Digital Color Acquisition, Perception, Coding and Rendering

by Fernandez-maloigne, Christine; Robert-Inacio, Frederique; Macaire, Ludovic

• ISBN13: 9781848213463
• ISBN10: 1848213468
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-05-14
• Publisher: Wiley-ISTE

Summary

In this book the authors identify the basic concepts and recent advances in the acquisition, perception, coding and color rendering. For researchers, engineers, Master and PhD students, this book describes the state of the art about scientific and technical issues raised by the different stages of the digital color process. This book addresses the fundamental aspects related to colorimetry and physiology, constancy and color appearance. It also addresses the more technical aspects related to sensors and color management screen. Particular attention was also paid to the notion of color rendering in computer graphics. Beyond color, a deeper state of the art is also conducted on coding, compression, protection and quality of color images and videos.

Author Biography

Christine Fernandez-Maloigne is Director of the Xlim-SIC laboratory and Professor at the University of Poitiers in France. Frdrique Robert-Inacio is a researcher at IM2NP and lecturer at ISEN in Toulon, France. Ludovic Macaire is Professor at Lille 1 University in France.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xi
Colorimetry and Physiology - The LMS Specification	p. 1
Physiological basis	p. 2
The photoreceptors	p. 2
Retinal organization	p. 4
Physiological modeling of visual attributes related to color	p. 8
The XYZ colorimetry: the benchmark model of CIE	p. 9
LMS colorimetry	p. 11
LMS fundamentals	p. 11
Application of LMS colorimetry	p. 15
Color discrimination	p. 20
Colors in their context	p. 22
CIECAM02	p. 23
Chromatic adaptation	p. 23
Partitioning of the perceptual space by the elementary hues	p. 24
Conclusion	p. 25
Bibliography	p. 25
Color Constancy	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
Theoretical preliminaries and problems	p. 30
Concept of illuminant	p. 30
Concept of objects' reflectance	p. 32
Problem of color constancy	p. 33
Color constancy models	p. 34
Model of the human visual system	p. 34
Von Kries diagonal model	p. 34
Land theory	p. 36
Color correction algorithms	p. 37
Gray world	p. 38
Retinex theory	p. 40
Gamut conversion	p. 43
Probabilistic methods	p. 45
Method based on neural networks	p. 49
ACE: automatic color equalization	p. 51
Methods combining several approaches	p. 52
Comparison of color constancy algorithms	p. 54
Algorithms evaluation	p. 55
Examples of applications with specific patterns	p. 58
Conclusion	p. 59
Bibliography	p. 59
Color Appearance Models	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
The two perceptual phenomena of color appearance	p. 67
The main components of a CAM	p. 73
Chromatic adaptation models	p. 75
The perceptual attributes	p. 77
General architecture of CAMs standardized by the CIE	p. 78
The CIECAM02	p. 81
Input data	p. 81
The chromatic adaptation transform	p. 83
The appearance attributes	p. 85
Conclusion	p. 89
Bibliography	p. 90
Rendering and Computer Graphics	p. 93
Introduction	p. 93
Reflection and representation models of light sources	p. 94
Concept of luminance	p. 94
Representation of the light sources	p. 94
Reflection and refraction models	p. 96
Simulation of light propagation	p. 99
Light propagation model: the rendering equation	p. 99
Solution of the rendering equation	p. 101
Display of results	p. 106
LDR and HDR Images	p. 106
Tone mapping	p. 107
Management of spectral aspects	p. 110
Computer graphics and perception	p. 112
Conclusion	p. 114
Bibliography	p. 115
Image Sensor Technology	p. 119
Photodetection principle	p. 119
The photodiode	p. 121
The photoMOS	p. 123
Imagers	p. 124
CMOS and CCD technologies	p. 124
CCD (charge coupled device) imager principle	p. 126
CMOS imagers principle	p. 133
Photodiode pixel in current mode	p. 135
Photodiode pixel in integration mode	p. 137
Spectral sensitivity of imagers	p. 138
Color acquisition systems	p. 138
Through monochrome camera	p. 139
Tri-sensor systems	p. 141
Color camera based on color filter arrays	p. 142
Types of filters	p. 143
Variants of integrated sensors	p. 144
Backside illuminations: Sony, Omnivision	p. 144
BDJ or buried double junction	p. 145
Conclusion	p. 146
Bibliography	p. 147
From the Sensor to Color Images	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Presentation and formalization of demosaicing	p. 150
Need for demosaicing	p. 151
Formalization	p. 152
Implemented principles	p. 154
Demosaicing methods	p. 159
Methods based on a spatial analysis	p. 160
Methods based on a frequency analysis	p. 165
Other methods and post-processing	p. 169
Quality of the estimated image	p. 171
Fidelity criteria of the estimated image	p. 172
Fidelity results and discussion	p. 174
Color camera calibration	p. 178
Conclusion	p. 181
Bibliography	p. 181
Color and Image Compression	p. 187
Introduction	p. 187
Fundamentals of image compression	p. 188
Introduction	p. 188
Color transformation	p. 189
Color sampling formats	p. 190
Redundancy analysis	p. 191
Quantization	p. 193
Distortion metric	p. 196
Conclusion	p. 197
Compression standards and color	p. 198
Introduction	p. 198
Still image compression standards	p. 199
Video compression standards	p. 206
New trends in compression	p. 209
Conclusion	p. 210
Color Image Compression	p. 211
Introduction	p. 211
Statistical compression	p. 211
Perception-based compression	p. 214
Conclusion	p. 219
General conclusion	p. 219
Bibliography	p. 221
Protection of Color Images	p. 227
Introduction	p. 227
Protection and security of digital data	p. 228
Secure transmission and archiving	p. 228
Different types of protection	p. 229
Encryption algorithms	p. 230
Color image watermarking	p. 238
Watermarking principle of color image	p. 238
Choice of insertion color spaces	p. 241
Fidelity of color image watermarking methods	p. 243
Protection of color palettes	p. 247
Protection of color images by selective encryption (SE)	p. 248
SE of color images	p. 248
Analysis of an encryption jointly with a JPEG compression	p. 250
SE of regions of interest in color images	p. 254
Conclusion	p. 257
Bibliography	p. 258
Quality Assessment Approaches	p. 265
Introduction	p. 265
What is quality?	p. 265
Quality vs. fidelity	p. 267
Strong link with the compression	p. 267
Color fidelity metric	p. 268
¿E94, ¿E2000	p. 268
s-CIELAB	p. 270
Subjective assessment of the quality	p. 271
Experimental plans	p. 272
Measurement scales	p. 273
Psychophysical experiments	p. 273
Subjective assessment methods	p. 274
Processing of the results	p. 278
Objective evaluation of quality	p. 280
Full reference metrics	p. 280
Reduced-reference metrics	p. 284
No-reference metrics	p. 286
Application to video	p. 291
Performance evaluation of the metrics	p. 295
Test plans of the VQEG group	p. 295
Data preparation	p. 295
Accuracy of the prediction	p. 296
Monotonicity of the prediction	p. 296
Consistency of the prediction	p. 297
Conclusion	p. 297
Bibliography	p. 300
List of Authors	p. 307
Index	p. 311
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