later Grammar Learning	226	(1)
Pragmatics	227	(1)
Language and Self-Control	227	(1)
Explaining Language Development	228	(4)
Imitation and Reinforcement	228	(1)
Newer Environmental Theories	228	(2)
Nativist Theories	230	(1)
Constructivist Theories	231	(1)
An Eclectic Approach	231	(1)
Individual and Group Differences in Language Development	232	(3)
Differences in Rate	232	(2)
Cross-Cultural Differences in Language Development	234	(1)
Learning to Read and Write	235	(6)
The Early Foundation: Phonological Awareness	235	(1)
Research Report African American Vernacular English	236	(1)
Becoming Literate in School	237	(1)
Learning a Second Language	238	(1)
The Real World One Language or Two?	238	(3)
Summary	241	(1)
Key Terms	242	(2)
See For Yourself	243	(1)
PART 5 The Social Child
Personality Development: Alternative Views	244	(29)
Defining Personality	247	(5)
The Big Five	247	(3)
Links to Temperament	250	(1)
Dimensions of Temperament	250	(2)
Genetic and Biological Explanations of Personality	252	(3)
The Biological Argument	252	(3)
Critique of Biological Theories	255	(1)
Learning Explanations of Personality	255	(5)
The Learning Argument	256	(2)
The Real World Role Models in Life and in the Media	258	(1)
Critique of Learning Models	259	(1)
Psychoanalytic Explanations of Personality	260	(8)
The Psychoanalytic Argument	260	(1)
Some Differences between Freud and Erikson	261	(1)
Freud's Psychosexual Stages	261	(2)
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages	263	(2)
Bowlby's Model of Attachment	265	(1)
Evidence and Applications	266	(1)
Research Report Adoption and Development	267	(1)
Critique of Psychoanalytic Theories	268	(1)
A Possible Synthesis	268	(3)
Summary	271	(1)
Key Terms	272	(1)
See For Yourself	272	(1)
Concepts of Self, Gender, and Sex Roles	273	(28)
The Concept of Self	275	(12)
The Subjective Self	276	(1)
The Objective Self	276	(2)
The Emotional Self	278	(1)
Self-Concept at School Age	279	(1)
Self-Concept and Identity in Adolescence	280	(3)
Ethnic and Racial Identity in Adolescence	283	(3)
The Real World Adolescent Rites of Passage	286	(1)
Self-Esteem	287	(2)
The Development of Self-Esteem	287	(1)
Consistency of Self-Esteem over Time	288	(1)
The Development of the Concepts of Gender and Sex Roles	289	(10)
Developmental Patterns	289	(1)
Research Report A Troublesome Cluster of Traits	290	(2)
Sex-Role Concepts and Stereotypes	292	(2)
Explaining Sex-Role Development	294	(4)
Biological Approaches	298	(1)
Summary	299	(1)
Key Terms	299	(2)
See For Yourself	300	(1)
The Development of Social Relationships	301	(34)
Relationships with Parents	303	(8)
Attachment Theory: Concepts and Terminology	304	(1)
The Parent's Bond to the Child	305	(1)
The Child's Attachment to the Parent	306	(3)
Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence	309	(2)
Variations in the Quality of Attachments	311	(6)
Internal Working Models of Attachment	311	(1)
Secure and Insecure Attachments	311	(3)
Stability and Long-Term Consequences of Attachment Quality	314	(2)
Temperament and Attachment	316	(1)
Does Quality of Attachment Matter in Adulthood?	316	(1)
Relationships with Peers	317	(10)
Peer Relationships in Infancy and the Preschool Years	318	(1)
Peer Relationships at School Age	318	(2)
Social Status	320	(2)
Peer Relationships in Adolescence	322	(4)
Sibling Relationships	326	(1)
Behavior with Peers	327	(5)
Prosocial Behavior	327	(1)
The Real World Rearing Helpful and Altruistic Children	328	(1)
Aggression	329	(1)
Research Report Bullies and Victims	330	(1)
Trait Aggression	331	(1)
Summary	332	(1)
Key Terms	333	(2)
See For Yourself	334	(1)
Thinking about Relationships: Social-Cognitive and Moral Development	335	(26)
The Development of Social Cognition	337	(9)
Some General Principles and Issues	337	(1)
Describing Other People	338	(1)
The Real World Learning and Unlearning Racial Prejudice	339	(1)
Reading Others' Feelings	340	(2)
Research Report An Intervention to Increase Children's Emotional Competence	342	(2)
Describing Friendships	344	(1)
Understanding Rules and Intentions	345	(1)
Moral Development	346	(12)
Dimensions of Moral Development	346	(4)
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development	350	(4)
Causes and Consequences of Moral Development	354	(2)
Alternative Views	356	(2)
Summary	358	(1)
Key Terms	359	(2)
See For Yourself	360	(1)
PART 6 The Whole Child
The Ecology of Development: The Child within the Family System	361	(29)
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Approach	363	(2)
Dimensions of Family Interaction	365	(4)
The Emotional Tone of the Family	365	(1)
Methods of Control	366	(1)
Communication Patterns	367	(1)
Research Report To Spank or Not to Spank?	368	(1)
Patterns of Child Rearing	369	(6)
Parenting Styles	369	(2)
A Research Example: The Work of Steinberg and Dornbusch	371	(2)
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Parenting Styles	373	(1)
Adding Up What Is Known about Parenting Style	374	(1)
Other Aspects of Family Dynamics	375	(4)
The Child's Characteristics	375	(3)
Differential Treatment of Siblings	378	(1)
The Parents' Characteristics	379	(1)
Family Structure, Divorce, and Parental Employment	379	(9)
Family Structure	379	(4)
Divorce	383	(1)
Understanding the Effects of Family Structure and Divorce	384	(1)
The Real World When Divorce Is Unavoidable	385	(1)
Parents' Jobs	385	(2)
Social Support for Parents	387	(1)
Summary	388	(1)
Key Terms	388	(2)
See For Yourself	389	(1)
Beyond the Family: The Impact of the Broader Culture	390	(35)
Nonparental Care	392	(7)
Difficulties in Studying Nonparental Care	392	(1)
Who Is Taking Care of the Children?	393	(1)
Effects of Nonparental Care on Cognitive Development	393	(1)
Effects of Nonparental Care on Personality	394	(1)
Effects of Nonparental Care on Attachment	395	(2)
Interpreting Research on Nonparental Care	397	(1)
The Real World Choosing a Day-Care Center	397	(1)
Before- and After-School Care	398	(1)
The Impact of Schools	399	(9)
Schooling and Cognitive Development	399	(1)
Fitting In and Adapting to School	400	(1)
School Transitions	401	(2)
Engagement in and Disengagement from Secondary School	403	(1)
Research Report The Effects of Teenaged Employment	404	(3)
Homeschooling	407	(1)
The Impact of Entertainment Media	408	(5)
Effects of Television on Learning	408	(1)
Television and Aggression	409	(2)
Parents' Regulation of Television Viewing	411	(1)
The Effects of Video Games	411	(2)
Macrosystem Effects: The Impact of the Larger Culture	413	(10)
Economic Variations: Social Class and Poverty	413	(4)
Race and Ethnicity	417	(4)
The Culture as a Whole	421	(2)
Summary	423	(1)
Key Terms	424	(1)
See For Yourself	424	(1)
Atypical Development	425	(31)
Understanding Atypical Development	427	(5)
Developmental Psychopathology	427	(1)
Vulnerability and Resilience	428	(1)
Research Report Why Are Boys More Vulnerable?	429	(1)
Types and Frequency of Problems	430	(2)
Attention Problems and Externalizing Problems	432	(7)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	432	(1)
The Real World Knowing When to Seek Professional Help	433	(3)
Conduct Disorder	436	(3)
Internalizing Problems	439	(5)
Eating Disorders	439	(2)
Depression	441	(2)
Adolescent Suicide	443	(1)
Atypical Intellectual and Social Development	444	(7)
Mental Retardation	444	(2)
Learning Disabilities	446	(1)
Giftedness	447	(2)
Pervasive Developmental Disorders	449	(2)
Schooling for Atypical Children	451	(3)
Summary	454	(1)
Key Terms	455	(1)
See For Yourself	455	(1)
Epilogue: Putting It All Together: The Developing Child	456	(24)
Transitions, Consolidations, and Systems	457	(1)
From Birth to 18 Months	457	(5)
Central Processes	459	(2)
Influences on the Basic Processes	461	(1)
The Preschool Years	462	(2)
Central Processes	463	(1)
Influences on the Basic Processes	464	(1)
The Elementary School Years	464	(3)
The Transition between 5 and 7	464	(2)
Central Processes	466	(1)
Influences on the Basic Processes: The Role of Culture	467	(1)
Adolescence	467	(5)
Early and Late Adolescence	467	(3)
Central Processes and Their Connections	470	(1)
Influences on the Basic Processes	471	(1)
A Return to Some Basic Questions	472	(8)
What Are the Major Influences on Development?	472	(2)
Does Timing Matter?	474	(3)
What Is the Nature of Developmental Change?	477	(1)
What Is the Significance of Individual Differences?	478	(1)
A Final Point: The Joy of Development	479	(1)
Glossary	480	(8)
References	488	(49)
Photo Credits	537	(2)
Name Index	539	(19)
Subject Index	558