Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Counseling

by Seligman, Linda

• ISBN13: 9780306484728
• ISBN10: 0306484722
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-08-01
• Publisher: INGRAM

Summary

As the counseling field enters its second century, students and professionals face more challenges than ever before. Linda Seligmana??s essential text Diagnosis and Treatment Planning in Counseling has evolved as well, and this third edition synthesizes the latest developments with the spectrum of counseling interventions to create a vital source of practical, up-to-date information. The author recognizes cliniciansa?? varied roles a?? mentor, mediator, teacher, coach a?? and keeps them all in focus, assuring her readers of more effective treatment for clients and steadier footing on their own career paths. Key features of the third edition: a?? An overview of the changing face of counseling, from emerging employment opportunities to core competencies for counselors and trainers. a?? A broad range of qualitative and quantitative assessment tools, with guidelines for their selection and interpretation. a?? A thorough review of the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders , including strategies for multiaxial assessment. a?? The DO A CLIENT MAP, a comprehensive structured approach to treatment planning. a?? Expanded coverage of individual, family, and group interventions a?? An updated chapter on documentation, report writing, and record keeping, with sample reports and forms. a?? Brand-new chapters on career and organizational development counseling, and ethical standards for counselors. a?? A predictions chapter identifying trends most likely to influence the future of the field. a?? Case studies, models, and examples throughout. A worthy addition to any counselor education program, this important volume is equally useful to both beginning and seasoned counselors, whether the setting is the psychiatric clinic, the school, or the rehab center. Seligman clearly sets out the concepts and strategies the reader needs to know to be the flexible, proactive counselor of today a?? and tomorrow.

Author Biography

Dr. Linda Seligman received the Ph.D. degree in Counseling Psychology from Columbia University. She is a faculty member at Walden University and a faculty associate at Johns Hopkins University. In addition, she is a professor emeritus at George Mason University, where she was codirector of the doctoral program in education and head of the graduate program in Counseling.Dr. Seligman is a licensed psychologist and licensed professional counselor. She has experience in a variety of clinical settings, including psychiatric hospitals, community mental health centers, substance abuse treatment programs, foster care, corrections, and private practice. She is currently the Director of the Center for Counseling and Consultation, a private practice with offices in Fairfax, Virginia , and Bethesda, Maryland.Dr. Seligman's research interests include diagnosis and treatment, planning, counseling people with chronic and life-threatening illnesses, and the mind-body-spirit connection. She has completed 10 books, including Selecting Effective Treatments; Technical and Conceptual Skills for Mental Health Professionals; Systems, Strategies, and Skills of Counseling and Psychotherapy; Promoting a Fighting Spirit; and Developmental Career Counseling and Assessment. She also has authored over 50 professional articles and book chapters. In addition, she has lectured throughout the world on diagnosis and treatment planning.Dr. Seligman has been the editor of The Journal of Mental Health Counseling and has served as president of the Virginia Association of Mental Health Counselors. She was selected as a Distinguished Professor by George Mason University and as a Researcher of the Year by the American Mental Health Counselors Association.

Table of Contents

1. The Evolving Role of the Counselor	1	(30)
The Evolution of the Counseling Profession	1	(1)
Definitions of Counseling	2	(1)
Early History of the Counseling Profession	3	(1)
Counseling in the 1940's, 1950's, and 1960's	4	(2)
Counseling in the 1970's	6	(1)
Counseling in the 1980's	7	(2)
Counseling in the 1990's	9	(3)
The Orlando Model Project	10	(1)
Impact of Managed Care	10	(2)
The Mental Health Counselor of the 21st Century	12	(4)
Changes in Theory and Practice	13	(1)
Legislation Affecting the Counselor of the 21st Century	14	(1)
Profile of the Counselor of the 21st Century	15	(1)
Credentialing for Counselors	16	(4)
National Certification for Counselors	16	(2)
Other Certifications for Counselors	18	(1)
State Licensure and Certification for Counselors	18	(1)
Accreditation of Counselor Education Programs	19	(1)
The Education of the Mental Health Counselor	20	(1)
The Master's Degree in Counseling	20	(1)
The Doctoral Degree in Counseling	21	(1)
Professional Associations for Counselors	21	(2)
The American Counseling Association	21	(1)
The American Mental Health Counselors Association	22	(1)
Competencies of the Mental Health Counselor	23	(8)
2. Opportunities for the Mental Health Counselor	31	(30)
Overview of the Roles of the Mental Health Counselor	31	(1)
Client Issues of Special Interest to Mental Health Counselors	32	(11)
Age- and Stage-related Issues	32	(3)
Multicultural Counseling	35	(2)
Family Issues	37	(1)
Trauma and Crisis	38	(2)
Harmful Use of Substances	40	(1)
Sexual and Other Addictions	40	(1)
Chronic and Severe Mental Disorders	41	(1)
Counseling Related to Medical Conditions, Health, and Wellness	41	(1)
Career Concerns	42	(1)
Other Issues	43	(1)
Employment Settings for Mental Health Counselors	43	(11)
Community Mental Health Centers	43	(1)
Couples and Family Counseling Agencies	44	(1)
Rehabilitation Counseling Agencies	44	(3)
Residential Facilities	47	(1)
Day Treatment Programs	47	(1)
Crisis Intervention Settings	47	(1)
Career Counseling and Employment Agencies	48	(1)
Employee Assistance Programs and other Opportunities in Business and Industry	48	(1)
Counseling in Schools and Colleges	49	(1)
Military and Government Settings	50	(1)
Religious/Spiritual Counseling Settings	50	(1)
Wellness and Prevention Settings	51	(1)
Specific Focus Agencies	51	(1)
Consulting and Coaching	52	(1)
Private Practice	53	(1)
Cybercounseling	53	(1)
Overview of Opportunities	54	(1)
The Mental Health Service Providers	54	(7)
The Mental Health Treatment Team	54	(1)
The Mental Health Treatment Specialists	55	(6)
3. Diagnostic Systems and Their Use	61	(36)
The Importance of Diagnosis	61	(5)
Benefits of Diagnosis	61	(2)
Controversies and Limitations	63	(1)
Maximizing the Benefits of Diagnoses	64	(2)
Diagnostic Systems	66	(1)
Development of the DSM	67	(1)
Definition of a Mental Disorder	68	(1)
Multiaxial Assessment	68	(2)
Example of a Multiaxial Assessment	70	(1)
The 17 Diagnostic Categories	71	(1)
Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence	71	(3)
Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, and Other Cognitive Disorders	74	(1)
Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition	75	(1)
Substance-Related Disorders	75	(1)
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders	76	(1)
Mood Disorders	77	(2)
Anxiety Disorders	79	(1)
Somatoform Disorders	80	(1)
Factitious Disorders	81	(1)
Dissociative Disorders	82	(1)
Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders	83	(1)
Eating Disorders	84	(1)
Sleep Disorders	84	(1)
Impulse-Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified	85	(1)
Adjustment Disorders	86	(1)
Personality Disorders	86	(2)
Other Conditions That May Be A Focus of Clinical Attention	88	(2)
Additional Codes	90	(1)
Making a Diagnosis	90	(3)
Decision Trees	90	(1)
Key Questions for Diagnosis	91	(2)
Supplements to the DSM	93	(1)
Cases for Diagnosis	93	(2)
Diagnosis of Cases	95	(2)
4. The Use of Assessment in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning	97	(30)
Overview of the Assessment Process	97	(4)
Historical Overview of Assessment	97	(1)
Conducting an Effective Assessment	98	(1)
Benefits of Assessment	99	(1)
Areas of Assessment	100	(1)
Setting the Stage for Assessment	100	(1)
Planning the Assessment	101	(2)
Formulating Assessment Questions	101	(1)
Selection of Inventories	102	(1)
Preparing People for an Assessment	103	(1)
Tools of Assessment	103	(5)
Qualitative Approaches	103	(2)
Nonstandardized Quantitative Approaches	105	(2)
Standardized Quantitative Approaches	107	(1)
Types of Inventories	108	(9)
Measures of Ability	108	(3)
Interest Inventories	111	(1)
Personality Inventories	112	(3)
Projective Personality Tests	115	(2)
Other Sources of Assessment	117	(1)
Frameworks for Understanding People	117	(5)
Developmental Framework	117	(1)
Multicultural Frameworks	118	(1)
Psychological Frameworks: Strengths and Difficulties	118	(3)
Medical and Neurological Frameworks	121	(1)
Individualized Frameworks	122	(1)
Process of Analysis and Interpretation	122	(2)
Questions to Guide the Process	122	(2)
Guidelines for Interpretation	124	(1)
Examples of Frameworks for Interpretation	124	(3)
Testing Framework	124	(1)
Multicultural Framework	125	(1)
Developmental Framework	125	(1)
Diagnostic Framework	125	(1)
Defensiveness Framework	126	(1)
Discussion	126	(1)
5. Intake Interviews and Their Role in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning	127	(34)
Purpose of the Intake Interview	127	(1)
Overview of the Intake Process	128	(3)
Intake Personnel	128	(1)
Information Gathering	129	(1)
Depth and Duration of Intake Process	129	(1)
Nature of Client	129	(1)
Relationship of Intake Process to Treatment	130	(1)
Conducting an Intake Interview	131	(2)
Interventions	131	(2)
Sequence of Topics in an Initial Interview	133	(1)
Recording Information	133	(1)
Concluding the Intake Interview	134	(1)
The Comprehensive Intake Interview	134	(1)
Mental Status Examination	135	(3)
Outline of an Extended Intake Interview	138	(4)
Transcript of Extended Interview	142	(7)
Nature of an Intake Report	149	(1)
Report of Intake Interview	150	(4)
The Brief Intake Interview	154	(4)
Examples of Brief Intake Interview Reports and Information Forms	154	(4)
Making the Transition from Intake to Treatment	158	(3)
6. The Nature and Importance of Treatment Planning	161	(30)
Importance of Treatment Planning	161	(1)
Suitability for Counseling	162	(3)
Motivation	162	(1)
Characteristics of the Client	163	(1)
Nature of the Problem	164	(1)
Model for Treatment Planning	165	(1)
Diagnosis	166	(1)
Objectives of Treatment	166	(4)
Assessment	170	(1)
Clinician	170	(2)
Location	172	(1)
Interventions	173	(4)
Emphasis	177	(1)
Number of People	178	(2)
Individual Counseling	178	(1)
Group Counseling	179	(1)
Family Counseling	180	(1)
Timing	180	(3)
Length of Sessions	181	(1)
Frequency of Counseling	181	(1)
Duration of Counseling	181	(1)
Pacing and Sequencing	182	(1)
Medication	183	(5)
Deciding Whether to Refer for Medication	187	(1)
Adjunct Services	188	(1)
Prognosis	189	(2)
7. Theories and Strategies of Individual Counseling	191	(34)
Effectiveness of Counseling	191	(2)
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy	193	(2)
Description of Approach	194	(1)
Application to Clients	194	(1)
Individual Psychology/Adlerian Counseling	195	(1)
Description of Approach	195	(1)
Application to Clients	196	(1)
Person-Centered Counseling	196	(2)
Description of Approach	197	(1)
Application to Clients	198	(1)
Gestalt Counseling	198	(2)
Description of Approach	199	(1)
Application to Clients	199	(1)
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy	200	(2)
Description of Approach	201	(1)
Application to Clients	201	(1)
Cognitive Therapy	202	(1)
Description of Approach	202	(1)
Application to Clients	203	(1)
Behavior Therapy	203	(3)
Description of Approach	204	(1)
Application to Clients	205	(1)
Reality Therapy/Choice Therapy	206	(1)
Description of Approach	206	(1)
Application to Clients	207	(1)
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy	207	(2)
Description of Approach	208	(1)
Application to Clients	208	(1)
Eclectic and Integrated Models of Counseling	209	(3)
Multimodal Behavior Therapy	209	(1)
Developmental Counseling and Therapy	210	(1)
Thinking-Feeling-Acting Model	211	(1)
Adaptive Counseling and Therapy/Readiness Model	211	(1)
Stages-of-Change Models	212	(1)
Other Models of Treatment	212	(3)
Existential Therapy	212	(1)
Transpersonal Counseling	212	(1)
Postmodern, Constructivist, and Multicultural Approaches to Counseling	213	(1)
Motivational Interviewing	214	(1)
Power and Energy Therapies	214	(1)
Additional Models	215	(1)
Sample Treatment Plans	215	(6)
Case 1-Maria Sanchez	215	(3)
Case 2-Marty Leone	218	(3)
Sample Cases	221	(4)
8. Diagnosis and Treatment Planning for Families	225	(34)
Importance of Family Counseling	225	(1)
Historical Development	225	(2)
Assessment of Family Functioning	227	(11)
Presenting Problem	228	(1)
Transgenerational Family History	229	(1)
Family Life Cycle	230	(2)
Family Structure	232	(2)
Communication and Interaction Styles	234	(1)
Family Rules, Roles, and Values	234	(1)
Ethnic, Cultural, Spiritual, and Socioeconomic Background	235	(1)
Differentiation of Self	236	(1)
Significant Physical and Mental Conditions	236	(1)
External Sources of Stress and Support	237	(1)
Dynamics of Symptom Maintenance	237	(1)
Strengths	238	(1)
Special Circumstances	238	(1)
Structured Assessment of Couples and Families	238	(1)
Treatment Planning for Families	239	(3)
Theories of Family Counseling	242	(9)
Transgenerational/Systems Family Therapy	242	(2)
Experiential/Humanistic/Communications Approach	244	(1)
Structural Family Therapy	245	(1)
Cognitive Behavioral Family Counseling	246	(2)
Adlerian Family Counseling	248	(1)
Strategic Family Therapy	249	(1)
Solution-Focused Brief Family Therapy	250	(1)
Constructivist and Narrative Approaches to Family Counseling	251	(1)
Other Models of Family Counseling	251	(1)
Milan Systemic Family Therapy	251	(1)
Psychodynamic Family Counseling	252	(1)
Examples of Treatment Plans for Families	252	(7)
Treatment Plan for the Schwartz Family	253	(3)
Cases for Treatment Planning	256	(3)
9. Assessment and Treatment Planning for Groups	259	(32)
The Use of Groups in Counseling	259	(1)
Historical Development of Group Counseling	260	(1)
Skills of the Group Counselor	261	(1)
Initiating the Counseling Group	262	(1)
Illustrative Case Study	263	(1)
Importance of Motivation	264	(1)
Group Environment	265	(1)
Group Development	265	(1)
Group Dynamics	266	(1)
Planning the Treatment	267	(7)
Diagnosis	267	(1)
Objectives	268	(1)
Assessment	269	(1)
Clinician	269	(1)
Location	270	(1)
Interventions	271	(1)
Emphasis	271	(1)
Numbers	272	(1)
Timing	272	(1)
Medication	273	(1)
Adjunct Services	273	(1)
Prognosis	274	(1)
Evaluation	274	(2)
Treatment Models for Group Counseling	276	(9)
Models Commonly Used in Both Individual and Group Counseling	276	(6)
Models Used Primarily in Group Settings	282	(3)
Group Counseling in Context	285	(2)
Roles and Styles of the Group Counselor	287	(1)
The Counselor as Fund-Raiser	287	(1)
The Counselor as Mediator	287	(1)
The Counselor as Teacher/Trainer	288	(1)
The Counselor as Human Resource Specialist	288	(1)
The Counselor as Supervisor	288	(1)
Overview of Group Counseling	288	(1)
Cases for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning	289	(2)
10. Counseling For Career and Organizational Development	291	(34)
Shannon Peters, Brian J. Peters, and Linda Seligman
Overview of Chapter	291	(1)
Introduction to Career Development Counseling	291	(1)
Introduction to Organizational Development	292	(1)
Career Development	292	(3)
History of Career Development Research, Theory, and Practice	293	(1)
Factors Enhancing Development of the Field	294	(1)
Career Development and Context	295	(1)
Career Concerns and Context	295	(1)
Career Counseling Skills	296	(1)
Theories of Career Counseling and Development	297	(5)
Trait and Factor Theory	297	(1)
Personal Environment Correspondence Theory	298	(1)
Holland's Typology	298	(1)
Life-Span Life-Space Theory	299	(2)
Circumscription and Compromise Theory	301	(1)
Decision-Making Theory	301	(1)
Theoretical Concepts of the Process of Career Decision-Making	302	(4)
Hansen's Integrative Life Planning	303	(1)
Cognitive Information Processing Perspective	303	(1)
Values-Based Theory	304	(1)
Learning Theory of Career Counseling	304	(1)
Social-Cognitive Theories	305	(1)
Other Relevant Theories	306	(1)
Career Counseling with Diverse Clients	306	(1)
Professional Development and Settings for Career Counseling	307	(1)
Organizational Development	308	(9)
History of Organizational Development	308	(1)
Theories of Organizational Development	309	(1)
Organizational Development and Counseling	310	(1)
The Organizational Development Process	311	(4)
The Intervention Process	315	(1)
Evaluation	316	(1)
Case Illustration in Organizational Development	317	(3)
Kick-Off and Assessment	317	(1)
Intervention	318	(1)
Evaluation and Follow-up	319	(1)
Conclusion	319	(1)
Case Illustration of Career Development Counseling	320	(1)
Planning the Treatment	321	(4)
11. Documentation, Report Writing, and Record Keeping in Counseling	325	(30)
Importance of Written Records	325	(1)
Assessment Referrals and Reports	326	(10)
Referral for Assessment	327	(2)
The Assessment Process	329	(4)
Psychological Assessment by a Counselor	333	(3)
Consent to Treatment Form	336	(4)
Sample Consent to Treatment Form	337	(3)
Intake Questionnaires	340	(1)
Safe-Keeping Contracts	340	(1)
Sample Safe-Keeping Contract	340	(1)
Release of Information	341	(1)
Example of Release of Information	341	(1)
Progress Notes	341	(3)
Evaluation of Counseling Effectiveness	344	(4)
Informal Evaluations	344	(2)
Structured Interim Progress Reports	346	(2)
Transfer Summary	348	(1)
Case Conferences	349	(2)
Closing Reports	351	(2)
Follow-Up Evaluations	353	(2)
12. Ethical and Professional Development for Counselors	355	(32)
The Importance of Ethical and Professional Development	355	(1)
The Importance of Ethical Standards and Practice	355	(1)
General Ethical Principles	356	(1)
Overview of ACA Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice	357	(6)
The Counseling Relationship	357	(1)
Confidentiality	358	(1)
Professional Responsibility	359	(1)
Relationships with Other Professionals	360	(1)
Evaluation, Assessment, and Interpretation	360	(1)
Teaching, Training, and Supervision	360	(1)
Research and Publication	361	(1)
Resolving Ethical Issues	362	(1)
Ethical Decision-Making	363	(3)
Application of Ethical Decision-Making Model	364	(2)
Cases for Ethical Decision-Making	366	(1)
Professional Development	367	(1)
Developing Awareness of Your Strengths and Limitations	368	(1)
Clarifying Your Professional Interests and Goals	369	(1)
Expanding Your Knowledge Base and Conceptual Skills	370	(1)
Earning Professional Degrees and Certifications	371	(1)
Joining and Participating in Professional Associations	372	(1)
Obtaining Employment as a Counselor	373	(2)
Criteria for Rewarding Internships and Employment	373	(2)
Selecting Supervisors and Obtaining Supervision	375	(1)
Becoming Credentialed in Your Profession	376	(6)
Credentialing Examinations	377	(4)
Preparing for Credentialing Examinations	381	(1)
Continuing Your Education and Development as a Counselor	382	(1)
Your Personal Professional Development Plan	383	(4)
13. Future Trends and Predictions in Counseling	387	(18)
Three Editions of Predictions	387	(8)
1986 Predictions	387	(3)
1996 Predictions	390	(5)
Current Predictions	395	(8)
The Evolving Role of the Counselor	395	(1)
Opportunities for the Mental Health Counselor	396	(1)
Diagnostic Systems and Their Use	397	(1)
The Use of Assessment in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning	397	(1)
Intake Interviews and Their Role in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning	398	(1)
The Nature and Importance of Treatment Planning	398	(1)
Theories and Strategies of Individual Counseling	399	(1)
Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning for Families	400	(1)
Assessment and Treatment Planning for Groups	400	(1)
Counseling for Career and Organizational Development	401	(1)
Documentation, Report Writing, and Record Keeping in Counseling	401	(1)
The Importance of Ethical and Professional Development	402	(1)
Conclusion	403	(2)
References	405	(14)
Appendix	419	(16)
Table A1. Overview of Key Questions Applied to DSM-IV-TR Categories	420	(1)
Table A2. Guide to Using the Tables to Make Diagnoses	421	(1)
Table A3. Using the Key Questions to Make a Diagnosis	422	(13)
A3I. Disorders Characterized by Depressed or Elevated Mood	422	(1)
A3II. Disorders Characterized by Maladaptive Behavior, Impulsivity	423	(6)
A3IIa. Disorders First Evident in Early Years	423	(2)
A3IIb. Sexual Problems	425	(1)
A3IIc. Eating Problems	426	(1)
A3IId. Sleeping Problems	427	(1)
A3IIe. Problems of Impulse Control	428	(1)
A3III. Disorders Characterized by Anxiety, not Primarily in Response to Physical Complaints	429	(1)
A3IV. Disorders Generally Characterized by Medically Unverified Physical Complaints	430	(1)
A3V. Disorders Characterized by Psychosis	431	(1)
A3VI. Disorders Characterized by Long-Standing, Pervasive Dysfunction	432	(1)
A3 VII. Disorders Characterized by Cognitive/Memory Impairment or Dissociation	433	(2)
Index	435